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HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
e 
Library of the 


Museum of 


Comparative Zoology 


Entomologist's 
Record 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


| EDITED BY 
+e S. N. A. JACOBS, F-.R.E.S. 


Price 30s net 


f CONTENTS lli 


CONTENTS 


Abraxas grossulariata L. var. varleyata 
Porritt in the wild state. Reappear- 
ance in Yorkshire of. J. Briggs, 89. 


Adventure, or the Luck of the Game. 
Be WwW. Byers, 276. 

Ants from the Chobham Common area 
HmsiEcey. Ko B.S. Barrett, 29: 


Ants. Notes on some south European 
and Mediterranean. C. A. Colling- 
wood, 114. 

Archiearis notha Hubn. and Lycia 
hirtaria Clerck near Oxford. Dr. R. 
G. Ainley. 175. 

Archiearis notha Hiibn. near Oxford. 


H. Symes. 214. 

Argunnis agtaia L. 
Heeen, 219: 

Aston Rowant national Nature Reserve 
extension: Oxfordshire and Buck- 
inghamshire. 177. 

Autumn migrants at Weston-super-Mare. 
Cas. He Blathwayt, 28. 


THON AL WROO h e 


Blackmoor Copse Nature Reserve. 280. 

Blastobasis lignea Wals. Some records 
of N. L. Birkett, 148. 

Bomolocha fontis Thunb. Larva of. G. 
Haggett, 91. 

Bugs in the Belfry—A Polemic. A. A. 
ALen. 21. 

Burren and Co. Kerry in May and June 
Mines. GoM: de Worms,. 23: 


Butterflies and Moths in the Neighbour- 
hood of the Windsor Hotel. St. 
Ann’s Bay, Jamaica. J. L. Campbell, 
73. 


Butterflies in Co. Kerry. J. F. Burton, 
207. 
Butterflies in the Cranleigh District. 


Major A. E. Collier, 33. 
Catoptria osthelderi de lLattin in 
Britain. J. Roche, 141. 
Cavenham Heath national Nature Re- 
serve Extension to Tuddenham 
Heath, Norfolk. 177. 


Chartley Moss national Nature Reserve, 
Staffs. 261. 

Colias hyale in Somerset in 1962. J. R. 
P. Heslop, 30. 

Collecting Experiences in 1962. M. J. 
LEY th, Bile 

Collecting Lepidoptera in 
Fairclough, 76. 

Collecting notes for 1962 from Bucks. and 
further afield. T. W. Harman, 105. 


Conservation. An Experiment in Small 
Scale, Dr. Ey bees, 263. 

Corsica 1962. Butterflies in. Li aya? 
Bretherton and Dr. C. G. Mi de 
Worms, 93. 

Crambus margaritellus Hubn. in Devon. 
Alan Kennard, 260. 


1962. RB: 


Crane Flies in Derbyshire and east 
Norfolk. R. M. Payne, 8b. 

Crombrugghia laetus Zell. (Lep., Ptero- 
phoridae) a Species apparently new 
to Britain. G. M. Youden, 11. 

cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliére. S. 
Wakely, 14. 

Cucullia absinthii L. in Anglesey. Dr. 
C. G. M. de Worms, 260. 


Dark Dagger: I was a. A. Symes, 184. 


Death’s Head and Convolvulus Hawk 
Moths in the South West. I sd Pe 
Burton, 279. 

Depressaria costosa Haw. A. A. Allen 
32. 

Emus hirtus L. in Britain. Early 
History of. S. C. S. Brown, 87. 

Entomological nomenclature. A code of. 
F. Balfour-Brown, 209. 

Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. in Wilt- 
shire. The status of. Capt. R. A. 


Jackson, 122. 

Evriogaster lanestris L. Notes on. dH. 
Symes, 171. 

Eumichtis lichenaria Hubn. on the 
Derby /Staffs. Border. Dan Ree 
ffennell, 64. 

Eupithecia phoeniceata in Britain. A. 
Richardson, 65. G. Haggett., 66. 

Eupithecia virgaureata. P. Cue, 228. 

European Butterflies. A Guide to. J. 
Burton, 92. 


France in October 1962. 
129. 


D. Rowberry. 


Gloucestershire in 1961-62. Notable 
Lepidoptera in. J. Newton, 46. 


Hadena caesia Borkh. in W. Scotland. 
A. Richardson, 205. 
Heliophobus albicolon Hb. and Heliothis 


dipsacea. G. Haggett, 64. 
Hepialidae. Notes on some _ South 
Adrican.. J: S. Haylor. 185. 


Herse convolvuli L. and Acherontia 
atropos L. in 1962. R. G. Todd, 91. 
Hippotion celerio L. in Devonshire. A. 
H. Dobson, 279. 

Hyloicus pinastri. Late feeding Larva 
of. G. Haggett, 91. 

Ireland. First visit to. A. S. Wheeler, 
ie 

Isle of Ruhm. New Records of Lepi- 
doptera from the. P. Wormell, 206. 

Isle of Wight, Autumn 1962. Re. Ge 
Chatelain and B. F. Skinner, 43. 

Isles of Scilly with particular reference 
to St. Agnes. Further Observations 
on the Lepidoptera of the. A. 
Richardson, 179. 


iV CONTENTS 


Information wanted. Comm. G. W. 
Harper, 74. 

Ivinghoe Hills, The. P. J. Bett, 232. 

JCuseye shiser. PRearine.. tines. esuGaene 
Waddington, 221. 

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe. H. C. 
Huggins, 218. 

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe. Habits 
of. R. F. Bretherton, 206. 


Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe. A. 
H. Dobson, 266. 

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe, the 
Devon Carpet. A. H. Dobson, 162. 


Laphygma exigua L. in Dorset. Brig. 
AH. E. Warry, 31. 

Laphygma exigua L. in Isle of Wight. 
T. D. Fearnehough, 68. 

Laphygma exigua Hb. in Warwickshire. 
Eee BOANS. 32: 

Late Butterflies. H. Symes, 279. 


Latin. More about. L. G. Waddington, 
36, 258. 

Latin Names only? Why. J. F. Burton, 
Oinie 

Latin. Still more about. W. Parkinson 


Curtis. 161. 

Leicestershire. A new Record for. D. 
J. Foxwell, 148. 

Lithophane socia in Dorset. Unusual 
appearance of. Brig. H. S. Warry, 
260. 

Lysandra coridon Poda. Late emergence 
OL Maj. Gen. C."G2 Lipseomt, ' 31: 
T. D. Fearnehough, 91. 


Machaon to fearus. From. 
C. G. Lipscomb, 215. 
Melanism in Bournemouth. 
Q14. 

Melanism. Investigations on the origin 
of non-industrial. IDM TEMES. OTB): 
Kettlewell and C. J. Cadbury, 149. 


Melitaea athalia Rott. in Essex. Ray- 
mond Cook, 88. 

Melitaea cinxia in the Isle of Wight. 
T. D. Fearnehough, 10. 

Microlepidoptera. Notes on the. 4H. C. 
Huggins, 138, 219. 

Migrant Lepidoptera in West Sussex, 
1962. G. Haggett, 90. 

Migrants in 1962. R. Fairclough, 90. 

Migratory Lepidoptera in Hampshire. 
E. A. Sadler, 279. 


Maj. Gen. 


H. Symes, 


Nematois fasciellus Fabr. in suburban 
Kent and Surrey. A. A. Allen, 62, 


New Forest. Collecting in the. A. A. 
AULEn; 229° MA @ECeGIe O31. TiV-uG) 
Birkett, 174. R. P. Demuth, 208. 

New Forest. In Defence of the. L. W. 
Siggs, 119. 

New Forest. Insect Permits and Charges 
therefor in the. S. Coxey, 231. 


New Forest on the Air. The. 
270. 

New Forest. Summer 1962 in the. 
Comdr. G. W. Harper, 110. 

New Forest that was. The. C. 


Pitman, 187. 


Norway. Three Ant Species new to. C. 
A. Collingwood, 225. 


H. Symes, 


bi ae 


Odontosia carmelita Esp. in south West- 


morland. Unusual absence of. WN. 
Ee Birkett, Wid: 

Opisthograptis luteolata LL. Warva. 
Hibernation of. Brig. H. E. Warry, 
260. 

Orthoptera Notes 1961-62 with some 


casual observations on Lepidoptera. 
J. F. Burton, 142. 


Overwintering. Comdr. G. W. Harper, 


220. 


Pammene agnotana Rebl. in Surrey. 
Occurrence 'ofi-” ‘S> Wakehye as: 

Phlogophora meticulosa L. A new Form 
of. Air Mar. Sir R. Saundby, 8. 

Pierid in Leighton Buzzard. A yellow. 
T. F. Knight, 204. 

Pieris bryoniae dubiosa Rober. and 
notes on Variation in the Androconia 
of Pieris’ Species) -h 629s. Warren 


125, 

Plebejus argus L. (aegon Schiff.) in 
north West Surrey. Intersex and 
other Aberrations of. R. 1. 
Bretherton, 277. 

Plusia gamma L. in Dorset. Early 


appearance of. Brig. H. E. Warry, 
148. 
Pyrameis cardui L. at Woking. 


G. M. de Worms, 260. 


DE iGe 


Random notes. Col. H. G. Rossel, 148. 
Rearing Methods. S. R. Bowden, 261. 


Silver striped Hawk Moth in Leicester- 
shire. I. M. Evans, 275. 


Snowdon. Proposed national Nature 
Reserve. 91. 

Some Memories of 1963. 

Spaelotis ravida_ Schiff. 
shire. M. J. Leech, 89. 

Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. in Southwark. 
TEPC COMING: 

Swallow-tail Butterfly in Surrey. J. F. 
Burton, 207. 

Larva attacking 

S. N. AL Jaco0s, 261 


H. Symes, 55. 
in Leicester- 


Syrphid geometrid 


Larva. 


Terrestial Diptera Larvae. A. Brindle, 
He 

Tiliacea aurago Schiff. and Philereme 
vetulata Schiff. in Leicestershire. 
WYN AT IDAAS the B30) 


CONTENTS Vv 


Vanessa cardui L. in December. D. G. 


Down, 30. 


Vanessa cardui L. Unusual variety of. 
Wm. E. Busbridge, 64. 

Wiltshire Lepidoptera. Some notes on 
the. J. R. P. Heslop, 199. 

Yugoslavia revisited. R. L. Coe, 19, 65, 
35. 

Zygaena filipendulae. E. S. Bradford, 

229. 


{ 
} 
ij 


Zygaena ledereri Ramb. and Z. pennina 
Ramb. The Type Specimens of. W. 
G. Tremewan, 166. 


Zygaena Fabricius from south west 
France and Spain. A new Subspecies 
and further Records of the Genus. 
W. G. Tremewan, 251. 

Zygaena Fab. from the Lebanon. On a 
small Collection of. W. G. 
Tremewan, 168. ; 

Zygaena Species from south west France 
and Spain. Notes on. Wis UG: 
Tremewan, 1. 


OBITUARY NOTICES 


Arthur Adrian Lisney. C. G. MW. de W.., 
959. 


Ethel Ada Huggins. 4H. 


cn) 


selitle Peer. 


co AS Be Sabine: (GaGa. dey Wiagta9- 
tL. Tatchell: (G. Gz Ve de ww ...140: 
Vera Molesworth Musprait. V. M., 44. 


REVIEWS 


Danske Ugler. De. Skat Hoffmeyer. 
(©-7Ge Me de W-) 262. 


See AC oy) 476: 


Pond and Stream Life of Europe in 
colour: }(S- N. A: J.) 176. 


Insects in Colour. 


| 
| 
| 


Practical Entomology. R. L. E. Ford. 
S38 INE Ae ed)gleeed 

Mosquitoes. The Physiology of. A. N. 
Clements.” (hae) 208 

Wood Decay. The Insect Factor in. N. 


Bo Hickin: (Xe ek Az) tos! 


AUTHORS 


miley. Or. i. .G.: 176. 
mullen Ae As: 21, 31, 62, 123, 229. 


Peaeeeiianhms Be 3. 29: 

Bete Peds 2 252. 

Eraenetticw Or IN. Wu. = 448, 174, 175: 
Blathwayt, C. S. H., 28. 
Bowden, S. R.: 261. 

BrAgtOrd. ES. + 229. 
Bretherton, R. F.: 93, 206, 277. 
Briggs, J.: 89. 

Brindle, A.: 47. 

Brown, F. Balfour-: 209. 
Brown, S.C. S:, ot. 

Brion. J. = 92. 149) 907, 257, 279. 
Bushbridge, W. E.: 63. 

Byers, F. W.: 276. 


Gampoei. Jo. 73: 
Chatterton, R. G.: 43. 

Coe. mR. i. - 15, 69; 135. 
Collier, Maj. A. E.: 33. 
Collingwood, C. A.: 1144, 225. 


Cook, R.: 88. 
Coxey, S. :. 231. 
Cue, P.: 229. 


Curtis, W. Parkinson: 161. 


Demuth, R. P.: 208. 
Dobson, A. H.: 162, 266, 279. 
Down, D. G.: 30. 


Evans. i. AME 2: 
ISTRY US dip sen ea 


Fairclough, R.: 76. 
Fearnehough, T. D.: 10, 91: 
ffennell, D. W. H.: 64. 
Foxwell, D. J.: 148. 


aoe hte Gr G4 oe I0ns Sie 

EParnanay whe. Wiss Ob: 

Harper, Comdr. G. W.: 110, 220; 274. 
eslopa debe 2) 3) o0s 199" 

Heslop, V.: 44. 

Hmeoims. HCl < 138 e218 5219. 2285 220. 


JACKSON, Catan A. 2) 122. 
VACODS: Los IN Ans iol ol 
Johnson, Maj. Gen. Sir G.: 93. 


Kennard, A. : 260. 
Kettlewell, H. B. D.: 149. 
Knight, T. F.: 204. 


Leech, M. J.: 30, 37, 90, 219, 231. 
Lees, Dr. E.: 263. 

Lipscomb, Maj. Gen. C. G.: 31, 215. 
Newton, J.: 46. 


Parmenter, L.: 207. 
Payne, R. M.: 85. 


Vi CONTENTS 


Peet ats= 207, MandOrwdi wooo: 
Pitman, C. M. R.: 187. AWeyeKcl, 1kS (G55 °3 yWul. 
Tremewan, W. G.: 1, 166; 169,-251. 


Righardsone Acie) .179) 20a: 
ROGhew Ie Mea: 

Rossel, Col. H. G.: 148. 
Rowberry, D.: 129. 


Waddington, L. C. F.: 36, 221, 258. 
Wakely, S:: 13) 14. 

Warren, .B. C. S.: 125. 

Warry, Brig. H. E.: 31, 148) 260: 
Wiheeler (Ac iGo ian 


SadilerwsBenAg= 279. Wormel. 222.20 
Saundby, Air/Mar. Sir R.: 85. Worms, The Baron de: 23, 1389, 140, 259, 
SIGS ue VN) ic dal 260, 262. 


Skimmeiwsob: obs = 43: 
SVAMeSeees = die ASA s Qian 10282710: Youden, (Gi. 2 aie 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal 


of Variation 


SPECIAL INDEX 
VOL. 75, 1963 


PAGE 
DIPTERA 

MibGeps | (EMMONMICUS) |. ...6...5256++ce22720002 61 
PMIGEMUS: (EMINMCPUS)! ...5..ls.f2<ca.sicsnscuy- 70 
= COSCO UG ee Ena ee 57 
PRRNES CAP ULS ee eee s ie Soe) vonin van adeineonoMenes 56 
PN ATA ACEMELEVA)) cee) .25s5cc08 20... oeeeee: 61 
Enea: e CMETCMOGETA)! <\) 2.2 she. ise) snc ses ee: 58 
EPMA PA TMB ENT ANS) | Misacuishcatestes a c-bsliege neve 18 
1S URRY S 0170 es) re 17 
A STL: <8 een ee a7 
Re OLMOLUS)) 1288 55k os cee dst 17 
PM OMOBOM cass se-ciaswsece-seeseeeyeeesee aces 60 
MUSTLOMMMOPNIWA, | 2.55555. J4.05 5.88.0 50, 58 
autumnalis (Dicranomyia) ............... 80 
TEVETRIG: 9 a2c: BSCS on eS BRRE RE RE DEERE BOB AE a cerae 59, 61 
TEMIONG. scceoldoesthobe eo SS EC OERE STE eee BO 8 
EP LNGCMUCIS SSeS eeeee eee eee een ae 5d 
TCOLOT (EEO NMALONUA)|, ccedc. se. 5000. 0teeebsi eles: 333 
miniaculata (ehytobia)  .2..c.c.5...c6f.e04 16 
TESOL GV DUNG". sae hase toe ee 59, 60 
TSCMTO VATIONS,” OURS Ae eee ease ee eer eee DD 
ECPENCLOS OS) Ce ten ee eee eee ee eee ee i Be, | B7 
breviceps (Collimellula) «......5...5.....0:.. 16 
EO MAUUTIS HN EAD AINTES)) | 2a 5c 55eemecdoonssscceeeeeee 72 
meamcularis (Cheilosia) _........200)l.06. 70 
CS AMIMVADIS! “(EE TOMNY TA). 2.) ...c.0.s000.0eeseees 16 
Earbomariay ((OMEWOSIA)  \2...c.s..c08e8 hes 70 
PAS, CUETO EG) ee Ree eae aan A a 87 
CECT 0 TTS GIG EY Se nent ama ere eee 54 
‘COTES TE! SICH a SUR RC eee Aes ae on eae ee 60 
CSrarOpOZOMIGAE....6H6 Res .hek. cok BAS 1515) 
“LUDILO LOTTI Ik SA ee DONO 
GrUnEoONMM ae! 15519 here. cele). S).. aneebes aah 54 
“TIDUGTP OTT AIR) tt ee eae a 61 
EWOream DIERAMONVY 1a): ytfsil ie. . seo 86 
“CANES TSVOy DIG DIS) 0 SRS Ree ae cere A eM 61 
“SUMESIOTUG Ye Aaa ee ae 61 
miluroara,  (Commeliila): eccilvi..0..cssscass 16 
cinerascens (Cheilotrichia) ............... 86 
SES Edt pee antes eee a Seam ES i bye 50 
Rome nina. (AStCTA) Mit. hee Rh tees 17 
eouspicuus, (RhaAgIO) -...ceLeiel.. cle 70 
BOUSEANS © (MCCOGOM)) 2. 53.5sce00.sdbdeeadecdadee 70 
contaminata (Ptychoptera) ......... 60, 87 
CTRYELTE TIS (C1 C0 1 Iz) |e 53 
eomaiar (OPAciirons)( 2) ys... 7G: 
crassicornis (Haematopota) ............... 53 
“THOS 0 1 ea Shy ANTE 
CUCVANELVIS (LEPtOCeLa) : ....i46...0cce..cve0e 17 
PBLCTIOTI NOMA © patrol: odhsc bes Merpirtocrieacder ie Sees 57 
PVICLOM PILAR Giets cs ccrdwcddkeayiasasdebeose LL a) 
CATHLLTTIL(G O10) 00 2 AL 2s nn 58 
PRAIA TV OCOMIMINMIC h. cinsh div cerscevcdeedvsenente 58 
REREAD TALIS 6 edbas obnancaioaRtev ean anne « apy 
(JLRS IL LR aS ee 58 


RNS UCEMUCUU CL AG: (84 dace cs baeaeee ben ueaney Gea canes 57 


PAGE 
PTO WIT Sei tee neta Geass merce ca tars ae te 50 
VOGUE tesssacde cme caceces ete ce naa Ser oe ane 59 
TO SMA etn acee nets caene eee ce eee cern cs es 58 
CUISGUCOUMMNS, Geile eects ete s:. eee 87 
DDN eee be ec oe sence eee ere ae a6 
{DTIBSCTiP Ee a AANA ek aa ea a 5) 
MOLUCMOME Zan A teeaerceret a see ee coneee 57 
DOlTChOpOdKdae reese Diy ost 
107) Fe Rex) ah aU ie yeue ween Nene ae ep ae ee 56, 58 
J Daal ONO NTO eas cece ema oh ore a: cokeemen eee Nie ou 
ESTOS? dp Hee hee enc ot tas So ae cee eae Oe 59 
1D] OLA CO NANG le orate. coer herr e: See ter eee ne teeny Maer 12 
IBYONn ANA eKetalel pooacerner en use sca: cocomso eten SR ats: 
EC PO PET AG yee ieee es 52s tenet Ae 58 
JOH CAN hs ey ORee ane cA SEER E Os Scotia a sactat tao nee Be 50 
fFasciataADidea iy Ape es oh at 70 
fasciolatum. (Chrysotoxum)” 2.25...2-.0-: 70 
fasempennis “(ip Ula) yee eee eee 48 
febrilis: | (Dipoephwsy is wien wee. ees 60 
fenestraliss (AMISOpUS) 25.2... esl: 58 
fimibriata: sap hirta)\iia. s esse eee 17 
flavescens (Nephrotoma) ..............:.0.2:. 58 
flavipalpis (Nephrotoma) ............ 86, 87 
MAVIDES: (CONODS) (2. oe ate ee eases 70 
flavolinedta: sehipiilia) - 2a abies ie Peeks 57 
flavoscutellaris (Metapomyza) ......... 16 
Hexosa (Drapetis), :..fee ee. Le 17 
OREGIPOMVTA.: Je Roser eee eee eee 56, 60 
rossamuml <(Napaca). ys) pee eee 17 
hlyIpEeNnMiS. (Lip wai ye eee ee 58, 87 
iullvipes. (PME comnora) i {:4.p649.2. dsc 70 
TUSCIPED Mist (EHexahonra))\: eeets tenses. 53 
HISCHLUSE (HUGORYIAS) 25ers) eee AF 
Senicuilatiay (2 ny Cobia) is .sese-e eeeeee 16 
GCOSAL EUS a eee Ne eae es eee 50, 61 
elas (A tiiymOGlOSsa))im: wesasae tee... 72 
EIACHIVADIODOTAL Ms. 2/55 ect eae ee 5O GT 
MEME ACH OGMNOSTA Sees ste case e eee Sere 86 
LCV TUS Passo rk sass iosaoacasaced cee 58 
ROT OMI VZal ee Era Us pre es chat Se 52 
FLEX AOU AC. sees ieee sae ce PERE 58 
Onna aes (Da) ee eee. ee 58, 86 
humida’ (Spinotarsella) 2 e4..444. 72 
hybrida: (Syiplectal). seers. eee 56 
impressa (Cheilosiia) ‘ein te. ks .. vggeacs: 70 
intermedium (Chrysotoxum) ............ 70 
PELOLALa w CMaMiyp Cera) une.saek oe eee eens 57 
johammis: (BibIO). eens. ee eee 60 
lgcustris) (Piychopteray® =. este: 60 
Uf) 0,10) ts We Pee See CEM Ge cece Dine a sober sere aaa 61 
lapponicus \(Syrphus)) ete ees 7 
lateralis. (Cyrtopomom)) wise iy...dcteecss 70 
lateralis (ipl) eeu don Do. J SOn wet 
leuicopterws: \(BUDTO), OAe cick esses: ce ceee. 60 
IE yiniai aVoy 0} OW NIE hoes nee panna Sea eae 52) 15a; 950 
NETO KCN OWI LAT A Vinee Semen ee liber Sot ina «i 49 


a 

PAGE 
ELTON a eee) makes = caceaee Rate Ree ae ee 38 
himeola. .CviGevOphila)a iiss ae 60 
TEST) SOU ETS ge see a se es eA ok eae eee 50,7 98 
SOM GNAEGA) ei pese sec ka sehscamecs teete aie cdeuin: cepeeeaty 90 
MUCRTLOSAam (RM VGOWA) ac sieseccse rs 20 cae ees 16 
TiGraTe(C ETO ey) I pee eee ere serene, cae ci 58, 86 
AGL ERs CEO WILD) canoe sooc cc canrosew sen gation ene 58 
Hit Aye CEO PLEGTA)) | couses ns acco esese esse eee 86 
ltermpenmise (Ripula)) se a essceee eee 86 
MeMEOSay (GOMMMeNI Ua) Aa:csee.cet once eects secs eee 16 
lmtosoidean(Collineliuila) i235: 4. seteeeceeee 16 
macwiata GNephrotomia)) sis.cs-ccesssea::- 86 
maculipennis (Trichocera) ..............- 58 
MVE HECCT * “(BAI GNI) Sareea ene rere Ne RIE Sree erate 60 
maroccum (Pogonosoma) ................. a7 
TAMWSYST MESS 0 (CAG OUT ey (See aes ee ec ea a 58 
INSERTS Mite ct ooo tnels cent hansen Stebtae aemeee a9 
THCELUSHVEOTO PHOTIUS) Vee ee aeeeees eee 87 
melanocerose (Pipulla): eos eee eee 86 
AVE Sean ratiae kok: Sete skp Reena uly SR 50 
a) FIGs SCOVEN AN PASS | Sea are i oe ea atta id a a 61 
THM MAM CE bVICHOPtERA)e Mat.jdeeee sete 53 
minutissima (Pachygaster) ............... 61 
PEEELS He DEAD OMA ae sees eee 86 
modestas (Commelina). yee. meee 16 
monochromatus (Eudorylas) ............ 17 
ETO UU VUE TA ay (SL TPOEN A) ake haar Leek een eee sea 53 
TOROS A, USN HOWA)) Cr espe teeeeeee eee se emee ee 16 
SED ISYON ICG Fe Reve EAE e Ge USM toss ieee 4 Ue Ns ir 50 
MiyiGerop bali ale wats tite peter: ee ee BOS aon 
INGTIN AOC CIAM ee nett nee tas emma 1) E\E yO RCT AAB NEY 3) 
MVE PHO CO MUA AL: pacet itl A see bata. aed cee 48 
TWN OTE MM UTES et ES 1D jes eer Mae tee ey eae 60 
Datrdalass (PSiOpa) ssn acces eee lf 
moObpitata, AGERE vial) ame eae eee ee 61 
HO tatas (\SCabOpSe) 2.3 eae ee ease ee 60 
nubeculosa (Nephrotoma) _............... 86 
obscura shy areliliial. Lenya. ae ee ae 17 
obscurella (Discocerina) — ..........000..... ive 
ochracea (Austrolimnophila) ............ 87 
octomaculatum (Chrysotoxum) ......... 7A 
oleracea (Guip ula) are eee 85, 86, 87 
Pachye@aster \ 3.242. TE AG A Ap ARR oe tet ae 30 
pallidiventris (Tachydromia) ............ 17 
pallimpes (MEViCetOlia) etc eee eee 58 
paludosa(Pipuila) wae ee ee 58, 86 
| LENG AC 012 KoRn ER ROR Sho od Dn 1 MOR Soe car 58 
PC TIGONMAR La Bit: dcnasudi nor oe Roser ee ee 60 
A ALAGROCEG A lsiccincesidicae eee eee 58 
j SAN EONIWIS) Vy ts Mean eee Oman MOHELA eS 8 60 
IPLAIV AIBA iit ceasde ae oe aete eee 60 
pluvialis: (Haematopota)’ Vi.i..)..8....2 53 
polita.(Pstlopa) ii. eee ee ae. 17 
PLrATOTUMELISTALIS) 2 eee eee 70 
PS VCH OGG, anise tees eee nee ieee Ste 56, 60 
Psy Chodidacin: 34.3. eee eee a7 
EZ EIOUIM AN Weossseeheeaeo loser ee ee ae ie 50, 64 
PPV COPTCL AG Wh scacil Pea ete eee eo ees 56 
PRY GRODUCTIGAa Cn! hee to eter eh Lecce m meee D5 
puberulay (Dia) lee ee 60 
punctatus (Anisopus) ............ OR bol oo 
Lecelanonmisy (CEriChoceray eee 58 
REM AS TO mya er eas me Meneses 59, 61 
UNAS TOMA! ys k tet reer Oa: se eae 57 
PETA VQ) WARES Sah COTS ARR Che See Nae cal a ea 50 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
rivosa, \(Pedicia)) «si wwe eee 58 
ruta. (Merodom) i 2s..s35 see eee 70 
rutina: y(iipula)” 22.22 eee 86 
rufipes? (Dioectria)) (2 ae ee 61 
rufipes (Physocephala) .2....2.2..2...-2 70 
Ssaltatory (Eri chocera)) yes eee 58 
SCatOPSe® (4 22. hes. eres eee 56 
SCatOpsidae’ * 65..s2hincc.noceeeeeeee eee By 
SC6nOpINIGAe! ~ 5. eeee eee ee DD 
SCUAPA | iccnces te. eee eee ee 60 
SCOPCUMA ©. 2d0s05225s-44 Aa ee 50 
seripta: \(Lipula)) 2 See 48, 58 
scutellaris (Ptychoptera) ............ 53, 60 
SCDSIS) chiki seas AUS eee bOs Nae 
sepium (Pseudolimnophila) ............... 87 
sexmaculata (Dactylolabis) ............... 86 
signatus: (Leopoldins) eee eee 70 
SOV 6 oscsdeceacvaestre age 61 
soror (Cheilosia). 350225.) 70 
Sstictica. (Symplecta) Giese eee 86 
Stratiomyidaes ao.-2-6 eee Bese | gi 
submaculata (Dix) > 2 eee 60 
subnodicornis ‘(Tipula)y eee 85 
SYMPROLTOMyla.  3.s2ee ee ee 61 
SV PEGGY jo chskeiiien.col eee ee 50 
SY Lphidae ~ f022..84.04 eee eee 62, 264 
"TADANIGAG: |, ss.0cc00elel eee 57 
TAD AUS | siine/jossess vce eee eee eee es 61 
TanyDPtera ccc see eee HOS lad 
tenax .(Eristalis)). .i..3-6 eee ee 70 
thalhammer?. (Opomiyza) 2 eee 70 
ThaumMastoplera ” (seis eee eee 49 
TNHELCV ... cadseeduedeaceedsc eee eee ee 59 
THeErevidaey ..c3c ee eee 5a, sy 
TMA DU ay carieiiccdisvoln eee 48.50; 52s) 5650 
TipWMlidae,sAsisske. ee eee BA cba a ou 
TrIGHOCELA, (x s3.5043.0.3. 00 Se 56 
Trichoceridae «.....c.::..2) 2 57 
rich ypWOma ! ..24)..3ee eee 58 
trifasciata (Anthrax) 723 18 
trifolii (Liriomyza)i 2425.22 0 16 
trimaculata (Limnophila) .................. 53 
TrIOSMA, 05.55.35 deetes ee 58 
trivialis (Erioptera)hytee eee 86 
turcica. (Prinocera) 2.322. 86 
Urbica, CERrichonbyia)= eee eee 69 
Variipennis,” (Lipuila) iene eee 58, 86 
vernalis’. (Tipuilal)\ > 22 seeeee eee 58 
Verralli.- (himmophila) eects 53 
vespiforme {(Temnostoma) _............... AT 
vittata. (Tipula). \:..:.cneeeeeeene eee 58 
MylophaSusi 2... cc). 55, 59, 61 
7zonaria (Volucella) 2. eee 114 

LEPIDOPTERA 

abbreviata (Eupithecia)) 2.2... 197, 269 
abietaria (DP ribeata) ieee 
abruptaria (Menophra) ............... 38, 198 
absinthiata (Eupithecia) ............ 181, 197 
absimethin)(C we ula) ae eeee reer 81, 260 
aceris: ((Apatele)) (iui. eeeeeee eee 40, 194 
acetosae: ‘(Stigmella)) ss. renee 83 
achilleae (Zygaena)! 3 eee eee 5) 252 
actaea: (Satyrus) 2)... 23a eee eee 103 
acteon), (Thy melicws))  v.2i¢20. ser eee 145 


ae 


SPECIAL INDEX 3 


PAGE 
mae MANE ae (PIGPIS)) ».2..2...02-s.0 0s dbdee eee 128 
aa siae (EMINTCHUIS) o...2. ah eee. OF 26.) 194 
mane (Wabriciana)y  o........ 0.0... dees 97 
S CFS etal) (COTS 1) eee Re eee nee eae 197 
advena (Orthosia) ......... 38, 106, 121, 193 
avenaria (Cepphis)) ».i...:.:-:.22...... 121, 198 
aegeria (Pararge) ...... De Bon 965) LOD: 

184. 142, 143, 189, 205; 267, 272 
aescularia (Alsophila) .............. 195, 268 
aestivaria (Hemithea) ......... 183, 195, 268 
o FRIES TIA G(OSSTTID IGP ay Msn ara ee ea 193 
miMaMibAtay (PELIZOMA)) 22.2.0. 2)s.c005.4 04 5-- 196 
eTamee (PE MOECDIS) 20.0526. bic een 7 
Pernt (ATMALNES) 2.00.00... lee 192 
agestis (Aricia) ... 35, 98, 102, 189, 234, 256 
aglaia (Argynnis) ...... 34, 82, 97, 145, 
189, 219, 228, 272, 273, 274, 275 
aemotana (PammMene) ...........0...0.5...0. 13 
albicillata (Mesoleuca) ............ 27, 40, 196 
albicolon (Heliophobus) ... 27, 28, 39, 
64, 80, 81, 106 
ignrdelita: AEPAGeCMA) i. ...5.iss0! Scacecsteden 107 
albipuncta (Leucania) ...... 44, 90, 121, 
181, 182, 199 
mimnunctata (Cosymbia) ........0.......: 195 
PHI INOMa ies ei ksec eee cleclie sc: 121, 182, 199 
Falemlatar(ASthenma): 2.2526. 6..02 6.26.08 39, 197 
MAGMA AN OE TCUZOMNUA (on. 22 .2.ckdscdecsecseete ess 26 
aleeae (Carcharodus) ........:......:.. 102, 104 
PUIGCACM SWUM OGMYUS), ©. 25k Nee. cb ee deees 235 
SUGAIAS WAN EIES) 9 eee 102, 103 
alchemillata (Perizoma) .................. 196 
EMeGMr ONE AGUNG A)  cicccssecs-c.ccascedess-enteee 103 
MANO I ANTITO) ide cscce.-csccs-0 se 235, 236 
Pleads (GlAtLCOPSY CHE) ii. Jeo. cs ceceedes ceases 102 
algirica (Hipparchia) ...... 94, 95, 98, 
100, 102, 103 
PME CAT ALELE) 20.0 ee 112, 120, 194 
mintaria (DeUTerOMNOMOS) ©........6020.6005. 198 
imc Olae(AMANES) Sess. ccelesise eee. 41, 42, 79 
alpiim (Moma) -.......:....-. 112, 113, 120, 194 
FISUTEUES), CCE 6 hit 01 ee SR 193 
alternaria (Semiothisa) ......... 99, 198, 269 
alternata (Epirrhoé) 39, 163, 183, 
196, 269 
MnneCAeC  (OaArCNATOGUS) ..:2.c0c)..0.se.acedse5s 104 
amlata (CalotnySamis)’ ...c.c....6s...0-- 179, 195 
ambigua (Caradrina) ......... 83, 90, 113, 183 
neon “(MMmdalacina) occ... dee 186 
amiyntOne” (MEStTA)! ...ccsccccscccsseeceseeves iD 
TEP DSRS {Cg 1 0100 2 1 a 
na racmMon(PAPIIO) sce coccceecdee sense ese 75 
ommulata (COSymbia) ...:........0.00, 82, 195 
POPOL (StIMOTA) Ces. eh. cscckeeseneneces. 121, 193 
antiopa (Nymphalis) ............ 103, 202, 270 
antiqua {Orgyia) ......... 44, 114, 190, 268 
PeuLeita, (PVTTMOCAIES)! .ciccccetsecdscecesscctes 76 
anuquana (Endothenia). © ...0....0......... 184 
PURO UTEIS! (SCSUAN: Se saliesscudeethevvevcnedwede 191 
rina (GLIPOSIA) | ...:...3.-c0cee-8ee. 109, 194 
meena. (OLCCHTCUtES) |... .0..sscasse dace 77 
Peta (CHALtODIUS) 122.0: h.les.etesesecocece 103 
areola (Xylocampa) ............. 194, 255, 268 
argentimaculella (Meessia) ............... Q45 
magenta (Ee. bankiama)) i) .5...82.0.6.03 


argiades (Everes) 
argiolus (Celastrina) ... 35, 99, 102, 110, 
1900 120212305) 255 eo 


argus (Plebejus) ...... 94, 96, 98, 100, 
102) 412) V42- AAS ALS.” £8959 277 
AIGelbas) -CPSGIOSIa), “Sette ee ene eee 82 
PeIOM (Ma eulimea).s.)s.0. sete ate eek 102, 277 
GLUSUMCUS ME FAL OMEN a) a tec 
aArMIeeray a (HeEMOMIS) Prise. aiect seetoce 152 
armoricanus (Pyrgus) ......... 101, 102, 104 
asella (Heterogemea) © .....5.002..0.8 113, 191 
asperana (ACLELIS) ce eae eee eta oe 82 
aSssimmulata (MUP Cla me es ee a 197 
ASHEMUSi CU CUM Lit ity eae cn eee eee 42, 194 
atalanta (Vanessa) ...... 30, 35, 96, 99, 


102; 181, 134, 142) 154,. 4795) 181, 189; 


236, 256, 268, 275, 279 


atinailivay (NRE aie as. eee a ae 88 
atomaria (Ematurga) ......... 120, 198, 269 
ava liam (OMSzTal)\ yaw: ss tenes eee pees ees 272, 273 
alricapitama. (haloes. esas 184 
atropos (Acherontia) ...... 91, 181, 182, 
240, 279 
AUS ues (Gasap aa pore) estes ees eee 192 
AULTIS TA ae (EAU OSA) eee eee en eee 24 
auraco i(iiaGea)) is. 30, 83, 121, 194 
AHURA ae) | CHNISIA'S)) bys eeeee ee eeee een aes 198 
aurinia (Euphydryas) ...... Mee D5 mG! 
Die apy soem Wate. rele. BSE » One. 
Day, Clie se Pai 
ausonia (Euchloé)...... 1025 233012350236 
australis (Aporophila) _............... 44, 83 
australis (Colias) ...... 96, 99, 102 131, 135 
australis (Z. trifolii) 
amellama, (APOE)... 0c: so.c-es cow 40, 113, 194 
aversata (Sterrha) ...... 99, 148, 183, 
196, 268 
AMM OL (COLOMUT AL: parece seein a cleteee & 75 
badianay (Anc yhis) ee. cee OF AS 
baditata: (Harepiilane set eee ent 38, 196 
badiella (Depressaria)  ..................0.. 184 
Dayar (Anvaunes, Areas eee 152, 192 
bankiana (Eustrotia)  ............ OG. 21s 262 
Dawbahis VERA nOrn ya)! Se ere ae ae a 195 
harnretili (HaAGeNa) acre ee 28, 244 
Daisey Chhabra lew eee ee tte: 190 
atone (Rhilotes)i- eee 101, 102, 103 
batons (hiram anna) weer eer eee oe ee 234 
HaAzochiiia(SuUswMOm\es « fee w ke. ee 75 
hellana, (Cnepliasisy ii2..ee ee ee 139 
bellargus (Lysandra) ...... oo 10a, tate 
A dst, 25b) 8a 
beluitca (INeofaomlatal? vio. 822 e sc .ccss ede 79 
berberata (Coenotrephia) ................:. 47 
betulae (Thecla) ...... Boe aoe tide oe: 
Ti, 1895 208. 270 
betularia (Biston) ...... 28, 150, 198, 214, 269 
bicolorana (Pseudoips) ......... 81, 120, 194 
bicolorata (Hadena) ...... 40, 80, 107, 192 
bicoloria(Leucodonta): ..0....2 23, 26 
bicruris (Hadena) ...... AE 1D 159 Ge 


bidentata (Gonodontis) ... 25, 28, 198, 269 
bifaciata (Perizoma) 
bifida (Harpyia) 


4 SPECIAL INDEX 
PAGE ] PAGE 
bilineata (Euphyia) ...... 158, 183, 196, celtis (Libythea) (2. vce 102 
228, 273 centaureata (Eupithecia) ......... 183, 197 
bilunaria (Selenia) ............ 38, 183, 198 cervinalis (Rheumaptera) _............... 196 
bhimaculata ((Bapta) — 2:cs-t-cce-eee--- 197, 269 cespitalis (Pyrausta) |” -cceere-seaceeeerte 184 
Tolltaie leisy (1D Ley eye d2)) "Seer icobioneogse ansbeeeccenees 194 cespitana (ATS yroploce) pices neo 184 
bipunctella (Ethnia) ................+. 100, 238 cespitis (Tholera), | .....32secem 181, 182, 192 
HiSselatia n(SteLGghal)) \cescpseeeeeee 183, 196, 268 chaerophullella (E. testaceella) 
bistortata (E. biundularia) ............... chamomillae (Cucullia) ...... 120, 199, 238 
biundularia (Ectropis) ......... 27, 198, 269 charitonius (Heliconius) _.................. 74 
Dae, (CCANeKOHANMEN.  Soodoscnunedcossedoapace ne 193 charlotta (A. aglaia) 
Dlandrata, (Pertz0mia) (gest. n lai. 159 chenopodiata (Ortholitha) ............... 197 
Hironspsyae (DISCOLOR A) ko ceed eet See 82 chi (Antitype). | .<::.2:cesevee see eae 42 
boeticus (Lampides) ...... 96, 99, 100, chlorosata (Lithina), .222¢3.-9025.edeoseee 
102, 133 christyi (Oporinia)  -e-s2fee eee <-- ae 197 
boletin(Macrascardia).. | ekei2i.23-.4i2-5 82 chrysidiformis (Aegeria) ...........- 94, 99 
hoscamas CNEIETIS)| Mi. 25 de hide. Bs 83 chrysitis. (Pilusia)\., -.-.-eteeeeaer 183, 195 
brassicae (Mamestra) ............6 482, 192 chryson \(PLUSIa) 9.2: cope eeeeeeeene eee 244 
brassicae (Pieris) ...... 35, 99, 102, 130, chrysorrhea (EUprochis) eee eases 109 
{SWABS Adis ABoamd bee AM, eACde cinctaria (Cleora) *\:e-ceeseueeeeeene 122, 198 
189, 234, 268 cinxia, (Meliitiaea))) : j2i:ceeeeeae eee eee 10, 270 
brumata (Operophtera) ...... 105, 153, circe (Kanetise) ...... 94, 99, 100, 102, 
197, 238 103, 133 
DnMee Ta TS ie) Gh ree ele ee: 96, 192 | circellaris (Agrochola) _ ............ 182, 194 
brunnea (Ephyriades)  .......:ecee 46 citrago. (Tiliacea).  ~.)2iessgeaemeeeesene tee 194 
brunnearia (Selidosema)  ...........260+ 49g | citrata (Dysstroma) _......... 158, 196, 269 
prunneata (Itame)  .ceccccececeeeeeeseeseeees 4A clathrata (ChiaSmia) 22a eeae 199 
teyomiae (Pieris) |, -abiise: iach: 495 | Clavaria (Larentia), <-aeeeee es oe 197 
bucephala (Phalera)  ...........00 99, 190 | Clavipalpis (Caradrina) _...... 183, 193, 258 
buettneri MSedine) Oy....268-..02 28-2 262 | Clavis (Agrotis) —......11 118, 121, 194 
cleopatra (Gonopteryx) ...... 94, 99, 
caeruleocephala (Episema) ...... 120, 195 100, 102, 134, 234 
caesia (Hadena) ......... 24, 25, 28 205 c-nigrum (Amathes)......... 39, 44, 90, 
244, 273 182, 192 
caesiata (Entephria)  .................. 4V, 158 | codetaria (Mannia) “22a 99 
caffra (Gorgopis) sie ais deldave waaelsesaatisieas ee 185 coerulata (Hy driomena) baie 26, 196, 269 
CANA AUG Wea) eee ee nro nmanr ee 99,179, 182, 191 | cosnata (Thera) ~ 29s 25 
c-album (Polygonia) _...... 35, 97, 102 cognataria (Amphidasis) .............<.:- 150 
131, 144, 189, 199, 203, 246, 256 colquhounana (Cnephasia) ............... 139 
260, 268, 279 columella, (Strymon)) \oeeee) ee eee 75 
calcatrippe (H. rivularis) _ ............... comes (Euschesis) ......... 99, 153, 182, 
calodactyia (Plagyptilia): oo... ossss-ceee 2 219 192, 268 
camilla (Limenitis) ...... 34, 37, 111, comma (Hesperia) ............... 104, 190, 193 
189, 202, 246, 268, 270 complana (Eilema) _............ 99, 182, 191 
CAMA, NCE LOMN AY: ue ee sheets satee asansinaees 80 confusalis (Celama) ...... 121, 191, 206, 268 
capsophila, (HAGeCMA)) cc: sannnnecre 24, 25, 28 congressariella (Nothris)  ...............2. 179 
GApimictld |(POUEMES) ei. en- nts che 24 conizera, (Leucania)) eee 193° 
capweima, (LOphoptery x) vescs.+:-3<2-5--2 190 conjugeila (Arey resthiajegee epee 78 
Garhowanaya Bnd oOLHemial peasecesss-ce- 3 consonaria, (EGiOpIS) ese eee 198, 269 
cardamines (Anthocaris) ...... Qe as conspersa (Hadena) ...... 95: 40,84, doe, 
39, 102, 110, 189, 207, 234, 255, 268 15D hee 
cardui (Vanessa) ...... 30, 35, 42, 63, 99, conspersana (Cnephasia) . ................+8 139 
102, Ad, d3t, 133, 144, 146, 154, 181, conspicillaris (Xylomyges)  ............... 23 
189, 237, 256, 260 contaminana (A. rhombana) _......... 83 
carmelita (Odontosia) ...... 79, 106, 121, contaminei (Zygaena)  .z..............66+ dee AGH 
175, 190 contigua (Hadena) _......... 26, 79, 121, 192 
CALWMIONCAMRIAN EE ACIA) (5. Jcduccteaaseeeeed: aot 4 convolvuli (Herse) ......... 44, 91, 181, 
carpinata (TrichopteryX) _.......... 197, 269 182, 245, 279 
Garth (Pees), | Ss.) ek tessa tee 103 coridon (Lysandra) ...... 31, 34, 91, 122, 
CASSIUS, (LGDLOUCS) - caseseneemouies. -chpecaeeras 5 146, 217, 232, 256 
Gastameay (Amma LIGS) osc. sctb ease deremeeenatenos 192 corinna (Chortobius) ...... 96, 98, 100, 
castigata (Eupithecia)  .........-.:..: 26, 197 102, 103 
castrensis (Malacosoma) _ ..............06+ Dir cormella (Arg yresthiial)\\esee-cseeeeee eee 80 
Cabs. (GIT ONG ES) eran neo nor aeee ames 76 coronata (Chiloroclystis)) ee.meeeseeeeeeee 197 
CECA EVOL) ee eee aes 95, 98, 100, 102 corsicellus (Crambius)e, sees eeeee ree 99 
CElSrIO) | (ETP POLIO) eee aeeee eee 275, 279 corycia’ (ZY Paena)|, cease <. teres sete 169 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
corylata (Electrophaes) ...... 26, 27, 40, 
78, 196, 269 
coryli (Colocasia) ......... 26, 27, 39, 82, 195 
cosmophorana (Laspeyresia) ......... led 
RISSIISMGOSSUS) © osccc.-.2sSee lec cc ets esos 120, 194 
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) __............ 268 
eastosa, (Aconopteryx)  ......2........ 82, 184 
graceae (Guyeephila))  .<........c2-2..0... 81, 99 
SPP Terey (GAT CNG) eee nee ae 99 
crassalis (B. fontis) 
ees (PETCWIITA) © * 2 .2.25.00.2. 5.02008 190 
CERRINA! (LDU OIVO SIE) es Sea eee ee eee are 78 
crenata (Apamea) .......... 79, 152, 158, 193 
crepuscularia (Ectropis) ............ 198, 269 
cribraria (C. cribrum) 
SarnETEHIA COSGINIA,). ,. -cas5252c0e02...ecesehs0eus 256 
eraprumella- (Myeclois) .:...:...s..s..-..0-- AA 
RESTA COACIOMIS) Jo cc25.cosccee shoe esccuseess- os 83 
Raa O EV OGIUA)) sr (dace Soswtecaecceeeesse aces. es 194 
eroceus (Colias) ...... 399 025) 130) 
igieedes aiao. Ads. ASt.. 1825 189; 
200, 234, 236 
crocicepitella (Monopis) _.................- 184 
ania (OVUTOSIA): - sceeeesac oe ens 106, 193, 268 
AGM Ot A TANI ATS) "asc ac ucecco--0ee ces 2 
MPMEEU TTA (PIV IA) one. cnac nc oeececes-cectens 107 
cucullina (Lophopteryx) ...... 82, 107, 108 
PIMMNGIORINS, W(ACMEVIA))  .o.c..cccnnesnreree- 191 
mulicaria (Drepana)). .........-.- 82, 106, 191 
PASO NGL Has (EERO) 2 Ssiircierr cas nereecedoes seebeene 157 
Guana (Clostera): s:..-....... 39, 40, 106, 190 
SIIeIc” (ZA @aR eit) ee 169 
cydippe (Argynnis) ............... 34, 111, 189 
eyllanrus, (GlaucOpSyYChe) —.....05s...--2h.5: 218s) 
aM MOL AT STAN 9.2.21. ke addevebesosaec teres 83 
aamonme CANtTHOCHATrIS). ....02J:.025.0060: 234 
daplidice (Pontia) ...... 95, 99, 102, 133, 233 
aetoaria, (HPANMIs) ...9...000.2.-56.- 105, 198 
Beceereraria (Sterna)! ..chic.s. cess .c see 148 
denotata {Eupithecia) ............ 82, 120, 199 
Memerculatus (ASTOUS) ....5..s.cce,e0ce0s0s50s 106 
deplana (Eilema) ............ SOM A10S 12h 491 
derivata (Anticlea) ....:......./.. 38, 196, 269 
desertella (Bryotropha) ....................- 81 
designata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 153, 196, 269 
MAN MELOSS VARA) | 45.008) ccesse cscnvceaescactocesas 1B} 
mrayinata (COlOstygia) ’.............-. 158, 196 
MAb eC SPRITANTAI) 20. sce r cesta cetesscnscess ae 83, 190 
ETA (OPORIUNIA) 2-5. ccs. eesceesuks 84, 197 
dimidiata (Sterrha) ...... 42, 183, 195, 268 
BED SHCCO Eh VIVIPLACA) .1:-scccsctcs-coc+ss 
gissimiulata (Cataclysme) ¢................- 99 
gissoluta (Nonagria):..............0.+ 109, 114 
mrsrans (Crombrugehia) 762 ....2:....00- 11 
mishinetata (Bapta) .........0:...: ies 121 197 
ditrapezium (Amathes) ............ 40, 83, 192 
@godonaca (Drymonia) 2...............6. 112, 190 
geodoneéata (Eupithecia) 0000....0.:.00.. 197 
dolabraria (Plagodis) ...... 26, 42, 107, 
198, 269 
eominula (Panaxia) ois..iilises. es 204, 271 
MOU CaAs (OV SUMEMLLA) visas. Sdedecteccasateces 75 
ons (EPCOMES)) ..c4ghrnetee Pte |. oat tase 103 
MOUS AI AS (GLAD NOVIPA) esis ist. .ebases 2. 78 


4) 


PAGE 
dromedarius (Notodonta) ... 25, 28, 41, 
144, 190 
Guibitanas (Poly Ghrosis)) ets 5 2esse-e os 184 
dubitata, AGiriphosal): 2.s.qssee ees oc ee hoe 196 
COhoumaKevcrul Wir SD Oh aves e501) © ceeomasebepaeseoneoceeer 65 
amuplaris) (Bethea) wee 2a8). ete: 79, 83, 190 
CHUISE, (CSECLOCCUS) hese cee ee ase aece ret nee re cia 
ERIOEaTeM ie), H/ANTME NARS) > peseesbaneeeseetiees 197, 238 
esea (PoOliyf0MIal) ceo-c-seceee ee Di AO 2 235 
COCR (ERE PACZ eR ae cectecrs ann tree eto 
elatea, CH UECIIA) Ir wesc cnscce yas eeseen cose 75 
elinewanrial (CroGalhis) ss.scs cece tee 183, 198 
elisae (Rabricraiia! e.c-ccs-ece- 96, 97, 100, 102 
elpenor (Deilephila) ..............- 26, 179, 190 
ely Ghnys. (Hublemmiayl sco-7----e- -e 96, 99 
Ghymiie (AmenOStOlayy asec eectec sence ese 42 
emortualis (Trisateles) .................. 80, 108 
G@UMMOUPT ENE SitSiCCOy OUI IGN) ey sseanbsocstonaecdone 42, 195 
EDNTALCeS a Avi aeiia)) be aessseeeeeeee ee sas. ceare 252 
epiphmony. (Brea) eascseeceecee ee ease 216 
ErenmMitan (Ey OWOLOUES) pease 83, 194 
EEC AM Ea UPSTERTS) Miyetss auansc dena seteeeae es ose DEE 
CLOSarlal s(DEUEELOMOMIOS) is serene eee 198 
CECA ViCOph Ola s-ssssseee: cease 99 
Eirhala’ (6erOdGai)p ss. cee este eee ee 76 
Cupmenoides, (RMmGHIOG) acess css 103 
ecuphorbide™ (Apatele} es see eee 79 
euphrosyne (Argynnis) ... 24, 25, 33, 
110, 189, 255, 268 
Evaretel (IPTCCIS) teen eee encase eaters nes 1S 
exanthemata (Deilinia) ............ 198, 269 
exclamationis (Agrotis) ... 42, 113, 182, 192 
exigua (Laphygma) ...... 28, 31, 32, 44, 
68, 81, 83, 90, 106, 108, 109, 120, 181, 
183, 193, 279 
CxaomMaitan CEA OMGINe Gia)” se caeeee ta eer ees 269 
SRS OE aan ONG yl CTA) ieee ss Ree ere ee 77, 194 
ExdiGrusarial (MCCEOPIS) yc... .ee-eee ce 122, 198 
CoN Mima ee LISY (DAA ETEEES IAS) 4 Bopeesdcacoserbaeeonesue 82 
SXGREMNA, a (AEM OStO Na) means sseeeee ener 40, 262 
Exuilamsy (ZySaemanee. sc. ccteseessceee one 41, 78 
exulliss (Ap amie)? (Arse: 152, 157, 159 
(AGC (B PLAS lai) eas aeeen sees cee 
fas aron (DVSC1a) ewe ss eee 25, 26, 28, 199 
fasatay KO peLop eral): Messen ssiseaes. ee. 197 
RAST (NOP) AG Mid ieee Se eee snes 103 
fagi (Stauropus) ...... O65 Qi. 82.99. 106: 
107, 108, 121, 190, 218 
faleanamian (MReMama c.ciesdeceeeeer. > 191, 268 
fanhacae (bpibleniay) 5 .5....ce.csseas.. desee 82 
Lariat (UTGNOSTCRE) eos cscs cesccs cs eae 238 
fariniatellay) (CEGEStIS)i 5c. -se credo eee 80 
farinosa (Gonepteryx) ............... 234, 235 
fascelina (Dasychira) ...... 41, 109, 121, 199 
fasciana (Lithacodia) ............ 26, 27, 195 
PASCAL Ae. (BN TOPIUAN Ce tok eee coe: 121, 198 
fasciellus (Nematois) ............ 62, 139, 228 
LASCIUMICUIAM (PROCS)... 193; 2% 
PAUSE A (AV SACIIA) ive. ik cd. gaan ceeteenece Oe oat 
favicolLor \(LeuGaniaird tcc... 120, 199 
ferrugalis (Udea) ...... 84, 90, 100, 184, 279 
ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 183, 196, 206 
ferruginea (R.. tenebrosa)’ ......0.i055.60. 
Téestiva (OD, NCW Cais hai ts: ees iee 


6 SPECIAL INDEX 
PAGE PAGE 
festucae (Plcsia) ...... 2GI AGT ADAH: gothica (Orthosia) ......... 77, 106, 192: 2241 
181, 183, 195 gracilis (Orthosia) ......... So: O09, i125 193 
nadia (Hipparchia) nose veya. Bees 103 sraminis (Ceraptery x)” (jteuene: 159, 192 
flieatae(StCEL Nay ci.) ee eee A ee 238 graslini (Zyfaena) jase ee eee 169 
filipendulae (Zygaemna) ... 24, 142, 144, griseata (Lithostege)  ......c:stce.....5 40, 890 
170, 179, 183, 191, 229, 253, 269, 273 erisella (Meliphora) PEE Deore noneet a 183 
fncoriana KE: nquilinia))!.. ... 25.0: griseola (Eilema) ............ 44, 838, 121, 1914 
fiinibwiaba, (amply! <eesctsnceses nee 99, 192 gsrossana (Laspeyresia)) ieee cose 100 
VERA GSU PZT A i 172 2 \ Aa ae ed a es 99, 196 grossulariata (Abraxas) ...... 89, 183, 
fiamonvrea (Nell ama) ) eb ease. ss. suaeeennese 39 197, 277 
TT POIMNE INON TS yi ee ee eee 105, 193, 256 sruner: (AnthocharisS)iie eee 283.230. 
flammealis (Eudotricha) ............ 100, 184 gysseleniella (Cedestis) ................0.... 80 
flammeolaria (Hydrelia)  .............-.. 197 | halterata (LObOphOVAa) ceccecccccccssesee. 197 
flavago (Gortyna) oo. 181, 193 hanno: (Hemilarsus)) see 73 
flavella Lona se me tpeaegee Pate Yar e hastata (Rheumaptera) .................0+-- 196 
pF abuser eis eee Wi Lae TI aay or haworthana (Glyphysteryx) ............ 84 
flavicinctata (Entephria)  .............. haworthiata (Eupithecia) ............... 197 
flavicornis (Achlyia) ...... 37, 76, 106, 190 hebe (Arctia) 235 
Haviventrine | ACHCETA 2... ec chess oneareece 191 Ronia: (ee eee ee ee 491 
fiavofasciata (Perizoma) ............ 107, 196 hee (Huptoicta) aan ae ah 
Fo tase 107. 195. 268 legesia uptoie a) sO i foes eae 7 
fliciaaté GS aanerice) reReagiess 157 17h. Fy helvola (Anchoscelis) ............ 83, 109, 194 
PU eH Fae ce ana ae aaa pas ist jog | Bepatiea (Polia) oer 120, 192 
fehl e ee heracliana (Depressaria) .................. 184 
fontis (Bomolocha) .......... Mie OA AD. agin Cn Erac 99 
195, 268 Be ioral | PRA 9 3B 4 2s 
foricalis7(Mesoeraplia) ip 2.2: ior 2a. s-texeos 184 HEPEN OE (Satyausl ST et ee 108 
fe att CakOeATA) 204 Nigeinsi: “CPleLIS) eee eee eeeee 127 
ahs Re air po ay Deana ie hilaris (Zygaenua)y oes eee 2, 2o1 
raat seers. PO IN ak He hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia) 122, 198 
Sal: Aaa iene et CY, eee ne hippocrepedis (Zygaena) ............... je. ee 
EVTC VEO USs (TCU TS) oo head cote asia, 190 ; i : ne 
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ... 37, 182, 191 | Dittaria (Lycia) ...... 88, ee ee 
UTC es Fig el (CEC Cake Va Ces em 196 hispida (Leucochleana) ............... 43, 44 
nay ears) (Hyariomena) 163. 183 hispidaria (Apocheima) ............ 105, 198 
Bey ; 196. 269 hololeuca. ~{Dalaca)) 23. 
furcula (Harpyia) ects, 490 | BOspiton (Papilio) ............. 96, 100, 102 
fUTUNCUIA (PLOCUS) —cececcecceccecceccecseceeee 193 hora (Meme lus), yee eee 191 
Ae sae hyale (Colias)) 233 30, 135, 200 
FTE Vag A CMEA i peasnre desea mins kee act oe 99 Z E > ? 
fusca (SterrhopteryX)  oeccccecceccccssceee 4148 Hype (Cochiy lis)! 22a eee 82 
fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) _............ 198 wie ae ae ppp ps Hs 
fusconebulosa (Hepialus) .................. 191 ; 2 Oy TO ae ae 
fuscovenosa (S. interjectaria) ............ hypsipyle (Zerynthia) ......... 103, 234, 235 
galathea (Melanargia) ......... 33, 82, ee aed ane 96, 98, a Va 
103, 144, 189, 256, 267 te errata UPLUMREClA) sen ceeeeeeeeeeeee 5 
galiata (Epirrhoé) ener’ Pay 25S 107, 196 icteritia (Cirrhia) Bem e cee wees eee seeeseees 83, 194 
CARAT 0 2112S 10) an Rema 5: (ee ne a 2g | Uda (BP. COCA) cesses ete eee ee teteteees 
gainma (Plusia) Ser astm 43, 90, 99, AD» idas (Lycaeides) oe cccec ner scecsesetcsesence 98, 102 
142 B02 131, 13385 448, 154, 179, 183, ee Coe uae sisidigje sas mele abelye nee eee tie 
195, 235, 268 llyria AGEN A) |... accep eile eens 
geminipuncta (Nonagria) eal 83, 108, imitaria (Scopula) 0 0\nje se picieisiajnieiein 99, 144, 195 
120, 199 immaculata (Hemistola) .................. 195 
fenicnlens (Crambiis) |. ci... 183 | impura (Leucamia) ............ 152, 182, 193 
gilvago (Cirrhia) RES Fo toed 43, 194 incarnatella (Plutella) oe ec ccc vceenecvesccce Cte 
glareosa (Amathes) E ect Oe 1241, 150, incerta (Orthosia) steibiane'statePaetate 39, 41, 105. 193 
5p. dob 159) 192 indigata (Eupithecia) ............... 197, 269 
AGW Geri 109 Re Sn ae Ee 191. | imfesta (Apamea) .....:/peeepe 40, 120, 193 
Mlatieindlis \CAerCmITa) iors otbes- sees 184 inornata (S. straminata) ................ 99 
Slateimatia ((GMOPNOS)) gorecswesesc.soaee 238 Inqimilina (Pamimen)\ ieee eee 14 
elizellar (Coleophora), js ecsscd: weenie seve 77 insigniata (Eupithecia) ..................... 106 
Siyisti Carn (B Cty acide ee 40, 195, 268 interjecta (Euschesis) ............ 42, 113, 192 
gnidiella (Cryptoblabes). © .2...25..0..s0.0. 14 interjectaria (Sterrha) ............... 42, 99 
enomia) (RBRCOSIA) )*:2.;-.53,c5aee ble 190 internata (Oulobophora) _.................. 238 
gonodactyla (Platyptilia) ............... 219 interrogationis (Plusia) ............... 41, 152 
gonostigma (O. recens) intricata, (Hupithecia) ete eee 719 
goossensiata (Eupithecia) _............... 197 inturbata (Bupithecia) 255 22e.aaeee 82 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 

io (Nymphalis) ...... 35, 78, 82, 96, 99, 

102, 131, 144, 146, 189, 207, 256, 268, 
274, 279 
22 JESSE, Wek dee MAAS ae Elena eee ene 195 
ipsilon (Agrotis) ...... 90, 154, 182, 192, 279 
iris (Apatura) ... 35, 112, 189, 201, 270, 277 
meresularis (Anepia) ..........0...050.5. 39, 80 
irriguata (Eupithecia) ......... 18, 121197 
AISTUUIPSIUAY, IPSC LEILIE ) nee ee 149 
Heimer eed MURIEL) 9 <25.0 20h. co eee foun eetee ness 154 
jacobaeae (Callimorpha) ...... 25, 191, 206 
fanihina (MuSschesis) ................-. 182, 192 
mies PGhIVyOGES) |... 2.00. 22.2.c.262...088- 02608 76 
PaSiMSe (OWATAKES) ..../.......205... 100, 102, 103 
WaneOprae (AMARA) ..2..0.2.....c..ceccscceees 75 
wibata (AVCIS) ...2.2:....- 81, 113, 122, 198, 269 
MEMMUTPONREWAS) fo) hiec.ciesccecocesesessesnenanes TA 
ernie! (PIVEPA) 02.....ccccccs eset ecw eesees 153 
yomomietia (Lithocolletis) .................. 78 


jurtina (Maniola) ... 34, 82, 83, 91, 99, 
OQ 149. 143 145: 146." 181 | 189) 


OA 2abe ao. 2602 212, -2iss 

PAIGE CUM UE ICIS) | ..c2nscccqacs nests o---e4 ensue es 
Wacertinaria (Drepana). ...-...2.-.-0.- 191, 
1 Eu ethene ((SHASTETE 2) Jee ee ne ae 195, 
MAGEE (VOCUS). cscescscnecessaes O7 A9p, 
PGE UAE (DIME TOSS) 5. o.6cidsces essa oses wets 
HCN a ( SGOM AAD) oye cs codem sti s ch yseeneens ss 
PAC MIS) CrOMDEWS OS NIA) 6 ococctht oc 3-8 covene 
laevigzatella (Blastotere) — ...............-+2 
AM (ECWGANIA) ..2<.ss00s 44, 68, 90, 
RMAC EVA CLA) 0 gai ance se ace vicee ss nce senses 
pecolamas (ACEEA). j..c0c4.sc~-22sce-escecnes- 
lanestris (Eriogaster) ... 171, 190, 220, 
259, 

fapponaria, (POCCIIOPSIS) | ...........----.. 
TAME GT ATA ACPALDICNCCIA)) « ...c.0.002202000> seme 
lathonia (Argynnis) ...... 99, 102, 130, 
diols 

RDG ua. (PLOCUS)) ocx: esncdsegaaccehn ssp 
Beavandulae (ZyfaeMa) ............-.--.0.00 
GENET ETE (FAQS O10 1.000 F019 0) ee SAE eee 
Beeatella, (CHESIAS) .-2c2.00::.-- 109, 120, 
lepida (Hadena) ...... 24, 107, 192, 244, 
Jeporina (Apatele) ............ AV Go ADs: 
leucographa (Gypsitea) ......... 78, 106, 
leucophaearia (Erannis) _.................. 
F2VGOSHMOMA (CCLACIIA). |v ccancsccccssoacescae 
BAR 1 (K SCOLLOPLCLY % ) on cic ens oe seca os occ voc 
lichenaria (Cleorodes) ............ 68, 99, 
lichenea (Eumictis) ...... 44, 64, 68, 84, 
lignata (Orthonama) ...... 262107, ol Ole 
197, 

MESTIC AMES LASTODASIS) >. .<cactuase ruvtuts coacpe ass 
te CO OMISET AY | s2eie asian dots + Les Snnans 120, 
ligustri (Craniophora) ......... 40, 144, 
_DETESTEUeUS | ol 1h b,2 ieee ee ae 179, 
BMariata (Eupithecia) ...........0 107, 
mnearia (Cosymbia) .........:.-.. 82, 99, 
Been (O.” VIVOPTICA) oi. ¢sscsanenseaventstoe 
lineola (Thymelicus) ............ 104, 142, 
BPR CENT TCLIVA soo coecescstscrosmocceanevenso.se 
Ret PEN, CU MCLOPIS VC .ccescsccscec<sarehrecsesccens 
Meet (ETOCUS) ici Jlestscescscacodacnncee 42, 


lithargyria (Leucania) 


ee ee 


PAGE 
lithomylea: (Aparna) i.e) .-3b- sees 193 
TREO ELIS (ECU CAG aa) is ee ee 81 
CEGLOTALUSECE Se GUIDA AIVA)) Wocc se scscieoe sexe esee 
MiG Wak CATIGMOSCEETS) i o8 eee A oe ei ee: 194 
idtmeata,  { Semlopiisa) ies re see cee cen 198 
ERTL CEU CA avila) tre hee ele eth tee 
livornica (Celerio) ...... WH Diy GOt ine 
182, 190, 235 
JEN TOTAL GTORIIS iy | sactsece soos see ores 99 
lobelia, ((Emicostomial) eee eee eee 83 
fosaca. \((Esnivia COMA)! i) ieee rea er «bes ae 7 
lONSVCORMIS' = \(Tuitia)\) Wheess te ot ees eek eee 79 
lonicerae (Zygaena) ...... 4, 9, 142, 144, 
Ont O1e C2 
loreya (ce ucaillal ett eese ese aes eee 180, 182 
LOsag (AG ROC OMA) is aye ss aes saeco eee 194 
lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ... 25, 28, 182, 191 
lucernea (Ammagrotis) ... 80, 99, 154, 
156, 244 
Iucidas ((Marache) a wepeeseee eee ees. cues eas 99 
lucina (Hamearis) ... 35, 39, 189, 203, 255 
IGN para (BW exiia))) eee eee 79, 183, 193 
RE TOS a WAGON) ie pase ee eee oeee 195 
ludahicata: (Coenotephicia)) ih esente- ce: ane 238 
lumariasn(Selenitay <page ees. eee 107 
lundana (A. badiana) 
luneburgensis (Aporophyla) ............ 262 
lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ...............2.:..: 194 
lunula (Aporophila) ... 44, 68, 84, 109, 
182, 194, 206 
homies (Calo pasa) terse oes aceeee es = 106 
TEED cali aes (ELC aS) Wess ae ee eee 191 
lurideolias (Bilema)) .5..2-5.0 as-4es 81, 182, 191 
Wea (Cia ee a. see teeeee 43, 83, 194, 268 
Iu fea (SpilOs oma) b-oeee pees eee 182, 194 
luteolata (Opisthograptis) ... 183, 198, 
206, 260, 269, 273 
fatosaa (Rhizedna)) i esse oe 44, 121, 153, 199 
lutulenta (Aporophyla) ...... 109, 194, 262 
iy chmidise (AGTrOCwR Ola) passers shas-n a: eeeee 194 
yehuntiss (Guaewmlliay (i sas cteewtee 107, 262 
HMeaeG@aman (AGE ris ae os. jassnods secon eae a7 
machaon (Papilio) ... 40, 95, 96, 100, 
102, 133, 207, 215, 234 
miacentan (Ac rochola)) Peete. ee: 84, 194 
macularia (Pseudopoanthera) 198, 269 
maculea (Phthormimoea) iw 2220.0 82 
maculipennis (Plutella) ............... 717, 184 
maja (Pandoriana) ... 94, 95, 97, 100, 102 
HMACLIs GEOG Ase eseok es ae. ae 100 
malvae (Pyreus)) 2... 83, 103, 190, 268 
ane hab awit (0 Balen ere ho Coane ane ese a 103, 283 
margaritata (Campaea) ......... 99, 198, 269 
margaritellus (Crambus) ............ 218, 260 
marginaria (Erannis) ...... 37, 80, 179, 198 
marginata (Lomaspilis) ...... 197, 269, 273 
margine punctata (S. promutata) 
maritima (Chilodes)......... 39, 40, 42, 112 
RAN ae COMUCOSMN ai) oegtace sag rele coca: 3 
maritima (Heliothis)  ......... 1 kk Di Ua le 
120, 192 
marmoreum (Caryocolum) ............... 81 
TMATULAlS. (Ws TELLUS ALIS)) 5.--cnssnc. eae 
Mania (Thalpopnila) = 2.....c.00. 183, 193 
maura (MOTMIO)) "eh. r.csccerene 113, 120, 194 


3) SPECIAL INDEX 
PAGE PAGE 
meeacephala W(Apateleits..: 2.2 194 nevadensis (ZyLaemal) eee eee eee 8 
megera (Pararge) 22/88. BA 34198; NY PATISTANY, (etee-eete eee 13077-4383) ASA, 18s 
102, 146, 189, 234 nigra (A. lunula) 
MmelaMmopa(AmMaActa)-. Riis thn. sees 78 nigrescentella (Lithocolletis) ............ 83 
melanops (Glaucopsyche) ............::660+ 103 Nicricans, (Huxoa)y 2. 120, 191 
meliloti (Z. viciae) nigropunctata: (Scopulla) ieee 238 
TUNEL edy | GEY TT S  e PE Seek eee 196 niobe (Fabriciana) eee 97 
Mewadea GHVCMIA) | .c.2.2-205.20 29; 28, 39; nise: (uremia)! *> 22ers 75 
191, 268, 272 nisella. (Hpinotia) \ 22. eeeeeeeeeeee eee eee 3 
MenGdica WMiarsia). Ae 1548 5.192 Niveana (Acleris)) 22a eee 77 
menippe (Danaus). Liha ee. ee. 181 noctuella (Nomophila) ......... 90, 100, 
menyantni dis! (Apatele): Wickes 2eisk eek 79 112, 144, 154, 181. A84) 94550279 
mesome\lliac (Gybosial)) \ 7st sse eke ees 4194 nomaqua (Dalaca) |... 222 ape eee 186 
TNESSAMN TAA OCINA) oss voces ceveveeseaeeeet 7 | nordstrémi (Hydraecia) jyyeeese ee 262 
meticulosa (Phlogophora) _......... 4h, notata (SemilothiSa) 322 26, 27, 198 
83. 84, 85, 183, 193, 285, 262, 268 notha (Archiearis) ............ $75. 195: QA4 
i (hucidimne#ra) Awe oe), ne 39, 195 nubeculosa (Brachyonica) ............... 77 
miata (Chloroclysta)  ............ Tis iQ 106 nupta (Catocala) ......... 109, 413, 181, 
muiecacea (Gortiyma) o.2.8ee5.- (OTs. 193 183, 195 
miniata (Miltochrista) ......... 3, 144, 191 nuras: (Mamiola) .). 222tteee ees 103 
minima “Petilampa) 2. eee: 40, 206 nyctelius (Nyctelius) 9). 23 mere- eer 76 
minimus (Cupido) ......... 24, 20, 230, re obelisca”((HWExOa) eee 43, 44, 182 
uc! Ba obeliscata (Thera) eee 183, 196, 269 
miniosa (OTTO SUA Rae ah coer os 121, 193 obiuseata (Gnophos\ et) ae A 
moldavica (Synaphe) dees ase eae ae 238 obliquaria: {(Sternia) saphena eeeree 99 
monacha (Lymantria)"”—-..... Pe oblitella (Heterographis) _ ......... 181, 183 
pe og 121, 190,268 | oplongza (Apamea) 2 ee 42 
mMomevar (EolyehiiSiay ye. eseees cece tee ee obscuraua (Pammene)-llue. wae 1A 
monodactylus (Pterophorus) ............ 184 obscurata” (Gmophos) eee 99 
monoglypha (Apamea) atlas ex 2 81, 99, Obsitalis: (Esypena))) yee eens 181, 183 
. 112," top; 157, 183, 193,221 | obsoleta (Leucania)\= 40, 142 
montanata (Xanthorhoé) piel! 158, 196, = obstipata (Nycterosea)  ......... 90, 99. 
monusta (Ascia) Cseeseeeeereeseeseeeeeeetees 76 421, 181, 183, 196 
imoreReus (Caradrina) aia ac 183, 193 OCCitanical(AySaena) ye eee QF Oot 
mucronata (Ortholitha) 1.0... 21) Gceulta (Burois) . eee 154, 238 
multistrigaria (Colostygia) ......... fe: ocellaris (Xanthia) 262 
6, 196 | ocellata (Lyncometra) ......... 99, 183, 196 
munda (Orthosia) Pa cele, 106, 193. 206, 268 ocellata (Smerinthus) _ ......... 25, 26, 
TERT Ga IN Uae) es SR ces ee 191 27, 39, 112. 190 
PAE Sy UG SA ORT OA ane 41, 158 | ochrata (Sterrha) cesses 49 
muralis (Cryphia)  ......... 24, 80, 82, ochrearia (Aspitates) os... 39, 180, 183 
: : 182, 228 ochroleuca (Erenmobia)ies eee 114, 122 
Tee) 111,121, 195. | Ochsenheimeri (Pieris) jens eee 127 
murinata (Minoa) Fae aa nches sonae 197 ocularis (Tethea) occ. 44, 121, 190 
musculosa (Oria) ............... 108, 114, wee oculea. (Hydraecia) 2a ee ee 193 
mygindana (Olethreutes) .........-.. | 6dia (istoris) (a 16 
myetlus (C. permutatella) oditis (L. hispida) 4. eee 
myrtillana CARICA TES 0) OY eee ei ee 78 oleagina (Synvaleria) .....:.ccceeceeeeeees 235 
My ast CAM alr Galy. ine Pena a dll 92 oleracea (DiataraXia) .........cc.e 182, 192 
Dama, (ads) 24, 25, 26, 28, 79, olivana (B&. bankiana) =... 27 
106, 182, 192 Olivieri (ZY Saeiwa)| \.eeeeeseeee eee eee eee 168 
nanata (Eupithecia) ...... 153, 159, 183, 197 ONOPOLrdi (Py LSus) eee eee eee 103 
MAp (PVSHIS) esas 24, 35, 82, 9A, oo (Dicycla). ....:....0icsespesemseee eee eee 193 
96, 100, 102, 110, 125, 130, 131, 134, ophialis {(Metasia) *h.02heeesee ese 100 
144, 145, 189, 204, 207, 268, 274 ophiogramma (Apamea) ............ Q44, 245 
TAwinla RIeUIS) ers. meee duce 427 | OF (Tethea) ose 40, 190 
nebulata (Euchoeca) ...... 39, 82, 108, orbicularia (C. pendularia Clerck.) ... 
197, 269 orbona (HUSCheSIS) see ee eee 80, 192 
nemimtosa: (Poltay sce censors 28, 192, 268 orichalcea ‘(PluSia) )\.:....;.rs¢s2+eee eee 
nemoralis (Zanclognatha) ......... 195, 268 orion’) (Scolitantides)5 2.20... 103 
neomiris (Hipparchia) ...... 95, 96, 98, ornitopus (Lithophane) ............... 120, 194 
4100, 102, 103 ostheldert (Catoptiriay) sexes eee 141 
HEWULIUCAANONAE Lia) bees codes ee 42 ostrinaria (Sterria)) ve.21-7-20- eee eee 99 
eae 144, 190, 255 otho (Wallengrenia)) . ccs. <::<scsessseeeeee 


neustria (Malacosoma) 


—- 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
otregiata (Lampropteryx) ... 112, 114, 
120, 162, 199, 206, 218, 246, 266, 269 
wayacanthnae (Allophryes) .................. 194 
palaemon (Carterocephalus) ... 39, 40, 276 
MENS» (CUCAIIA)Y os 205 ce05:.-de.h see 182, 193 
maipina (Pterostoma) | .....2....c....0. 26, 190 
BEES VED VOAVACCKA): yi. 2 cucu ths. oaes andes 183 
meamestris, (EDVOriNWa)  ......2/....0..00+- 40 
pamphilus (Coenonympha) 34, 99, 
AOQE ISOS asi 133, 142. 189;_.237, 250; 
DGilie 212s 21a DIZ eo 
paphia (Argynnis) ... 34, 94, 97, 102, 
411, 143, 189, 203, 268, 270 
papilionaria (Geometra) ...... 41, 195, 268 
paramegaera (Pararge) ...... 98, 100, 102 
Darthentas (Archiearis). ......2..-..2:. A AOS 
eV ay PETE CIITA) | 2.22 gee cruise des. 180, 183 
pastinum (Lygephila) ......... 40, 121, 195 
PAVONTA (SAMIENIAa) 2.0.00: eke. 146, 191, 221 
pectinataria (Colostygia) ...... 99, 183, 
196, 206, 269 
MeGacias (MTA A) ico oscacezezes ssn <clhes 37, 198 
Belen ay y(ELGORIES): 25. : sceseh seen see es 94, 99 
penalabrica (Z. contaminei) ............ 
pendutaria acctt. {C. albipunctata) ... 
pendularia Clerck. (Cosymbia) ......... 195 
EMM Ail am \COLOLOUS) 225-8... ...+-0005e5-0 ees 198 
DenninGa (ZZ. -CONTAMINED) .... x. ..snce. << 
ACU Aa (OND AA) Wert sacesd genseenndsseeaees 42, 194 
permibfatella, (Crambus)  .222..c.5..<.225:- 4141 
mersicariag (Melanchra) + 2..si322.)4..-g: 192 
petiverella (Dichrorampha) ............... 82 
MMe TESmI CP ECTICMATES) 2siiv.c.ks)..seden oases 76 
phlaeas (Lycaena) ...... 33, 35, 82, 99, 
102, 134, 142, 145, 181, 189, 236, 268 
phoebe (Melitaea) —...2....2..0...2.s08: 235, 236 
phoecmiceata, (Hupithecia) - s5.2:..2.0..62.:: 65 
phragmitidis (Arenostola) ... 109, 121, 199 
Puy Ganellas (DiMPME A)» ska: --bei00.62d:e0- 4 
COMO (A. SUPT GAMA), <.5 se Fes sc. cees eek: 
BRUCE Aen (OLOSEOT A) oo. tse cece s ozca veloc. 24 feiss 39, 190 
Puletians (NEIMIODWORA): 1.45 <i.0.Aees.se oe sbs 08s 79 
VULOSOEIOs (Ps PCGAria)....c.0. <6. 8o040.. 37, 198 
pinastri (Hyloicus) ... 42, 91, 99, 106, 
108, 109, 112, 120, 199 
eh PCTATOLINUES) \ ovcxsgeudadvegsindsd owtade 99 
PUB ED Tey HUE CGUA:) sity. 282 Ions scceeseseee stews: 79 
PULaria \(BUpalus) 0s .c sti seedeuk se 39, 198 
piniariella (Oenerostoma) .................. 80 
Dinicolaria (EMWOpia) . 2.04.00 csccdee.s. 96, 99 
Pirithous (Syntarucus) ............... 101, 102 
MISE (COLAMICA) Assccccsicbanszedeeds 25, 182, 192 
pityocampa (Thaumetopaea) ...... 96, 99 
MOM ATL VATUADGIS): 2... scented adah Sha salebtele 196 
plantaginis (Parasemia) ...... 153, 191, 
255, 256 
plebejana (Crocidosema) ............ 181, 184 
mlecta (Ochropleura) «.:2./.:..0...6: 182, 192 
pinmbparia: (Ortholitia): > .i...ieccsii...86-0 197 
plumbeolata (Eupithecia) ............... 228 
plumigera (Ptilophora) ......... 84, 109, 190 
podalirius (Papilio) ... 94, 95, 96, 102, 235 
moma (CACOECCLA), .oi2.3.c05..Se ia aks dda 184 


politana (A. pulchellana) 


9 


PAGE 
polychloros (Nymphalis) ... 96, 99, 100, 
102, 189, 203, 235, 270 
DOLVAAMAS CP aprlioy cit s.c seat hence oe 75 
DOUfE CTE ULe TVD STD WAG) 2 ee eer sae se nee 
PODULACISs CMM OVE AP esesceces ee ssseaes 43, 192 
populatan (yas) Pee: eee. Qon dooedan 
POP ULE (OmUMOSTA) cescces cece eee 193 
Populi (aoe) ee eee 39, 112, 190 
populi (Poecilocampa) ............ 43, 84, 190 
pOpULItORUmM? (Caloptilta) = ese. 82 
porata: (Cosymalliial ee seks eee 120, 195 
porcellus (Deilephila) ............ 25, 28, 190 
porphyrea (Peridroma) ... 90, 154, 182, 192 
PorphycellawCNerobasis) heres see ee 99 
posticana {Pseudococcyx) 2.2...05.2...28 79 
DO TACORIaN Gn COT aise eases ee 146, 1914 
POLEUMORK(Caloares)o i... cee eet sese es eee veaeenee 76 
prasina (Anaplectoides) ... 81, 107, 192, 206 
DEASiMana. (Bema) eee ee ee 42, 194, 268 
preaneusta, (Bakachedwa)iprs..-. nee 82 
proboscidalis (Hypena) ... 91, 183, 195, 268 
procellatay (Melanithia)m ee ee eee 196 
Procida hei pDALCHTA) Tce eeo te eee 103 
promissa (Catocala) ...... LOSS eids dle 
204, 231 
promutata (Scopula) ... 28, 99, 120, 183, 199 
pronuba (Noctua) ... 99, 112, 182, 192, 221 
protea (D. eremita) 
proteus, (ULDANUS ime ees Cee es 76 
pruinata (Pseudoterplna) .................. 195 
Drunariay (Ane rora)) mice sees eee eee 198 
DEWMaia ACW eaiS)\ Ry = ees ere ee eee te 196 
DRUOieN(StayaMOMiCiia) ly eee 39, 171, 204 
pseudospretella (Borkhausonia) _...... 184 
pst CApakeleyc” 22.0 ese 184, 194, 272 
pudibunda (Dasychira) ... 25, 28, 190, 268 
pUdorinas (Heucgamia) —s.elese 42, 193 
pulchella (Utetheisa) ......... 130, 180, 182 
pulchellana (Argyrotaenia) ............ 79 
pulchellata (Eupithecia) ............ 26, 197 
fo WAElower Me MISUSE) bor ieee aca eseacea se 25, 195 
pulveraria (Anagoga) ......... 27, 198, 269 
pumilata (Gymmoscelis) ......... 65, 99, 
183, 197, 238, 269 
punctalis (Dolicharthria) ............ 81, 184 
punctaria,y (Cosymbia)s ween 107, 19% 
punctidactyla (Amblyptilia) ...... 219, 228 
punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia) ...... 122, 198 
punctulata (Aethelura) ............ 198, 269 
punctuny (Zyeaena)) eateetees ree 166 
puppillaria (Cosymbia) ......... 99, 179, 238 
purpuralis’ (Pyrausta) ete 273 
purpuralis (Zygaena) ......... DS ipa POT: 
pusaria (Deilinia) ............ 198, 261, 269 
pustulata (Comibaena) _............ 107, 195 
DUA CA CROCS) wameacsoncssisk oteaee AS82191" 987 
putrescens (Leucania) ............ 80, 81, 244 
POUGTATS' 7 (ACR) pe eka esc. 0 Renee eons 182, 192 
DUGEnGG rs taASciana)) “eee... PER ay 
Dyanna’ (Avemostola)) > 2r.is..cesc.0--ceaeke 183 
Dy Tala (COSMIUA) Re restos eet o det gs 
pyramidea (Amphipyra) _......... 194, 268 
pyrind. (Zeuzera) AAA. 42, 99, 194 
pyritoides (Habrosyne) _............ 190, 268 


10 
PAGE 
quadra, {(irthosia) op pt-.50- 90, 96, 99, 
Lise AOI aot 
quadrangula (Agrotis) | ..iht...6c.2--2-s 154 
quadrifasciata (Xanthorho6) ...... 107, 196 
quadripunctaria (Euploeia) ...... 82, 224 
quercifolia (Gastropacha) ......... 42, 
iPS “a RO ee 3717) 
quercinaria (Ennomos) _......... 82, 83, 
99, 108, 198, 269 
quercus (Lasiocampa) _......... es 
190 2725 Dis, 206 
quercase(Thecla)~so.62veee 43, 96, 99, 
102, 189, 204 
Papa CELTS)! | “hese 850) BQUA97: 
99, 102, 130, 131, 134, 181, 189, 204, 
233, 268 
ravida (Spaelotis) ............ 41, 43, 89, 108 
TEC CMS Orem yale) | ees anne eee eeneck: -aeeenee 37 
rectangulata (Chloroclystis) _......... 197 
TASVE|NUNMVER! (BING 0) 64))u. |.) eongeededaebeacac 78, 79 
TENAISSayy CAD AMIE A) 4 PEM ATS oeecke eet eine 193 
repandaria. (Rpione) iiiis.2 sss. 198, 269 
repanmdata, (AVES): sereeees 26, 28, 149, 
298, 269 
HESTMEMU Ay (ENV WIAA eos. uae okere ewes seuaeene hth 
reticulata (Heliophobus) ......... 28, 64, 80 
EUSA (AZCMODIA)) Gsesace- stots eteee see eee 193 
revayana. (Nyctéola) )2.0ee....: 195, 268 
rhadamanthus (Zygaena) ................-. 5 
rhamnata (P. transversata) 
rhamni (Gonepteryx) ............ 33, 38, 
76, 94, 99, 102, 110, 114, 131, 135, 189, 
20a 254, 206 
Thon ama «CNCTeciS) Meese ee ecee et eeeeeeee 83 
rhomboidaria (Cleora) ......... 68, 183, 198 
ribeata (Deileptenia) ...... 82, 108, 120, 198 
ridens (Polyploca) ......... 38, 106, 121, 190 
Pipa AMCobisy: li. bee. 181, 182 
PUVA CEMUETM OC) Naess eaeee eee eee 144, 196 
rivularis (Hadena) ............ 25, 39, 42, 192 
rivalaris: (Limenimbis)  .202-7...2. 95, 99, 102 
LODOKAMIa (BOUL) M Weeds e-ceeee 122, 198 
LOSHEANIS Ey ema! Osh ete teen. eees: 109, 195 
ruberata (Hydriomena) ......... Gn Dil, 
78, 196 
PUI OaAMlophrys) | sesees 25, D7) spe. 
189, 237 
PUL UDA Alin os rn sec oes Ds, Alsen aloe) aga) 
rubi (Macrothylacia) ...... Oy 2d ddd OO 
reod ante renie. (CD08 Oa IN peek shasbes sogsiadsacasscc 196 
Gubisinata s(SCopUlayy  fe-.-e-e. secre 196, 269 
rubiginea (Dasycampa) _...... 47, 124, 194 
rubiginosana (Epinotia)! 9220.22.08. 80 
rubricollis (Atolmis) ...... 68, 120, 179, 1914 
TUOLUCOSA (OALashis\aeeete. sa eae eee 192 
Tuba wCAEMODIA), fecse,.2...-eeoneeeee 242, 258 
TUtescensie (DALACAN We icosdesten se vareeeeeae 186 
ruficornis (Chaonia) ......... 26, 27, 38, 190 
TUTOAIGIS. VADAbele) a sccegeceee- 26, 182, 194 
mpicapraria (THETA) ise. sueeste ns. 37, 198 
TTAism (NOtaGeH A) ia eeuees snare eee. 184 
rurea (A. crenata) 
sacraria (Rhodometra) ......... ANH lisa ara 
180, 183, 199, 279 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
salicata (Colostygia)i. eae ere 28, 154 
salicis: (Leucoma) » s.:..aesceeeee eee eee 23 
salinellus (P. aridellus) 
sambucaria (Ourapteryx) ...... 99, 183, 198 
sannio; (Diacrisia), (eases 26, 191 
saponariae (H. reticulata) 
sarpedon: (Zygaena)* ise eeaeeees 1,251. 
satyrata (Eupithecia) ......... 154, 159, 
AQ. 23 
saucia (P. porphyrea) Tee. eee 90 
savigcny (Polyfonus) ie eee 76 
scabiosae (Z. nevadensis) 
scabriuscula (Dypterygia) ...... 40, 107, 193 
schulziana (Olethreutes)  .................- 79 
SCirp? (LeEWCania) i 2s 238 
scolopacina (Apamea) _............... 81, 244 
scotica (Ortholitha) eee AA 
scommella, -(Parornins))) ee eee eee 78 
scrophulariae (Cucuiay es 262 
secalis: (Apamea)) 25. eee 183, 193 - 
secetum: (ASrOtis) 5.2 eee eee 182, 191 
seconzacl (PIGEIS): 2.522 126 
selenaria: (Boarmia) 33 eee 99 
selene (Argynnis) ... 33, 110, 114, 189, 
255, 268 
selinoides’ (Caradrima) seers rete eee 99 
semele (Eumenis) ...... Bie Oe, QSelaes 
145, 146, 147, 189, 201, 274 
semiargus (Cyamniris) .................. 103, tot 
semibrunnea (Lithophane) ... 84, 106, 
109, 120, 194 
senex, (Comacla) -si2. eee 107, 191 
sennae’  (PhHOeDIS) ee eee 7d 
serena (i. Dicoloratay eee 
seriata «(Sterrha) \se ee eee 42, 195 
sericealis” (Rivatlal) 2.2. 195, 268 
sericopeza (Etaimia) eee eee eee 83 
serratulae’ (Pyreus) (22 eee 103 
sertorius: (Spialia)) eee 93, 99, 102 
sexatata.(M. sexalisatalinee.2 eee 
sexalisata (Mysticoptera) ............ 197, 269 
sexstrigata «(Amathes)\ eee 192 
svoylla. (Li Camilla) 2 eee 
silaceata (Ecliptoptera) ...... 162, 196, 269 
SrMUaTiS: “(Ep LOChIS)) este eee 182, 190 
simpliciana (Dichrorampha) ............ 82 


sinapis (Leptidea) ... 24, 34, 39, 40, 99, 
102; 200: SiG ose etioe 
siterata ({(Chloroclysta) 
sobrinata (Eupithecia) 
socia (Lithophane) 
sociella “Aphomia) =e 
solandria (Epinotia) 
sommeril (Crino) 42222 
sordens (Apamea) 
sororncula (Elena. eee 
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé) 
sparsata (Anticollix) 
sphegiformis (Aegeria) 
sphinx (Brachyonicha) 


ee eee eee ee es 
ee iy 


... 43, 109, 120, 


Spiniana’ (Pammene) 22332. 
splendidella (Dioryctria) ...... 81, 99, 
sponsa (Catocala) ......... 113, 195, 204, 
stabilis/(Orthosia):s...ceee 106, 193, 
Statices) (Ag@distis)\ 2/2) 2s nee 


Q77 
196 
197 
260 
183 

83 
153 
193 
138 
196 
197 
191 
194 

81 
228 
231 
268 

84 


odie tet 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 
RAREGES ACEO CTIS) © 2..055<:.iecscbsssee-ces dace 191 
PE TUUUUIS A SAEVEUS)) ..czicidececkdee cet eeicbeane 103 
stelenes (Metamorpha) ....................: 75 
stellatarum (Macroglossum) ...... 99, 
120, 1383, 182, 190, 237 
Smematella, (Gractllaria). ..4..:..:..0.06: 2 83 
cpeeimatica, (AM athes)  .22225..s2.00.:...ce 192 
SaMmimMata (Sterria)....s.2..cee. saci de-- 99, 196 
Straminea (Leucania) ..........00..... 44, 193 
Bicaminea (StCMOMES) -.2s.cihl.3....2260e see 82 
Sei \OISUOM) ~ .....: siaekebiges t-te 37, 198 
strigilaria (S. nigropunctata) ......... 238 
LOTS VOGUS)\ 9 > igsads-$25¢2-olacladece onda 8ehs 193 
strigillaria (Perconia) ...... 24, 26, 27, 199 
Spat embas (INOW al)! P5220) s.<.22.008scens ABs ADIs Ait 
SSA (EVAG GMa)! !...20.0.5.5248505.0% 39, 120, 192 
subsericeata (Sterrha) ............... 28, 195 
Blasts) (APAMNEA))) Lheisic.siscesceceecdecenls 193 
BuibnoOtava ) (HUPITNECIA) ic... ..c.0se0d.0855 197 
eS ACM OMIA)”. soicshissrdees neces. 0cen' 194 
subumbrata (Eupithecia) ............ 25, 197 
Ssuccenturiata (Hupithecia) .......:...:... 197 
suffumata (Lampropteryx) ... 27, 38, 
ite) 1622919629206, 219; 267; 269 
Busimelia -(HeWCOptera).fs.e.2....cssc5-0 5. 80 
suspecta (Parastichtis) ......... 43, 121, 194 
swammerdamella {Nemophora) ......... 79 
Swartziella (Nemophora) .................. 79 
SSA ee GAN OE): 15) Ree ne oe 82 
SwIMeEStraria: (SLCEPNA) 2.25.2 cc.5d3ccceceseacee 112 
sylvestris (Thymelicus) ... 33, 82, 104, 
144, 145, 190, 204, 268 
Slvinia (Hepialws)) oicsschecede. sce 183, 1914 
MA MCA PECIEA)’ \.:.s.ss0scse¥-e ies 198, 277 
Sy TLCEL MT CIST 1 Bh a 2 1S) 76 
EAcHiIOlelia (StOMoOpteryR) 6 ....0.)...00..5 81 
tages (Erynnis) ......... 24, 25, 33, 104, 190 
tantillaria (Eupithecia) ...... 121, 197, 269 
tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha) ............ 195 
BCCANUS (SYNtMALUCUS): 91: ...063/2secc2-0 Ase 
SAME Ata, (DB ADUA):- deckiworsaslscdateles.- 27, 197 
COMO (DASY POLI) ic..s.5..0.h...ccsceseas 43, 157 
ReMCOLAtan | (EaAMeIneria). 2) ii. 5....ae-teees 194 
senebrosa. (Rusina) ....i6:......0. 26, 79, 99 
tenuiata (Eupithecia) ................ 197, 269 
Meus ior UELOLISMIC). 22.....ce skies dic. on ddeee 197 
tesseradactyla (Platyptilia) ......... 24, 138 
hestacea (WUPeriMma) i. cs)6ch.2.08.0 52.008 183, 193 
ResIGeAtaAN (ELVGVTCMA) | sccz)isseiests. aoe 197 
Pestaceeiila -(Ppermenia) c3...6::c2.0: 83 
MMU hos LVS) we hice: estas Miele dskehy 157, 196 
ReEralunaria (S@lEMIA)) eecesdicslloeccverde 198 
tetraquetrana (Eucosma) .................. 25 
thalassina (Hadena) ..................... 79, 192 
therapne (Spialia) ... 93, 95, 99, 100, 102 
thersites (Polyommatus) .................. 235 
aire! (CCI Y OGGS) o ai5.cocucuhab canes oc ddsadetohee 76 
Bee PP AT ATIC) |. ...0c..cecshdebbisvesdesncie 95 
meee i(MUMAS) ......2522.0hcessoeeke. sd 120, 190 
mmozZaria, (EPITPNOC)) csicicicesih.ciseccees os 99 
tithonus (Maniola) ... 34, 82, 143, 144, 
145, 146, 147, 189, 267, 270 
mohonus (Pyronia) ..........0....0 95, 99, 102 
memes (EVCMIGPIS)). ...ocddalsietA aA 26, 190 
Porguatella) (Atemelia) « ....ccisce seek 78 


PAGE 
HEAD SALTS GB YMMTINE ea) ey Oe s,s oes rancor 80 
tragopogonis (Amphipyra) _...... 182, 194 
transalpina (Z. hippocrepidis) 
GLANS MESA: | CUED SUIT) paas.scoe sec acceemcasee 194 
transversata (Philireme) ............ 42, 82 
GEA EAIIVay GOSIMIA)N Hosni. oecrcsateescccces cree 193 
GEE a EWE OSi al) is [esneet see eee 190 
trepida (Notodonta) _......... 112s ADT 190 
trrangulimm (AmmatheSs) sec cacc-stese ssc 192 
tuidens: (Amatele)) ese serra. 184, 194, 256 
trifolby, (SCOLOSTaMmMa) =... )5...- 182, 192 
trifolii (Lasiocampa) ...... 38, 39, 109, 
179, 182 
MAfOlnign(AVSaem any onsets LE SANs 
191, 154, 269 
trigrammica (Meristis)  ............... 28, 193 
trilinearia (C. linearia) 
trimacula (D. dodonaea) 
breipan titan (WMGale: eel aus len. 81, 195 
GEnpLasiias \((WiGal)i- Nee oe 81, 183, 195 
ierjorollenavel (1B bIeCosian\2)) "Bene ea ee 82 
LEUNG hays (MU ELOG eA) bes pawies sa. hoe 76 
iipunmchulamay (CACIeIHS) | Te = 2.cun. eee 46 
bristatay (Eph OeS) IN eee eee eee ee Q7 
{Lite (Huxoa)) 92... 108: 120, 155. 156, 
182, 191 
tay MCT EG ACA) ied ye er Anak s k e 235 
troglodytas (AMACA) Benccs-eeeee eee eee 75 
truncata (Dysstroma) ...... 28, 41, 183, 
196, 269 
imunieaicolellay(SCOpaciaiy esse 100 
EATEN (CATO GTS) ieee ee 80, 144, 182, 244 
tullia (Coenonympha) _......... D7, Hil 
Dose eulie eathes 
fUrbidanaby (Aparomnuis) oy wcssss ee eee 3 
fienGan en (Mey ia) eee ss ese eee 193 
funonewan (PSeUdOCOCG VAX )ny este eee 79 
typhae (Nonagria) _.......-...: 109, 120, 193 
GON Gat) (NVR TUUAN IG |, Poetetags aes. eck eee 120, 192 
umbellana (Depressaria)  .. ..............- 184 
Gusal dvirenet Cex vierel quel) he) Sue ee 107, 121, 192 
umbranica (Cmca) (eee. 28, 194 
umbrifera (O. mucronata) 
unangulata (Euphyia) _............ 121, 199 
Hams: CA pamMiCa)) ies Aen ee ee 39 
uncula: (Bustrotia))iieinsecks 107, 121, 195 
Wane hiss (Ela Ta) 5 ss eee ee ee eae 100 
undulata (Rheumaptera) ...... 83, 196, 269 
unsutcella: (Ane yas)! ebee ees. eels Q5 
Unionalis (Palpita) 2s 100, 181, 184 
unipuncta (Leucania) ......... 179, 181, 182 
urticae (Aglais) .:..:.... GOsmic aulO2) sts, 
131, 142, 143, 144, 154, 181, 189, 203, 
20 7a PQansuene. 26032720979 
urdicae: (Spilosomiaynmwee 2)..ieel ee 106 
ustomaculana (Rhopobota) ............... 77 
VAC CHILL) (CONSUL) aenrtiaee eee 37, 84, 194 
VATU ae we (AS aUITS)\. a: cckue pect ecco: TA 
VaALce (a viCODOOULA)! bce. 25, (28,0. 192 
sea Wigs Wee yea G4 Bw (1 6F2 1) ) Res ad) 8 eB 196 
venata (Ochlodes) ......... Jos) 104, 449° 
144, 190, 255, 268 
MEMOS) SLIT NT) ere sibs eee teeee meee 39 
venosata (Eupithecia) _......... 40, 107, 
154, 156, 159, 197 


12 SPECIAL INDEX 
PAGE PAGE 
VLU Si (LA OtiO) HRRe ck Eras Be ee 185 aquilonia (Formica) ............ 118, 226, 227 
Verbaseiee (Gucuililtian a vawes. tees 106, 194 arenarius (Messor). .2)3: eee 115 
versicolora (Endromis) ............... ie 22M arenarum. (Pheidole)) ee 115 
vespiformis (Aegeria)  .................cceee ee 191 auberti (Crematogaster) .................. 115 
vestigialis (Agrotis)  ............ 80, 81, 109, harbara {(Plafziolepis)) 2-3 116 
120, 199 barbarus: (Messor))23 32 eee 115 
Vetmlaian (Phiwlereme)) je eee -e nee 300 722 bauduer? (Strumigenys) 2... 116 
vetusta (Xylema)!) ss.0... ss 4A, ‘77, 120, 194 bicolor (Cataglyphis) ieee 116 
Victaea(Zweaemay | 220 Wdeediarasce 119-270 bicornis. (Lasius): |....22:0eeeee oe 116, 118 
WACK Iman (UNC ADIMAMIMNA es o.5cebe-eeneeere 934. 235 ‘pouvieri:  (Messor) ioe eee 
VAT Comm (AGUA: \. .cstice ocean eeecereee ce 107, 268 brunneus. (Lasius) "239 29, 
Viminahs (Bomby cia) i... 28 194, 268 caespitum (Tetramorium) ...... 29, 115, 
Violate (Geruira’, Wess -sene ese 95) 96. 190,272 calopus (Phacogenes). 225.2 eee 
Viretatac(AGasis) 25.35.0400.) eee 82, 121, 197 Capitatus> (Messor)) eee 
Vireata (MESOLYDE) | Weeds. 54..+-6082. 38, 196 cinerea, (FOrmica): 22.22: AGH ANS; (225: 
virgaureata (Eupithecia) ......... 181, 228 coarctata’ (Ponera) see 
WALI NENG), (IE INAIO NA VEE2))) \ Gooesernsanckesaneece 195 cordier! (Formica) ) ee 
viridata(Chlorissa) 2.55.2... 113, 121, 195 | cruentatus (Camponotus)) "227.0. 
viriplaca (Heliothis): .0.1205.0.-2.5: 64, 80 | cunicularia (Formica) -....2/.......... 29, 
vitalbata (Horisme) _.................. 41, 197 cursor (Cataglyphis) “32 ieseee eee 
vitellina (Leucania) ......... 28, 44, 68, diehli’ (Cataglyphis) (2222.22. 
SA NOON A090: Ade 19%-° 479,181 182" diomedea (Tetramorium) ............ 41 
199, 235 dirus’ (Eurylabus)” G23 
Vitiata (Orthionameay - \-20) Mei Tee 27 emarginatus \(Lasius) We eee 
vulgata (Eupithecia)  ............ 78, 99, erraticum \\Dapinomia) ieee 
154, 197, 269 exsecta | (Formica) (22 
yulpimaria- (Sterrha)< 200. 917 | fairchildi (Solenopsis) (ieee 
w-latinum (Hadena)............ 39, 107, 192 fallax (Camponotus). 
ay chia arciear UnbArIe eee ete Ne A ATO 199 fellah (Camponotus). | “.ete eee 
woorimna (Gelyplersiwder ooec.sccelee 46 flavus (Lasius)) 2.0.2). 29, 
xanthographa (Amathes) _......... a forsslundi (Formica) 3 225, 
155, 156, 157, 159, 182, 192 frauenfeldi (Acantholepis) ............... 
xanthomista (Antitype) ............ 179, 205 fuliginosus (Gasius). 3-2 29, 116, 
xerampelina (Atethmia) ...... 43, 121, 194 fulvus (Dorylus)...2.)-39e ee eee 
VosiMone(Apaniea) = i 420, 193 | fusca (Formica) ............... 29, 116, 119, 
TASS (OALISHO) GA 3) Mn eer as 7, | Sagates (Formica) -) ae 
ZELesD yMeTNey fae Ata 2 "5 | Shiliani (Anochetus)) “eee 
zelterstedtii (P. calodactyla) ............ 219 | gibbosa (Aphaenogaster) .................. 
ziczac (Notodonta) _......... 25, 26, 28, 190 graminicola (Myrmecinay) ) ee 
Zp ia MY SSIAIN ee es 38. 272 | herculeanus (Camponotus) ............... 
humilis (Iridomyrmex) (3 23...2 = 
hungaricum (Tetramorium) ...... Ai lSy, 
COLEOPTERA Vaponicar {HOrmMiCal) i eee eee 
al pimae (ROSailda)’ 5. See eer eee. aeeie eee 124 laevior (Cataglyphis) ss 116, 
AN OTMIST UES ae (CA Sie TIS) ho meeasers ent sehen 124 lateralis (Camponotus) <2 [ee 
CApPMCIMUS | (BOSEEICIIUIS) eyes. occa 124 lemani. (Formica)! 2. 
Cerviis: | (LALCAIUS) |? sca. stes See oan 114 ligniperdus (Camponotus) ......... 116, 
ater: GTS a NTO UUS,) 5, A OER ke oe 87 lobicornis (Myrmica) ate, 7 29, 
daevisais .KGastrallus) ree Bie 124 lugubris: (Formica) ‘2:52. 1116S 2268 
VatiCOTAMSHACINUES) i eseeeseeeee ae eee eee 124 maculatus (Camponotus) .................. 
nebulosus (Ontholestes meridionale (Tetramorium) © ............ 
Ay CSO TOPS) eles ace oe eo eee eee eee 87 merula .(Camponotus)*22....2.-5 
PALcvyiCoulish (BEMOMINTS)) ps.) .ce scare cs 124 micans (Camponotus) = 4.24 =e 
punctahunaa (AwO WIM) ) Fe esse sen. cen een 123 microcephalum (Liometopum) ......... 
rufovillosum (Xestobium) .................. 123 mimMor* (Messor) ~e. ........ee eee 
testaceus (Phymatodes) ..................... 124 mixtus. (Lasius) S443 30 eee 
troslod ytesi(Trachivs): testes... see 124 muscorum. (Leptothoraxdi eee 
niger (Uasius)) ho9. ee 99. 46: 
niericans (Hormica)s eee 116, 
HYMENOPTERA nylanderi (Camponotus) ............ 116, 
acervorum (Leptothorax) ............ 29, 115 nylanderi (Leptothorax) ............ 29, 
aethiops (Camponotus) ............... 116, 118 | obsidiana (Aphaenogaster) ............... 
ATES \LaASTUS)) 2 ee eee ee 29, 116, 226 pallens, (Camponotus) “223 
alii (CAMponotis) Seieacis eh ee 116 pallidula (Pheidole) .... 2.3332 
slobathMarmica). 27.5 tees eee sll alil/ picea (Formica), see transkaucasica 


ee ee ee a 


To 


SPECIAL INDEX 


PAGE 

faeiosiscapa (Myrmica) ................... 117 
polyctena (Formica) ............ 116, 118, 227 
Pepeciiaed (MOFMICA) .................00.c0.sees 119 
MEMMCMBEM TE IGASTEES)) © oo. 25-02-06 cc0cceneceaees Q9 
recedens (Temnothorax) _.................. 115 
BEOUE MCE MUNDY TIMNICA). os coc ccc ss cde seeeceecneees 417 
ERMA (MEAMINCA)) 22 ocho. ecschecsccess ses igi, alily 
map (IN OSETINTGAS)) 2c .cscavccceicecsceacscease 29, 115 
EPL OTMTGA))) © e.cticavsaechedsscse DOAN Gs 227 
MMMM ATDIS (POPMICA) 2. .....:...s..c..2-5 29, 116 
HUPGaAESIS (IMIESSOL) ........0....0.cc0000 sila ais 
mo IMOGdIS) (MYyEMICA): .....2.....-...0255+ Q9, 115 
FAbuLet (Myrmica) ............... 249 ali tay la ly 
salomonis (Monomorium) ................ 115 
PMS (CamipPOMOtUS) —....c¢....0-...2.-.42005 116 
sanctus (‘sancta’) (Messor) ......... day ala L7i 
sanguinea (Formica) ............ 29, 116, 226 
sardoa (Aphaenogaster) ...................55 115 
scabrinodis (Myrmica) ......... O49), ally lal?) 
SETLETIVELETT o( GY ihr C10 1102 ee 29 
PehMIGh (GremMatOSaSteL) ....0:..0...0006s sible 
scutellaris (Crematogaster) ............... 115 
semilaeve (Tetramorium) .................. 115 
semipolita (Aphaenogaster) ............... 115 
SOc Mt CEA DIMOMA)! 2...cc.ch...cce0e 116, 118 
SeMMiNGay (CE MCTOOIG) .ccdssuccckeccsessdacsconee 115 
sordidula (Crematogaster)  ............... 1415 
SvDDS 2 (Ga) (CATE aC) |e eee 116 
REI LO MIVICSSON) (2.2025 -cveisssehensece% ily, aely 
subopacum (Monomorium) ................ 115 
subterranea (Aphaenogaster) ............ 115 
Pesulcinodis (Myrmica) .................. iy, BUS 
meenessae (Leptothorax) ...........2....0...- 115 
 testaceopilosa (Aphaenogaster) ......... 145 
' testaceus (Strongylognathus) ... 116, 117-8 
mhoracicus (Camponotus) .................. 116 
transkaucasica (Formica) 116, 118, 226 
‘truncicola-pratensis’ (Formica) ...... 227 
mEMMGCOrum (MOrmica): .....c.c....502..- 11655227 


PAGE 
huberum= (heptornonax)) 2 202.c22. oe 226 
TEMAS S (IGASTUS) yeeses eae co secaen se 29, 116 
unifasciatus (Leptothorax) ............... 115 
ALE STS (BOTAN NG a) eee a. yeeen seen ace 226 
WVENTISH AKC Mga COIN OUVIS)) Heese anes) sate so aa 116 
westwoodii (Stenamma) ............... 29, 115 
ODONATA 
holtionnm  (Cordulesaster) eee 246 
VEO Mm CACTI OM) qernacenaten ees siee eae ok eee ara 145 
ORTHOPTERA 
albomarginatus (Conocephalus) ...... 146 
brachyptera (Metrioptera) ... 144, 146, 
146, 147 
brunneus (Chorthippus) ...... 142, 143, 
144, 145, 146 
denticulatam (Platycleis\ie see 145 
discolor  (Conocephalus)i eee 145 
dorsalis (Conocephalus) ...... 145, 146, 147 
griseoaptera (Pholidoptera) ...... 142, 
143, 144, 147 
grossum (Stethophyma) ............ 145, 147 
lapponiGuse (HCLODUUS) pees eee 146 
lineatus (Stenobothrus)) -.2..2.2:22..:...... 146 
maculatus (Myrmeleotettix) ...... 142, 
144, 145, 146, 147 
parallelus (Chorthippus) ... 142, 143, 
144, 145, 146, 147 
rutipes: (Omocestus): ©. 002)5... ae 146, 147 
Syilvestris, (INEmobius) 22 146 
thalassinum (Meconema) .................. 143 
ENGL abelian (RE GIz1e) ene ee ee ee 143, 147 
vagans (Chorthippus) ......... 142, 144, 145 
verrucivorus (Decticus) ............ 145, 146 
viridissima (Tettigonia) ...... 143, 4144, 
145, 146 
viridulus (Omocestus) ......... 4142, 143, 147 


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= =6THE 
-ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, FRES. 


with the assistance of 


EVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINs, F.R.E.S. 


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VOL. 75 PEATE 


1 


Notes on Zygaena Species from South-west France 
and Spain with Descriptions of three new 
Subspecies (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) 


By W. G. TREMEWAN 
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) 


In the summer of 1962, Col. and Mrs. W. B. L. Manley revisited Spain 
to collect further Zygaena species. The following notes are based on the 
results of their collecting and are, in part, supplementary to my earlier 
paper (Tremewan, 1961). 


Z. sarpedon kampfi Marten 
Z. sarpedon kampfi Marten, 1957, Ent. Z., 67: 273 

Two worn females were taken on 10 and 11.vi.1962 at Villajoyosa, 
Alicante, 100 ft. I place these specimens under ssp. kampfi Marten as they 
agree very well with the original description which was based on speci- 
mens from Hugel, near Altea, Alicante. 


Z. sarpedon bethunei Romei 
Z. sarpedon bethunei Romei, 1927, Ent. Rec., 29: 107. 

This subspecies was rather common at Diezma, Granada, 4,000 ft. where 
a large series of thirty-seven males and ten females was taken 
19-24.vi.1962. A further three males and one female were captured at 
Puerto de la Ragua, Granada, 4,500 ft., 16-19.vi.1962. The series shows 
considerable variation, as eight specimens, six males and two females, are 
ab. quinquepuncta Reiss and have spot 3 present on the forewings. <A 
worn female from Diezma has suffused forewing spots and is ab. rubrior 
Reiss. The ssp. bethunei was described from Guadix, Sierra Nevada, 
3,500 ft., which is situated approximately twelve miles east of Diezma. 


Z. sarpedon escorialica Reiss 
Z. sarpedon escorialica Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 30, pl. 2, figs. 


A single worn male of this subspecies was captured 26.vi.1962 at La 
Granja, Segovia, 3,900 ft., and does not differ from specimens from 
Escorial, Madrid, which is the type locality. 


Z. sarpedon rianoica Tremewan 
Z. sarpedon rianoica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 1. 
(Pip I, sss 2). 


A large series of forty-nine males and eighteen females was taken at 
the type locality, Riano, Leon, 3,500 ft., 27.vi-10.vii.1962. This subspecies 
shows slight variation, as in many specimens, spot 3 is absent on the fore- 
wings. A further two females have rather enlarged forewing spots. 

I should like to take this opportunity of correcting a typographical 
error in my original description, which reads “. . . spot 4 large, and joined 
to spot 5 by a scarlet bar’. This should read: “spot 4 large, and joined to 
spot 2 by a scarlet bar”. 


Z, contaminei penalabrica Fernandez 
Z. penalabrica Fernandez, 1929, Mem. Soc. esp. Hist. nat., 15: 599, figs. 8, 9. 


Two specimens, a male and a female, were taken 1-3.vii.1962, at Riano, 


7 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


Leon, 3,500 ft. Both specimens are ab. cingulata Fernandez and have 
traces of a red abdominal belt. 


Z. fausta fortunata Rambur 
Z. fausta fortunata Rambur, 1866, Catalogue Systématique des Lépidopteres 
de l’Andalousie, p. 172. 


A series of twenty-three males and five females was taken at Vieux 
Mareuil, Dordogne, 350 ft., 1.vi.1962. These specimens are referable to 
ssp. fortunata Rambur, described from Angouleme, Charente. 


Z, hilaris aphrodisia Burgeff 
Z. hilaris aphrodisia Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 16: 43. 

Five males of this subspecies were taken at Diezma, Granada, 4000 ft., 
19-23.vi.1962. Burgeff described the ssp. aphrodisia from Alg. de la Lluvia, 
Granada. 


Z. hilaris leonica Tremewan 
Z. hilaris leonica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 3. 
(PL Tongs. 5.6) 


A large series of sixty-four males and twenty females was taken at 
Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 28.vi.-10.vii.1962. This series enables me to supple- 
ment my original description which was based on the female sex only. 
The wing expanse of the males is 21-27 mm., of the females, 24-28 mm. 
The colour of the forewing spots and the hindwings varies from dull 
vermilion through vermilion to orange-vermilion. The light yellow which 
edges the black areas of the forewings is sometimes absent. In the 
original description I compared ssp. leonica with ssp. escorialensis 
Oberthtir but I now consider it to be more closely related to ssp. lucifera 
Reiss from Albarracin, Teruel, 1500-1750 m. It differs, however, in the 
longer and narrower forewings and the vermilion coloration which is 
replaced by scarlet in ssp. lucifera. 


In the female type the spots are confluent and are similar to those in 
ssp. escorialensis but the confluence is more extreme. The pattern of the 
forewings is somewhat variable. In the majority of the specimens, 
especially the males, the central black “spot” is not separated from the 
black costal area. The confluence in the type specimen is therefore rather 
more extreme than in normal specimens. 


Z. occitanica vandalitia Burgeff 
Z. occitanica vandalitia Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 16: 62. 

A male ab. albicans Staudinger was bred 9.vii.1962 from a cocoon found 
at Puerto de la Ragua, Granada, 4500 ft. 


Z. occitanica eulalia Burgeff 
Z. occitanica eulalia Burgeff, 1926, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 16: 63. 


Four males of this subspecies were taken on the Sierra de Espuna, 
Murcia, 2000 ft., 13.vi.1962. One specimen has a bright, completely 
vermilion abdominal belt compared with the normal form which has the 
vermilion of the abdominal belt interspersed with black scales. A further 
and more extreme aberration has the cream rings of the forewing spots 
strongly reduced, while spot 6 is also reduced to a few cream scales. 


NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES 3 


Z. freudei Daniel 
Z. freudei Daniel, 1960, Opusc. Zool., 46: 1, figs. la-1d, 2a, 2b. 

A series of twenty males and fifteen females was collected or bred 
10-23.vi.1962 from the neighbourhood of Villajoyosa, Alicante. This series 
shows that the species varies considerably in spot formation. In many 
specimens the cream rings around the forewing spots are absent while one 
male and four females have the forewing spots confluent. The coloration of 
the forewing spots and the hindwings varies from vermilion to scarlet. 

For the following field notes I am indebted to Col. and Mrs. W. B. L. 
Manley who devoted four days, 9th-12th June, to searching for this species 
between Villajoyosa and Alicante. The moth, which was by no means 
common, was flying in equal numbers with Z. occitanica eulalia Burgefi 
over rough, scrub-covered ground. A few cocoons containing pupae were 
collected and, although no difference between them could be detected, 
they produced approximately equal numbers of the two species. No larvae 
could be found and the foodplant could not be determined. The few 
cocoons that were found were usually partly hidden in the various shrubs 
growing in the area. None of these was the foodplant of occitanica 
vandalitia Burgeff in the Sierra de Alfacar near Granada. Only one pair 
of moths, a male occitanica eulalia and a female freudei, was found 
in copula. 

Ova were obtained from one of the captured female freudei and these 
were sent to the writer by air-mail. The eggs, which were bright yellow 
in colour and of the usual somewhat flattened, ovoid shape, were laid on 
10th June. The female was placed in a pill-box where it readily laid the 
eggs in batches of a dozen or so during the night. A piece of Anthyllis 
genistae Duf., which was growing abundantly in the area, was placed in the 
box and a few eggs were also laid singly along the stem of this plant. It 
could not be ascertained whether this plant is the foodplant of the larvae. 
The eggs hatched on the 19th June, their colour having changed to a dull, 
leaden grey on the previous day. 

The newly hatched larvae were given Anthyllis vulneraria L. and 
Hippocrepis comosa L. but accepted neither. Eventually, on 21st June, the 
larvae began to feed rather hesitatingly on Lotus corniculatus L. By 
the 30th June I had lost over a dozen larvae but the remainder continued 
to feed on L. corniculatus. As a result of their feeding, the leaves were 
blotched and the larvae were inclined to mine the leaves to a certain 
extent and eat the parenchyma close to the upper epidermis. On 5th July 
the larvae cast their skins and entered the second instar. The larvae were 
then of a rather uniform brown colour which gradually became green 
after their second moult, i.e., when the larvae were in their third instar. 
The second moult took place on 12th-14th July. After this date, the larvae 
began to die until, by the 26th August, I was left with one larva which was 
then in the fourth instar, when the following description was made. The 
ground colour of the larva is pale green with a black, broken subdorsal 
line, immediately beneath which, on the posterior part of each segment, 
is a yellow spot. Anterior to the yellow spot the colour is lighter and is 
greenish white. The head, legs and spiracles are black. The larva is 
thinly covered with a mixture of black and of white setae. 

Shortly after this description was made the larva died. My lack of 
success was probably due to an unsuitable foodplant and the rather humid 
climate of Cornwall where I was staying for most of the time that I had 
the larvae. 


4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


The correct status of freudei cannot be satisfactorily determined. It 
was originally described by Daniel as a species and was compared with 
Z. carniolica Scopoli from which it is undoubtedly distinct. An examina- 
tion of the genitalia of freudei has shown that these have no constant 
differences from the genitalia of occitanica de Villers. As stated above, a 
male occitanica was found in copula with a female freudei. This observa- 
tion suggests, but does not prove, that the two are conspecific, as many 
species of Zygaena have often been observed in copula. It is interesting 
to note that freudei and occitanica occur in approximately equal numbers 
and that, if interbreeding is taking place, no intermediate forms have yet 
been found. In order to establish the true status of freudei it would be 
necessary to make detailed field observations. A knowledge of the life- 
history and genetics would also be invaluable in determining its relation- 
ship with occitanica. 

Although the genitalia of freudei and occitanica are practically 
identical this does not necessarily indicate that they are conspecific. A- 
parallel case is found in Z. trifolii Esper and Z. lonicerae Scheven which 
have only minute genital differences which are not always constant. It 
is well known that the two can interbreed quite freely and produce fertile 
offspring. -There is no doubt, however, that trifolii and lonicerae are 
distinct species as the larvae have different morphological characters 
which remain constant. 


Z. ignifera diezma ssp. nov. 
CPL dl hess ine) 


A series of eight males and three females of ignifera Korb was taken 
19-24.vi.1962 in the neighbourhood of Diezma, Granada, 4000 ft. These 
specimens represent a new subspecies as they differ considerably from the 
nominate subspecies which was described from Huelamo, near Cuenca, 
Castile. 
6G 29-32 mm. Differs from ignifera ignifera by the reduction of the red 
pattern in the forewings. The black areas are therefore increased and 
are wider along the termen and extend around the tornus to half way 
along the inner margin. The black area also extends from the apex along 
the costa until it reaches the black costal ‘spot’? which, in the nominate 
subspecies, is surrounded with red coloration. The latter differs strongly 
between the two subspecies. In ssp. ignifera it is a warm, orange- 
vermilion while in ssp. diezma the red coloration is pure vermilion. 

Q 33-35 mm. The female is similar to the male in coloration, the ver- 
milion pattern of the forewings being reduced with the consequent 
extension of the black areas. 

Holotype ¢ “Diezma, Granada, 4000 ft.: 19.6.1962 W. & M. Manley”. 
Allotype 2 with similar data but dated “‘20.6.1962”. 

Paratypes: 3 gd and 1 Q with similar data but dated “21.6.1962”; 1 ¢ 
22.6.1962”; 1 ¢ “‘24.6.1962”; 1 9 ‘23.6.1962”; 1 ¢ labelled “HISPANIA mer. 
Prov. Granada, Guadix, 23.V1.1960 leg. K. Sattler”. 

The holotype, allotype and above mentioned paratypes are in W. & M. 
Manley collection. 

The following paratypes are in the Zoologische Sammlung des 
Bayerischen Staates, Mtinchen: i 
1 3 “Diezma 19.vi.1962”; 1 9 “Diezma 26.vi.1962”; 1 9 “HISPANIA Prov. 
Granada Diezma 22.VI.1960 leg. K. Sattler Staatsslg. Miinchen”’. 

The new subspecies can be compared with ssp. dertosensis de Sagarra 


NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES 5 


which also has a similar reduction of the red pattern of the forewings. 
However, according to the description, ssp. dertosensis differs from ssp. 
diezma in the red coloration which is orange-vermilion as in ignifera 
ignifera. The ssp. dertosensis was described from Monte Caro, Puertos de 
Tortosa, Catalonia. 


In Granada, the species is found uncommonly in the mountains to the 
west of Diezma and has also been taken some ten miles to the north-east 
of Guadix. The species is evidently not common, as six days continuous 
collecting by Col. and Mrs. Manley produced only eleven specimens of 
which three are females. As all the specimens are not in good condition 
the species had apparently been on the wing for several days. 


Z. achilleae pardoi Agenjo 
A. achilleae pardoi Agenjo, 1953, Graellsia, 11: 2. 


A series of fifty-two males and fifteen females was taken at Riano, 
Leon, 3500 ft., 29.vi.-10.vii.1962. A further twelve males and four females 
were captured at Puerto de San Glorio, Leon, 5100 ft., 2.vii.1962. Two 
males from Riano and four males and one female from Puerto de San 
Glorio have the forewing spots confluent, as follows: 1+3, 2+4, 5. A 
female from Riano has traces of a red abdominal belt. As I have done 
previously (Tremewan, 1961: 3), I place the Riano and Puerto de San 
Glorio populations under ssp. pardoi Agenjo which was described from 
Pesués, near Torrelavega, Santandar, at a height of 14 m. It should be 
noted, however, that this locality is at a much lower altitude than Riano 
and Puerto de San Glorio. 


Z. achilleae miniacea Oberthur 
Z. achilleae miniacea Oberthiir, 1910, Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée, 
4: 462. 


Two fresh males of this subspecies were captured at Vieux Mareuil, 
Dordogne, 350 ft., 1.vi.1962. Oberthiir described the ssp. miniacea from 
Dompierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Inférieure. 

Two further achilleae, both fresh males, were taken at Ezy-sur-Eure, 
Eure, 250 ft., 31.v.1962. These two specimens agree with the populations 
from Seine-et-Oise and represent an undescribed subspecies. I tem- 
porarily place them under ssp. miniacea Oberthir. 


Z, rhadamanthus alfacarensis Reiss 
Z. rhadamanthus alfacarensis Reiss, 1922, Int. ent. Z., 15: 176. 


A series of fifteen males and eighteen females was taken at Puerto de 
la Ragua, Granada, 4500 ft., 16-19.vi.1962. These specimens do not differ 
from ssp. alfacarensis Reiss which was described from the Sierra de 
Alfacar. 


Z, rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan 
Z. rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 4 


Five males and one female were taken at La Losilla, Teruel, 4500 ft., 
6-7.vi.1962. I place them under ssp. aragonia Tremewan which was 
described from Albarracin at an altitude of 1100 m. The La Losilla 
specimens differ, however, in being rather larger, with a darker ground 
colour on the forewings. 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


Z. rhadamanthus manleyi Tremewan 
Z. rhadamanthus manleyi Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 4. 
(Pl. I, figs. 9-11) 

A large series of seventy-five males and twenty females was taken 
at La Pena, Huesca, 2400 ft., 2-4.vi.1962. My original description, which 
was based on the males only, can now be supplemented with that of the 
females which are 29-34 mm. in wing expanse. The ground colour of the 
forewings is bluish or greenish/black, dusted with greyish white scaling. 
As in the male, the spots are normally confluent in pairs and are, together 
with the hindwings, bright scarlet. The hindwing border is narrow or 
even absent. The white hairs of the thorax are thicker and more con- 
spicuous compared with those in the male. 

In the above mentioned series, thirty-four males and three females 
have no abdominal belt and are ab. acingulata Tremewan. Eight males 
and four females have spot 6 separate from spot 5. A beautiful male, 
captured 3rd June, has all the spots confluent. 


Z. rhadamanthus ? ssp. 

A single worn male was taken at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 28.vi.1962. The 
specimen is slightly confluent as the forewing spots are joined in pairs 
which are then connected by a narrow bar. The species has not previously 
been recorded from the Picos de Europa and the populations there may 
represent a new subspecies. 


Z. lavandulae alfacarica Tremewan 
Z. lavandulae alfacarica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 5. 
(Pl. I, figs. 12-14) 

A male and two females were taken at Puerto de la Ragua, Granada, 
4500 ft., 16-18.vi.1962. The specimens do not differ from ssp. alfacarica 
Tremewan which was described from the Sierra de Alfacar, 3600 ft. The 
two females are ab. pseudoespunnensis Tremewan and have a suffusion of 
vermilion scaling on the hindwings. 


Z. lavandulae espunnensis Reiss 
Z. lavandulae espunnensis Reiss, 1922, Int. ent. Z., 15: 176. 

A single, worn male of this subspecies was taken at the type locality, 
the Sierra de Espuna, Murcia, 2000 ft., 13.vi.1962. 

A further male and three females of lavandulae Esper were captured 
at Villajoyosa, Alicante, 100 ft., 10-12.vi.1962. According to Mr. H. Reiss 
(in litt.) these specimens are referable to ssp. espunnensis Reiss. 


Z, lavandulae teruelensis Reiss 
Z. lavandulae teruelensis Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 72, pl. 2, figs. 

This subspecies was described from the neighbourhood of Albarracin, 
Teruel. A series of thirteen males and two females, referable to ssp. 
teruelensis Reiss, was taken at La Losilla, Teruel, 4500 ft., 6-7.vi.1962.: 


Z. lavandulae huescae ssp. nov. 
(Pl, iL. figs, 15) 16) 
A series of lavandulae Esper, thirty-five males and eighteen females, 
was taken at Puerto de Santa Barbara, Huesca, 3300 ft., 3-4.vi.1962. These 
specimens do not resemble any known Spanish subspecies and, being 


NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES 7 


different from lavandulae lavandulae Esper, represent a new subspecies. 
¢ 30-35 mm. Ground colour of forewings black with blue-green gloss, 
spots rather small, vermilion tinged with scarlet. Hindwings blue-black, 
a small vermilion distal spot, a few vermilion scales at the base of the 
wing. Head and thorax black, collar white, abdomen thinly haired, black 
with a slight bluish gloss. 
Q 34-38 mm. In coloration the female is similar to the male but the 
ground colour of the forewings is greener while the abdomen has a 
brighter bluish gloss. 
Holotype ¢ “P. de S. Barbara, Huesca, 3300 ft.: 4.6.1962 W. & M. Manley”. 
Allotype 2° with the same data. 
Paratypes: 23 ¢¢ and 11 99 with the same data as the holotype; 
9 6d and 5 92 Q with similar data but dated “3.6.1962”. 

Holotype, allotype and forty-one paratypes in W. & M. Manley col- 
lection; seven paratypes in collection British Museum (Natural History). 

The new subspecies differs from ssp. teruelensis Reiss by its smaller 
size and smaller forewing spots. These characters also separate it from 
the nominate subspecies from the South of France (Languedoc). Less 
closely related to ssp. barcelonica Reiss but differs in the narrower fore- 
and hindwings while the gloss is not so bright and is greener in ssp. 
huescae Tremewan. 

In the above mentioned series five males have spot 4 divided by a 
black line. The spot then represents a figure “8”. 


Z. hippocrepidis rupicola Rocci 

Z. hippocrepidis rupicola Rocci, May, 1936, Boll. Soc. ent. ital., 68: 41. 

Z. transalpina asturiensis Reiss, November, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 91, pl. 2, 
figs. (syn. nov.). 


Two males and one female were captured at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 29.vi.- 
1.vii.1962. 

This subspecies was first described by Rocci under the name of 
rupicola in May, 1936, the type specimens originating from ‘Fuente de 
Picos de Europa”. Six months later, in November, 1936, the subspecies 
was described by Reiss as ssp. asturiensis from the neighbourhood of La 
Liebana and Treviso. I have been unable to examine the types but the 
name asturiensis Reiss is now considered a synonym of rupicola Rocci. 


Z, hippocrepidis ? ssp. 

Two males and one female of hippocrepidis Hubner were captured at 
La Pena, Huesca, 2400 ft., 2-3.vi.1962. Two further females were bred 17 
and 20.vi.1962 from cocoons collected in the same locality. 

I previously recorded a single, worn male from this locality and pro- 
visionally placed it under ssp. asturiensis Reiss (=ssp. rupicola Rocci) 
(Tremewan, 1961: 6). The additional material taken in 1962 shows that 
the La Pena population is not identical with ssp. rupicola Rocci from the 
Picos de Europa. I now consider the La Pena specimens to represent an 
undescribed subspecies which is more closely related to ssp. centripyrenaea 
Burgeff from the Hautes-Pyrénées. According to the available material 
the new subspecies differs from ssp. centripyrenaea by the narrower hind- 
wing borders while the thorax and abdomen have a distinct blue gloss 
which is absent in centripyrenaea. The ssp. rupicola may be readily 
separated by the wider hindwing borders and the slight reduction of 
spot 6 in the forewings, while the red coloration is tinged with crimson 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


compared with pure scarlet in the La Pena specimens. Before describing 
the La Pena populations as a new subspecies I would prefer to have a 
longer series of specimens before me to confirm the above observations. 


Z. hippocrepidis occidentalis Oberthtr 
Z. hippocrepidis occidentalis Oberthur, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 76: 41. 
Seven males and one female were taken at Vieux Mareuil, Dordogne, 
350 ft., 1.vi.1962. A further female was bred from a cocoon, 10.vi.1962. 
Six of these specimens, all males, are ab. cingulata Hirschke and have 
traces of a red abdominal belt. The population of hippocrepidis from 
Vieux Mareuil is referable to ssp. occidentalis Oberthur which was 
described from Dompierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Inférieure. 


Z. nevadensis nevadensis Rambur 
Z.. nevadensis Rambur, 1866, Catalogue Systématique des Lépidopteres de 
V’Andalousie, p. 166, pl. 1, fig. 10. 


A series of five males was taken at Diezma, Granada, 4000 ft., 
22-23.vi.1962. Rambur’s type specimens originated from the Sierra Nevada. 


Z. nevadensis picos Agenjo 
A. scabiosae picos Agenjo, 1953, Graellsia, 11: 1. 

A series of two males and ten females was taken at Riano, Leon, 
3500 ft., 29.vi.-9.vii.1962. The original series of ssp. picos Agenjo was taken 
at Camaleno, Santandar. 


Z. filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss 
Z. filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 75, pl. 2, figs. 


A series of twelve males and six females was taken at Riano, Leon, 
3500 ft., 27.vi.-10.vii.1962. A further male was bred from a cocoon, 
14.vi.1962. One of the males, captured 6th July, has spot 6 present on the 
forewings and is ab. sexmaculata Tremewan. Reiss described the ssp. 
kricheldorffiana from La Liebana, Asturies. 


Z, trifolii caerulescens Reiss 

Z. trifolii caerulescens Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 90, pl. 2, figs. 

Z. australis var. caerulescens Oberthiir, 1910, Etudes de Lépidoptérologie 
comparée, 4: 493 (ab. caerulescens Oberthtir, infrasubspecific). 


A series of twenty-three males and nine females was taken at Diezma, 
Granada, 4000 ft., 19-24.vi.1962. The ssp. caerulescens Reiss originates 
from the Sierra de Alfacar. The specimens from Diezma are rather 
variable, especially in the hindwing border which grades from the typical 
caerulescens to ab. pseudoaustralis Reiss with a comparatively narrow 
hindwing border. Seven males and three females are placed as ab. 
pseudoaustralis Reiss. 


Z. trifolii pajini ssp. nov. 
(Pl. I, figs. 18, 19) 

Twelve males arid two females of trifolii Esper were taken at Riano, 
Leon, 3500 ft., 29.vi.-4.vii.1962. Seven males and three females were 
captured at Puerto de Pandetrave, Leon, 5000 ft., 9.vii.1962 and two males 
and one female were taken at Puerto de San Glorio, Leon, 5100 ft., 
2.vii.1962. In spite of the different altitudes the specimens do not differ 
greatly and, being different from the other known Spanish subspecies, they 


NOTES ON ZYGAENA SPECIES 9 


represent a new subspecies which I describe below. 
¢ 29-33 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen blue-black with a strong blue 
gloss. Ground colour of forewings rather glossy bluish black. Spots 
separate, dull crimson. Hindwings dull crimson with blue-black terminal 
border approximately 2 mm. wide, becoming wider at the apex. 
© 31-34 mm. The female is similar to the male in coloration but one 
specimen has a greenish gloss in the ground colour of the forewings. The 
terminal border of the hindwings is narrower than that of the male. 
Holotype ¢ “Riano, Leon, 3500 Ft: 29.6.1962 W. & M. Manley.”. 
Allotype 2 with similar data but dated “4.7.1962”. 
Paratypes: 7 ¢¢ and 1 @Q with the same data as the holotype; 
4 $6 with similar data but dated “1.7.1962"; 5 gd and 3 QQ labelled 
“P. de Pandetrave, Leon, 5000 Ft: 9.7.1962 W. & M. Manley.”; 2 dd 1 @ 
labelled “P. de San Glorio, Leon, 5100 Ft. 2.7.1962 W. & M. Manley.”. 
Holotype, allotype and twenty-one paratypes in W. & M. Manley col- 
lection; two paratypes in collection British Museum (Natural History). 
The new subspecies differs from ssp. hibera Verity from Oviedo in its 
smaller size and the narrower forewings which have a rounded apex. 
The dull crimson of the forewing spots and hindwings also readily separate 
it from ssp. hibera in which the red coloration is warmer and may be 
described as carmine. These characters also separate it from the nominate 
subspecies from Frankfurt, Germany. 


Z. lonicerae leonensis Tremewan 
Z. lonicerae leonensis Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 8. 
CPlsds fies) 20,20) 

Four males and one female of this interesting subspecies were taken 
at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 4-9.vii.1962. A further male was captured at 
Puerto de Pandetrave, Leon, 5000 ft., 9.vii.1962. 

The types of the new subspecies described in this paper are illustrated 
on the accompanying plate. In addition, I illustrate some of the types 
which I described in my earlier paper (Tremewan, 1961). All the speci- 
mens illustrated here are in the collection of W. & M. Manley. 


REFERENCE 
Tremewan. 1961. Notes on Zygaena Species, with descriptions of New Subspecies 


from Spain (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Ent. Rec., 73: 1-8. 


EXPLANATION OF PIL. I. 


Fig. 1. Zygaena sarpedon rianoica Tremewan, holotype <. 

Fig. 2. Z. sarpedon rianoica Tremewan, allotype ©. 

Fig. 3. Z. fausta margheritae Tremewan, holotype <.. 

Fig. 4. Z. fausta margheritae Tremewan, allotype @. 

Fig. 5. Z. hilaris leonica Tremewan, holotype 9. 

Fig. 6. Z. hilaris leonica Tremewan, <. 

Fig. 7. Z. ignifera diezma ssp. nov., holotype <. 

Fig. 8. Z. ignifera diezma ssp. nov., allotype 9. 

Fig. 9. Z. rhadamanthus manleyi Tremewan, holotype ¢. 

Fig. 10. Z. rhadamanthus manleyi Tremewan, 9°. 

Fig. 11. Z. rhadamanthus manleyi Trmn. ab. acingulata Tremewan, holo- 
type ¢. 

Fig. 12. Z. lavandulae alfacarica Tremewan, holotype <. 

Fig. 13. Z. lavandulae alfacarica Tremewan, allotype 9. 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


Fig. 14. Z. lavandulae alfacarica Trmn. ab. pseudoespunnensis Tremewan, 
holotype °@. 

Fig. 15. Z. lavandulae huescae ssp. nov., holotype ¢. 

Fig. 16. Z. lavandulae huescae ssp. nov., allotype °. 

Fig. 17. Z. filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss ab. sexmaculata Tremewan, 
allotype <¢. 


Fig. 18. Z. trifolii pajini ssp. nov., holotype <Q. 
Fig. 19. Z. trifolii pajini ssp. nov., allotype °. 
Fig. 20. Z. lonicerae leonensis Tremewan, holotype dg. 
Fig. 21. Z. lonicerae leonensis Tremewan, allotype @. 


Notes on Melitaea cinxia in the Isle of Wight 
By T. D. FEARNEHOUGH 


During my first year of residence on the Island I have spent a lot of 
time investigating the Glanville fritillary. Through March and April a 
survey was made of the butterfly’s stations along the southern coastline 
of the Island. Colonies of larvae were found in a number of widely 
separated localities, but I do not think I saw so many larvae during the 
whole survey as I saw during a week’s holiday at Ventnor in April 1955. 
On that occasion, larvae of Melitaea cinxia L. were to be seen in 
thousands. 


Later, I covered the entire ground again when the butterflies were on 
the wing. They were in good numbers, but fewer than I had anticipated 
from the numbers of larvae previously observed. In one locality, the species 
seemed to have disappeared. This was Brading Down where, during a 
visit made by members of the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society on 6th June 1953, the insect was seen in good 
numbers. I visited the down many times during May and June to work 
for other lepidoptera, but cinxia was not seen. 


Towards the end of March, an isolated web containing about 50 
larvae was selected for rearing at home. IT hoped the brood would 
show some varietal tendency sufficient to warrant selective breeding. 
In this I was lucky, for when the butterflies appeared, they showed a 
strong tendency towards reduction of black markings on the forewings, 
particularly in the males. There was also an accompanying tendency to 
the elongation of the pale markings on the hindwings; this feature being 
most noticeable in the females. A pairing was obtained between the 
most extreme male and female, resulting in a large batch of eggs. The 
larvae were reared on potted narrow-leaved plantain. They gave little 
trouble, for, having spun a web, they did not wander. Eventually a very 
solid looking web was formed and into this the entire brood of about 
150 larvae gradually settled for hibernation. 


The original wild larvae were reared on plantain planted in a green- 
house bed. I spent much time observing them. On one occasion whilst 
watching them I noticed a hunting spider, of which there were many in 
the greenhouse, slowly approach a cluster of larvae. Eventually it 
squatted on top of the larvae and remained motionless. A small move: 
ment by myself caused the spider to scuttle away, but when I remained 
quiet it returned. Subsequent observations showed that the accompani- 
ment of larvae clusters by spiders was general, but any sudden move- 


CROMBRUGGHIA LAETUS ZELLER (LEP., PTEROPHORIDAE) 11 


ment by myself entering the greenhouse sent the spiders scuttling away. 
The larvae were quite unconcerned, and sometimes I saw larvae which 
were leaving the cluster for feeding, push aside the attendant spiders. 

I wondered whether spiders behaved like this with wild larvae, so I 
went off to one of the cinxia localities to find out. By keeping motion- 
less beside clusters of larvae I soon found that spiders did come and take 
up the familiar squatting position on top of them. There is the obvious 
possibility that the spiders may give protection to cinxia larvae against 
marauding parasites, but this can hardly be other than incidental. Pre- 
sumably, cinxia larvae have some attraction in themselves for the spiders, 
but I was unable to detect any indication of what this might be. 

In conclusion, I think that the position of cinxia is satisfactory, bear- 
ing in mind that the past season has been a very poor one for butterflies 
in general, and for fritillaries in particular. 


26 Green Lane, Shanklin, I:0.W. 


Crombrugghia laetus Zeller (Lep., Pterophoridae) : 
a Species Apparently New to Britain 


By GEORGE H. YOuDEN, F.R.E.S. 


At about nine o’clock, on the night of September 10, 1961, I netted on 
some heathy ground, near Ashford, Kent, a plume that was flying around 
the m.v. lamp. On examination it proved to be a Q in bred condition, but 
one that I did not recognise!. The night was warm for the time of year, 
with no wind, but slight rain at times. I ran the m.v. from 8 p.m. to 
10 p.m., by which time sixteen macros and nine micros had been noted, 
including the plume in question. 

The specimen was submitted to Mr. M. Shaffer (Br. Mus. (S. Kensing- 
ton)), who has determined it as Crombrugghia laetus Zelier, a species for 
which there is no previous confirmed occurrence in Britain. 

There has been much confusion in the past, as to whether C. laetus 
occurred in this country. Late in July 1868, Lord Walsingham added a 
plume to the British list, by his capture, near Thetford, Norfolk, of 
imagines of Crombrugghia (Oxyptilus) distans Zeller. These were first 
referred to by Jordan (in Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 122) as O. laetus, but twelve 
years later he wrote:—‘“‘The Oxyptilus caught near Thetford and in other 
parts of our eastern Counties is changed from laetus to distans. Prof. 
Zeller first pointed out the mistake to me several years ago; laetus is a 
smaller insect and indeed very different” (Ent. mon Mag., 18: 122). Later, 
Barrett (op. cit., 18: 178), after describing both species, goes on to say: 
“There can, therefore, be no doubt whatever that Dr. Jordan is correct 
in applying the name distans to our insect, and, I think, very little doubt 
that laetus is a variety of the same species”. 

By this time, other specimens had been taken, at Folkestone, Dover and 
Deal, in Kent; and as some of these were paler than specimens taken at 
Brandon, Suffolk, on 4 June 1870, it was thought that laetus was simply a 
second brood of distans; the first brood being dark and the second brood 
much paler and generally smaller. 

South (Entomologist, 15: 35-36) records that he took some specimens in 
N. Devon which he refers to O. laetus Zeller. On the other hand, speci- 
mens he had from Norfolk, he refers to as being O. distans. He was of the 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


opinion that there were two distinct species. However, he later wrote (in 
Entomologist, 22: 33) that ‘““examination of an extensive series of O. distans 
has convinced me that I was wrong in my conclusion [that distans and 
laetus were distinct]. The points of difference I relied on will not hod, 
and laetus must sink as a species.” 


Spuler (Schmett, Europ., 2: 324) refers to laeta (laetus) as an aestival 
generation of distans. A full synonymy is given by Tutt (Pterophorina of 
Britain, 62 et seqg.), and on the evidence then available it is little wonder 
that he referred to “the first brood (distans) being generally darker and 
more strongly marked; the second brood being smaller, paler, and brightly 
coloured, but with rather less distinct markings’; and that “the paler form 
is the var. laetus.” 


In 1906, Tutt published Vol. 5 of his monumental work “A Natural 
History of the British Lepidoptera, and pages 449-467 give a very compre- 
hensive and most interesting account of the genus Crombrugghia. 


It should be noted that there is considerable variation in distans, and 
that Tutt named eight aberrations. The erroneous use of the name laetus 
for the paler and smaller brood was undoubtedly brought about by the 
confusion of the species initially, and even though laetus was indeed 
discovered to be a distinct species from distans, the use of that name for a 
light form of distans persisted, hence the confusion. The fact that Zeller 
found it possible to describe laetus as a distinct species from distans seems 
amazing, for it does not appear to be possible to distinguish apart the 
adults of these two species except by examination of the genitalia; and it 
must be remembered that Zeller did not examine the genitalia for taxon- 
omic differences. Moreover, even Walsingham and Durrant had to admit 
that they could not detect any external differences in the imagines. 


Chapman (in Tutt, Br. Lepidoptera, 5: 455, plt. 4) gives a full descrip- 
tion, as well as a plate of figures, of the genitalia of both laetus and 
distans, and as a result of this detailed examination and comparison, the - 
two species were found to be entirely different. In the same work (at 
p. 456), the distribution of laetus is given as: Europe (South and Central), 
Asia Minor, Armenia, Canaries, etc. (after Staudinger and Rebel, Cat. der 
Palearctischen Lepidopteren); but it is added that “in Great Britain laetus 
does not occur, only distans ...’ Meyrick (1927, Br. Lepidoptera, 449) 
mentions distans, but makes no mention of laetus; and Beirne (1952, Br. 
Pyr. Plumes, 165) refers to the fact that British specimens examined by 
Pierce and Metcalf were found to be a light form of O. distans. 


Mr. Shaffer has kindly dissected the specimen taken by me, and writes 
that he has carefully compared the slide of the genitalia made with similar 
slides of laetus and distans, and that it conforms to the former. At the 
same time, he refers to Adamczewski (1951, Bull. Br. Ent., 1 (5): 381), who 
confirms laetus as a distinct species and that the name should not be used 
for any form of distans. Mr. Shaffer goes on to say: ‘Your specimen is 
Crombrugghia laetus Zeller and may be a unique British record. I have 
checked a few specimens of distans in various collections housed in the 
British Museum as being possible laetus but found them to be true distans; 
in actual fact I cannot find any other genuine British laetus in the British 
Museum collections’. “Prof. Zeller’s original specimens consisting of co- 
type material, include two of the original three specimens from Messina 
in Italy, a locality mentioned in his description; and from these specimens 


OCCURRENCE OF PAMMENE AGNOTANA REBEL IN SURREY 13 


a lectotype is being selected”. (The third specimen appears to have been 
sent by Zeller to Barrett as laetus according to Tutt (Br. Lep., 5: 454)). 

The al. expanse of my specimen of laetus is 14.7mm., whereas my 
distans (from Deal) average 17.9mm. The ground colour of the forewings 
is light ochreous-yellow; and as in distans, the cleft on the forewings is of 
like depth and lined with black cilia, and the scale tuft is in the same 
position on the third plumule of the hind wing. Apart from the costa, 
which is slightly darker, the wings are without markings. 

The question now arises as to whether this species is a migrant, or is 
indigenous and has been previously overlooked. This year (1962), I have 
made several attempts at the same place to find others, but without 
success. The weather has been difficult, cold nights with high winds, 
making it almost impossible for a delicate moth, like a plume, to fly. 
Another difficulty is the question of foodplant. Lhomme states that the 
larvae feed on the flowers of Andryala sinuata Z., a plant which is not, 
I believe, on the British list. Also on buds of Verbascum, but this is 
unlikely to occur at the place where I took the moth. It seems more 
likely that if it is breeding here it would select the food-plants of distans 
which according to available records are: Heracium pilosella, Crepis 
tectorum, C. virens, and Picris hieracoides. 

In conclusion, I should like to express my indebtedness to the British 
Museum (S. Kensington), and to Mr. Shaffer in particular, for his interest 
and help in identifying my specimen. 

18 Castle Avenue, Dover, Kent. 


1The specimen was exhibited by Mr. S. Wakely at a meeting of the South 
London entomological and natural History Society. 


Occurrence of Pammene agnotana Rebel in Surrey 
By S. WAKELY 


On 15th April, 1961, the South London Entomological and Natural 
History Society had a field meeting at Newlands Corner, Surrey. While 
walking eastwards along the muddy track at the top of the down, a small 
moth was disturbed from the undergrowth and promptly netted by the 
leader of the party, Mr. F. M. Struthers. No one could identify the moth 
at the time, but it was recognised as a small dark tortrix. It was sug- 
gested that I should take it home, set it and try to identify it. When taken 
off the setting board some weeks later I compared it was various tortrices 
in my collection and failed to identify it although I felt it might be 
Endothenia carbonana Doubl., a species it resembled in size. The hind- 
wings, however, were much lighter in colour than in my single specimen 
of carbonana. It was not until October 1962 that I decided to let Mr. 
Bradley of the British Museum examine it. Such queries often turn out to 
be disappointing, but to my surprise I received a reply that the moth 
was Pammene agnotana Rebel, a species not hitherto recognised in Britain. 

Of course I should have realised that the early date of its capture 
(mid April) ruled out carbonana, which is a June and July insect, al- 
though my particular specimen of the latter was taken on 20th May which 
is still over a month later than the date of the agnotana. 

Mr. Bradley has kindly sent me the following particulars of 
P. agnotana, the foodplant of which is unknown and even the imago is 
seldom seen :— 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


“The original description is 1914, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 64, 
p. 58, pl. 21, fig. 4. Hanneman redescribes and figures the species in his 
recent work on the German Tortricidae. The distribution as far as is 
known is Poland, Germany, Austria and Russia. 


“P. agnotana is very closely related to P. obscurana Steph. (a few 
specimens of which have been recorded for Britain), but readily dis- 
tinguished by the absence of the black scale patch present on the costa of 
the hindwing (upperside of male near base of wing, and concealed by 
forewing) in obscurana”. 


It might be mentioned that another species in this genus emerges even 
earlier in the year and is often taken in mid-March—namely P. inquilina 
Fletch. (fimbriana Haw.), but this is a much larger species (14-16 mm.). 


The larvae of this genus feed in oak galls, various tree fruits from 
acorns to sycamore seeds as well as in buds and on leaves of various 
trees. By this it will be realised that to locate the foodplant is not going 
to be easy, although it is fairly obvious that agnotana is breeding in the 
vicinity of Newlands Corner. 


Although the specimen taken was disturbed from mixed herbage, with 
oak, beech, hazel, etc., growing nearby, it was on the edge of some 
Forestry Commission land some acres in extent where there are numerous 
plantations of various species of conifers. 


The moth is small with a wing expanse of 10 mm. It is a dull-looking 
insect, but should be looked for in mid April or earlier, particularly by 
those people who run a light trap so early in the season. The early date 
on which the moth occurs and the fact that it is so small and dull looking 
may account in some measure for it not having been previously recorded. 


When I told Mr. Struthers that his capture was an addition to the 
British List he generously told me I was welcome to add the moth to my 
collection, and I would like to congratulate him on his discovery. At 
the same time I should like to add my thanks to Mr. J. D. Bradley for 
all the trouble he must have taken over the identification and in looking 
up the history of this species. 

26 Finsen Road, S.E.5. 


CRYPTOBLABES GNIDIELLA MILLIERE.—I should like to report that on 2nd 
December 1962, a specimen of this moth was bred by me. Several weeks 
previously I had been given a larva by a neighbour who had found it on a 
pomegranate. This larva wandered round the plastic box in which it had 
been placed and showed no sign of wishing to feed on the portion of 
pomegranate supplied as foodplant. This was doubtless due to the fact 
that it was already fully fed and was seeking a suitable place for 
pupation, and a few days later it was seen to have spun up in a folded 
piece of tissue paper supplied for that purpose. 


lt quickly pupated and was placed in a warm cupboard with the inten- 
tion of forcing the moth out. It duly emerged and was recognised as 
Cryptoblabes gnidiella Mill. 


The only previous record of this moth in Britain of which I am aware 
is Entomologist, 70: 71 (1937). The specimen mentioned there was bred 
by me on 17th June 1936 from a larva found on an orange.—S. WAKELY, 
26 Finsen Road, Camberwell, London, S.E.5. 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 15 


Yugoslavia Revisited 


By RawupH L. CoE 
V 
NORTH TO MOROVIC 


From Bitola we went on by train to Skopje, where we stayed the night. 
From there we took the Simplon Orient Express to Belgrade. There were 
no empty seats on the train, and we stood in the corridor all the way. We 
had left Skopje at noon, and it was nearly midnight when we reached our 
destination. Slobodan left me and went home, while a porter carried my 
cases to the nearest hotel. The reception clerk said that he had a vacant 
room, and then asked me for my passport. He took one look at it and 
threw it down on the counter, exclaiming that the visa had expired the 
day before. I assured him that I intended to renew it in the morning, but 
he shook his head and said it was more than he dared do to let me stay. 
I tried several other hotels, but they all refused to take me. As far as 
hotels were concerned I was obviously an outcast for the night. Fortun- 
ately I knew the address of the British Consulate, and hurried there. It 
was my last hope. A sleepy porter answered my knocks. When I explained 
my predicament he took me inside while he telephoned to the consul. As 
a result I slept that night at the consul’s flat. When I apologised for 
disturbing him at so late an hour, he put me at my ease by saying that he 
was there to help British people in distress. 

In the morning I went with him to the police headquarters and asked 
for the visa to be renewed without delay. But the official there took a 
serious view of the matter, and refused to do so until enquiries had been 
made about me. I gave him the names of some scientist friends in Bel- 
grade who would vouch for me, and we were told to come back the next 
morning. In the meanwhile it was illegal for me to be on Yugoslav soil, 
so I must return at once to the consui’s flat and not leave it until my affairs 
had been set in order. Mr Dawson, the consul, made me welcome for 
another night, and in the morning my passport was stamped for a further 
six weeks’ stay. Later that day I booked a room at the Hotel Moscou, near 
the Kalemegdan Park. The rest of my week in Belgrade passed pleas- 
antly. I spent most of the time in studying the Diptera collection in the 
Natural History Museum under the guidance of the professor in charge, 
Dr Gojkovic. He was a jolly character, but unfortunately spoke no 
English. However, Slobodan acted as interpreter. One day Dr. Gojkovic 
took us both out to lunch, together with several of his staff. We went to 
a restaurant dedicated to the sport of hunting. It was hidden away in a 
maze of back streets. The walls were decorated with the skins of various 
wild animals of the Yugoslavian forests. Sporting pictures hung every- 
where. The meal developed into a lengthy feast, and it was late in the 
afternoon when, replete with food and drink, our party broke up. But 
there was more feasting to come. Slobodan invited Dr. Gojkovic and 
myself to supper that evening at the flat where he lived with his mother. 
We sat down to a well-stocked table at 7 p.m., and the meal lasted until 
1 a.m. Yugoslavs love to linger over their meals. We would be served 
with a dish, and everyone would set to and eat it. Then there would be 
a great deal of talking, during which glasses would be filled and refilled. 
Sometimes an hour would elapse before another dish was served. As the 
wine took effect Dr. Gojkovic started telling funny stories, which Slobodan 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


translated for my benefit. To add point to one of his anecdotes Dr. 
Gojkovic whipped out his false teeth. It was a hilarious evening. 

One morning when I was out for a stroll I went into a public lavatory. 
The cubicles had no coin-slots, and the doors were locked. Then a lady 
appeared with a key, and unlocked one for me. She locked it again 
behind me. When I wanted to come out, I banged on the door as I had 
heard other occupants doing. Along came the lady attendant, unlocked 
the door and held out her hand for the two dinars charged. Novelty is 
rarely lacking in the toilet arrangements in Yugoslavia. 

I had a harassing experience in this connection at my hotel. The toilet 
on my floor was occupied, and I went to the one on the floor below. When 
I pulled the chain a great gush of water shot out from under the seat and 
soaked my trousers and underwear. I lifted the seat to investigate and 
found that a piece of the basin was missing! This happened at the worst 
possible time, for I had just packed my cases to leave. I changed quickly 
into dry clothes and stuffed the wet ones away. 

I went on from Belgrade to the ancient Serbian forest of Morovic that 
I had visited two years before. Slobodan came with me for a week’s 
collecting. When we arrived Dr. Milic was delighted to see me, but once 
again accommodation was a problem. This time we had to share a bed- 
room with four foresters in a cottage on the outskirts of the village. Apart 
from the beds there was just a small table, a wash basin and a jug of 
water. 

When we turned in on our first night, the other beds were empty. Long 
after midnight the sound of drunken singing announced the arrival of our 
room-mates. Sleep was impossible as they noisily prepared for bed. At 
last all was quiet apart from a chorus of snores. At 5 a.m. a wireless was 
turned on at full blast in an adjoining room, and woke me up once and for 
all. These early morning broadcasts of patriotic airs may be pleasing to 
Yugoslavs, but to me they were a curse. We went to the village café for 
our breakfast. Some of the foresters were sitting about drinking slivovice 
from the curious vinegar bottle-shaped flasks that are used in some parts 
of Serbia. The drinker purses his lips inside the circular neck of 
the flask, throws back his head and gulps down the spirit. The amount 
that these tough men drank so early in the morning was amazing. 
Slobodan handed the buxom woman who waited on us a packet of tea that 
he had brought along, and asked her to brew a jug of it for us each morn- 
ing. It was too much to expect a teapot in this primitive community. 
With the tea we had blackish bread dipped in a thin soup. 

Just as we had finished our meal a two-horse wagon pulled up outside 
to take us to the forest. We waited while the driver drained a flask of 
slivovice. Then we went off. Soon we were jogging along the deep-rutted 
forest paths that I remembered so well. 

Unfortunately the vegetation was rather dried-up after a long dry 
spell. However, I soon found a close group of birches under which low 
plants grew richly, and a few sweeps produced many welcome species of 
small Diptera. This shaded area proved to be particularly fruitful for 
Agromyziidae and Borboridae. Of the first-named family I took Phytobia 
luctuosa Meigen, P. bimaculata Meigen, P. morosa Meigen, P. geniculata 
Meigen, Liriomyza trifolii Burges. L. cannabis Hendel, and Meto- 
pomyza flavoscutellaris Zetterstedt, while the species of Borboridae 
comprised Collinellula lutosa Stenhammer, C. lutosoidea Duda, C. modesta 
Duda, C. cilifera Rondani, C. breviceps Stenhammer, Leptocera 


ae 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 1G 


curvinervis Stenhammer, and Borborus ater Meigen. I also swept a long 
series of the handsome little Acalypterate, Asteia concinna Meigen 
(Asteidae). Individual captures included two species of Pipunculidae, 
namely Eudorylas monochromatus Collin and E. fusculus Zetterstedt. I 
was excited to take resting on a leaf of a small birch the striking Syrphid, 
Temnostoma vespiforme Linnaeus. This black and yellow species is 
remarkably wasp-like in appearance, and because of this similarity I feel 
that it is probably often overlooked. Hence, it may not be so rare as is 
generally supposed. 


Dr. Mili¢ had invited us to go along that evening to watch him play in 
an inter-village football match. It was taking place in a field on the 
outskirts of the village. We reached there just as the game was about to 
start. It was the most curious game of football that I have ever had the 
luck to see. At one stage all the Morovié team sat down on the ground and 
refused to go on because of a disagreement with the referee. Throughout 
the game a pack of village dogs were running about barking among the 
players. Once a large terrier headed the ball off the pitch and, with the 
other dogs closing in, it was rapidly propelled towards the nearby river. 
Just in time the pursuing teams managed to retrieve it. From time to 
time the woolly black pigs that roamed about the village added to the 
general confusion by invading the pitch. Then a player deliberately 
fouled an cpponent, and to cover up what he had done immediately drop- 
ped to the ground and rolled about as though in agony. The man who 
had really been fouled hopped about clutching his middle and appealing 
to the onlookers for sympathy. But when they saw that people had lost 
interest they started playing again. Meanwhile the game had been going 
on. 


I was thoroughly enjoying the diversions of this amazing contest, when 
it came to an unforeseen and abrupt end. A wind suddenly sprang up, 
and players and spectators started racing back to the village. Slobodan 
and myself ran along with them, guessing that there must be a good reason 
for their behaviour. There certainly was, for in a few moments the sky 
became pitch black, thunder roared, lightening flashed, and rain started 
coming down in torrents. We just reached shelter in time. After about 
a quarter of an hour the storm was over. It had wrought havoc while it 
lasted. Windows had been blown in, and tiles from roofs were strewn 
about the flooded streets. I found later that these summer storms are 
always preceded by a warning wind. 


When we woke the next morning the sun was shining in a cloudless 
sky. Again the wagon took us deep into the forest. Slobodan and I went 
off in different directions to collect. I settled down at my work in a 
clearing about half a mile from the wagon. The felled trunks of huge 
oaks lay in neat rows on the marshy ground, and sweeping in the narrow 
gaps between them produced a rich assortment of small Diptera. 
Ephydridae were particularly abundant, the species captured being 
Psilopa nitidula Fallén, P. polita Meigen, Discocerina obscurella Fallén, 
Hydrellia obscura Meigen, Parhydra aquila Fallén, and Napaea fossarum 
Haliday. Among the Empididae I took Drapetis flexuosa Loew and 
Tachydromia pallidiventris Meigen. Resting on one of the trunks I spotted 
a fine Asilid and managed with some stealth to net it. It proved to be a 
rare species, Pogonosoma maroccum Fabricius. From a similar situation I 
netted a female of another interesting Asilid, Laphria fimbriata Meigen, 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


and two species of Bombyliidae, Anthrax trifasciata Meigen and A. 
anthrax Schrank. 

I was sitting on a log eating my sandwich lunch when suddenly the 
ominous wind sprang up again. Putting my various belongings hastily into 
my haversack I started running back over the rough grass-tufted ground. 
Before I had gone far the rain was teeming down. It covered my glasses 
so that I was almost blinded. Once I just saved myself from falling into 
a deep pot-hole. By the time I reached the wagon I was soaked through. 
I crawled under it and found Slobodan and the driver already there. 
After an hour the rain showed no sign of stopping, and with the vegetation 
thoroughly sodden it was no use trying to collect any more. So we climbed 
into the wagon, and set off back to the village. When we arrived there 
we went to our room and changed. Then we began pinning the specimens 
that we had managed to collect. 


Most of my captures were tiny and fragile flies. Just as I had spread 
them out carefully on the table the door burst open and in came two 
women hugging bundles of bedding. They started stripping our beds, 
creating such a current of air that I had to crouch over my precious 
specimens to save them from being blown away. They finished their work 
and left the room. Then a man came in and began speaking to Slobodan. 
Slobodan turned to me with a glum look, and said that we had to leave 
the cottage at once, as our beds were needed for two more foresters. But 
other accommodation had been found for us, and the man would take us 
there. We packed our cases, and followed him through the village. Our 
new quarters were in the local tax office. There were two piles of bedding 
on the floor. A desk with some ledgers and a high stool made up the 
furniture. A wash-basin stood in the passage outside. 


That evening I had a bad attack of colic. After we had gone to bed the 
pain became worse, and I started vomiting. Slobodan got up and went 
out to fetch the village doctor. After what seemed an age the doctor 
arrived and diagnosed my trouble as a stone in the kidney. After giving 
me an injection to deaden the pain, he said that if I was not better by the 
morning I should have to be taken in a horse wagon to the hospital at 
Srem Mitrovic for an immediate operation. This meant a fifty 
mile journey over bad roads. When I woke up the pain had gone. Other- 
wise anything might have happened at Srem Mitrovic. 


On the way to the café to get our breakfast we had to cross a bridge 
over the wide river that flows through Morovié village. As we reached 
the far side we saw a group of excited people craning over the parapet. 
On the tow-path some thirty feet below there was a little boy with his 
arms wrapped round a dizzy-looking pig. He had been driving his herd of 
pigs over the bridge when this unlucky animal had fallen through a gap 
in the parapet. It was almost a miracle that it was still alive. The boy 
was sobbing as though his heart would break as he clung to the poor beast. 
It stood motionless on wobbly feet for a moment or two, then slowly began 
moving up the slope towards the bridge. The drama ended with the boy 
running frantically down the road to round up the rest of his charges, 
which by then had dispersed all over the village. 

We went into the café and ordered our meal. A lean grizzled old man 
followed us in, carrying under his arm a guisle, a primitive kind of one- 
stringed fiddle. He came up to our table and spoke to Slobodan, who 
nodded his head. Slobodan said that for fifty dinars, about 1/-, the old 


a 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 19 


fellow was going to play a selection of local folk-tunes. He pressed his 
guisle lovingly against his shoulder and drew his bow across the string. 
The music that he produced from the simple instrument was for the most 
part of haunting sadness. As he played he kept his gaze fixed on me, and 
his eyes were filled with tears. 


Early the next morning Slobodan and I were rudely awakened by our 
office ‘bedroom’ being invaded by villagers. It was the day for payment 
of local taxes. Soon the clerk came in and business started. We dressed 
and washed hurriedly with the villagers gaping at us. It was so uncom- 
fortable in our new sleeping quarters that we decided to cut short our 
stay at Morovié, and leave at once. We packed our cases and set off to 
the railway halt to catch the morning train to Sid junction. When we 
reached Sid our ways parted. Slobodan took a train home to Belgrade, 
while I went on to Zagreb by the Yugoslav Express. 


The train was packed with people. All the carriages were full, and I 
stood for the whole six hours’ journey jammed in the corridor with the 
overflow of passengers. Suddenly there was a piercing scream. It came 
from a young peasant woman who had been standing near me with her 
baby in her arms. In the crush the poor child had been pushed out of the 
window. After a minute or so the train came to a halt, and the frantic 
mother with a crowd of other passengers began running back along the 
track. Where the accident happened a steep embankment sloped down by 
the track to low-lying meadows. It was densely covered with tall bracken, 
and the child had rolled into this, making the search tremendously diffi- 
cult. After half an hour had gone by and the child had not been found, 
it was decided that the train must go on. For the Yugoslav Express is an 
international train, with Den Hass in Holland as its objective. We left 
the mother and two other passengers behind to carry on the search. The 
accident had a happy ending, for I heard a week later that the child was 
found alive at the foot of the embankment, unhurt save for a severe 
bruising. 

At Zagreb I booked a room for two nights at the Hotel Esplanade. 
The evening that I arrived I had my supper on the hotel terrace. It was 
the height of the tourist season, and every table was occupied. There 
was an extraordinary assortment of nationalities. Smartly dressed men 
and women were dancing to the music of a first-rate band. Glancing 
round for a vacant place, I noticed a middle-aged woman sitting alone at 
a table, and went over and asked if I might join her. She answered in an 
American accent that she would be delighted to have the company of an 
Englishman. She told me that she came from Canaan in Connecticut, 
where she was a school teacher. It was her second visit to Yugoslavia. 
Like most tourists, she had only been as far south as Dubrovnik, and 
asked whether I advised her to go beyond there. I said that it was all 
right for anyone like myself who was prepared to rough it when necessary 
and to put up with strange foods. But I would not advise a lady travelling 
alone to try it, unless she kept to the larger towns. 


After the poor fare at Morovié it was a treat to sit down to a really good 
meal again. I enjoyed a tender rumpsteak with mixed vegetables fol- 
lowed by a tremendous helping of luscious strawberries and whipped 
cream. Although the Esplanade is the largest hotel in the Balkans the 
charges are by no means exorbitant and from my own experience the 
quality and choice of food is unrivalled in Yugoslavia. 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


After supper I went early to bed. But some workmen started to 
repair a fractured water pipe under my window, and made a dreadful 
noise. They kept this up until far into the night. Then to make things 
worse an acute pain came on in my right side. I had visions of 
appendicitis, and of spending my last few weeks in Yugoslavia in hospital. 


In the morning the pain was still troubling me, and after breakfast I 
called at the British Consulate to ask for the address of an English- 
speaking doctor. I was shown up to the consul’s office. He was a Mr. 
Milward, and was both sympathetic and helpful. Only one English- 
speaking doctor practised in Zagreb, he said, and he was away from the 
city just then. But he would send one of his staff, a young Yugoslav 
who spoke English, with me to another doctor. We drove off in the 
official car. The man from the Consulate explained my trouble to the 
doctor, who examined me thoroughly. But he seemed uncertain as to the 
cause of the pain, and said that he would arrange for me to have an 
X-ray. In the afternoon the car picked me up at the hotel, and we called 
on the radiologist and had the X-ray taken. I was told to call for the 
photograph the next morning, and take it to a doctor at Zagreb’s main 
hospital. The mysterious pain kept me awake most of that night, and I 
was becoming more and more worried. 


In the morning Mr. Milward once again sent the car round for me. 
The young Yugoslav was driving. We collected the X-ray photograph 
and went on to the hospital. Before we got there the pain stopped as 
suddenly as it had started. But I decided that I must see the business 
through. 


On the outskirts of the city we came to the hospital, and stopped out- 
side. It was a fine large modern building. We went up by lift to the 
third floor. I was surprised to see convalescent patients strolling about 
in their pyjamas, a state of affairs that would certainly have shocked the 
matron of any English hospital. After a short wait a nurse showed us 
into a surgery. I handed over the X-ray to a white-coated doctor. After 
examining it he spoke to my companion, who turned to me and said that 
I was to be tested for suspected kidney trouble. I protested that I had 
never had anything wrong with these organs, and anyway the pain had 
gone. But the doctor had made up his mind, and I had to strip and lie 
down on a couch, while he prodded and poked me about in some very 
sensitive places. Fortunately, he soon decided that my kidneys were in 
good order, and I was spared the ordeal of a catheter. I dressed, and we 
went away. The pain did not recur, and I never knew what was really 
the matter. The X-ray and doctors’ bills cost me 10,000 dinars, which 
was quite a drain on my already shrinking resources. 


I went back to the hotel for lunch. Afterwards I strolled along the 
Ilica, the main thoroughfare that runs through Zagreb from east to west. 
Some of the shops had large displays of refrigerators, electric washing 
machines and other expensive modern domestic appliances. At first one 
wonders how the people can possibly afford to buy these luxuries, con- 
sidering their small salaries and the high cost of living. But the explana- 
tion is simple. Almost everyone lives on credit. A Yugoslav friend told 
me that if people suddenly stopped paying their instalments most of the 
shops in Zagreb would become bankrupt. But being State-owned, it is the 
Government who would have to take the strain. Clothing in the shops 
was quite as expensive as when I was there two years earlier. I saw 


BUGS IN THE BELFRY—A POLEMIC 21 


an ordinary-looking pair of flannel trousers priced at 16,000 dinars, which 
is nearly £16 in English money. A three-piece suit cost 35,000 dinars. 

At the east end of the Ilica there are some imposing blocks of modern 
luxury flats. I went into one to see a Yugoslav acquaintance. His rooms 
were airy and comfortable, but I was shocked to hear how much he paid 
in rent. After this was paid he was left with little more than enough 
to keep him in food. Everything else he bought on credit. 

On my way back to the hotel I called at the British Council’s reading- 
room and library half-way along the Ilica. It shares the same building as 
the British Consulate. In the reading room there were recent issues of 
the Field, Country Life and other well-known periodicals, and a good 
selection of newspapers. The library was well stocked with a wide 
selection of books. I was allowed to take several away, on the under- 
standing that I posted them back in due course. It is worth remembering 
this boon when you are in Zagreb. 


(to be continued) 


Bugs in the Belfry — A Polemic 
By A. A. ALLEN 


I chanced the other day, in idly turning the pages of the Reader’s 
Digest for June 1961, to come upon an article condensed from The 
Atlantic Advocate, under the title “Science Swats the Household Pests’, 
by Eugene Mace. In substance it is informative—above all, no doubt, to 
that class of reader who believes that flies are spontaneously generated 
indoors, or that all Tiger Moths are aircraft, or for whom talk of 
Cumberwell Beauties, Red Admirals and Painted Ladies suggests only 
embarrassed Heads of F‘eets surprised in questionable company. Advice 
is given on the use of domestic insecticides; and there is welcome news 
of an almost ideal repellant—diethyl toluamide-—now being marketed in 
various forms. so far so good; not even the most ardent entomophile 
could well object to a war against such species as spoil or contaminate 
our food, eat our crops, clothing, or furniture. threaten our health, or 
merely irritate our persons. 

But—and here is the chief occasion and pretext of my homily—no- 
where at all does the author so much as hint that this noxious contingent 
is only an infiinitesimal fraction of the vast insect world. Rather, he un- 
mistakably implies the very opposite, so that the average (uninformed) 
reader is bound to go away with the idea, firmly implanted in at least his 
subconsciousness, that all insects are objectionable and should be exter- 
minated. The sub-title having invoked “the eternal battle against insects” 
(had ‘insect pests’ been written, the phrase would have been blameless). 
Mr. Mace goes on to lament that “despite the powerful insecticides de- 
veloped since the war, the world’s animal population is still 99.9 per cent. 
insects”. “To protect yourself against these pests ...” he continues; and 
ends with a reference to “our fight against the billions of insects that in- 
habit our earth” (implying, incidentally, that the planet belongs solely to 
man)—“to make ourselves as disgusting to them as they are to us”. (My 
italics.) Now, even allowing for the omission of qualifications possibly 
present in the original, this is downright preposterous. Cockroaches in 
the kitchen, butterflies and bees in the back garden—it evidently is all one 
to Mr. Mace; the beautiful and useful lacewing is automatically tarred with 


22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


the same brush (or should I say, sprayed with the same poison?) as the 
locust or the louse. 

I am moved to protest against the largeness, the arrogant gratuitous- 
ness, of his last-quoted assumption. Disgusting to whom, pray? To all 
civilised humanity, he seems to say, and the context shows he is speaking 
of the entire Class Insecta. In one sweeping gesture he dismisses as of no 
account the very considerable number of men and women who have 
found in the study of these creatures and their habits, whole lifetimes of 
interest, delight, fascination, in which scientific curiosity and aesthetic 
sense alike are satisfied—and who have made important contributions to 
biclogical knowledge. For him, Jean Henri Fabre and his many suc- 
cessors might never have lived; one wonders whether he even knows of 
them. Further, he seems unaware of the existence of insects directly or 
indirectly beneficial to man—or, indeed, that there is such a thing as the 
balance of nature. Of course, the vaguely hostile and totally undiscrimin- 
ating attitude that lumps all insects together as more or less obnoxious 
‘ougs’, of no possible interest to any sane person, is only too common. 
Still, it is a pity that Mr. Mace (who really should know better) sees fit 
to propagate this deplorably uneducated attitude, when he could have 
helped to correct it. In a popular magazine of wide circulation, it is 
specially unfortunate and sets a bad example. I hope that he and his 
like have been justly criticized in print by some of our fellow naturalists 
and insect-lovers across the Atlantic. 


Mr. Mace’s generalized entomophobia (not, however, as universal as 
he fondly imagines) is all of a piece with the present trend in insecticide 
development towards overwhelming massiveness of effect, with constant 
increase in both toxicity and scale and frequency of application—as op- 
posed to methods of control which make use of selective agents, whether 
chemical or biological. I am reliably informed that most of the big 
concerns have largely shelved research on selective control, in favour of 
wholesale killing (‘saturation techniques’), which offers the line of least 
resistance and the highest short-term gains. All the useful parasites and 
predators, besides the bees and many birds and mammals, alike perish in 
the affected areas. Over 100 million acres of soil alone in the U.S.A. are 
treated, often up to 8 times a year; meanwhile, the intensely poisonous 
residues accumulate continuously in the soil where they can remain active 
for 12 years. (See, for instance, the New Scientist for 1962, p. 461, where 
some frightening statistics are given.) What of the soil bacteria etc., 
which—or so we seem to remember being taught—play a vital rdle in 
fertility and the health of crops? Apparently the authorities have since 
decided otherwise and they no longer matter. Is it any wonder that the 
disease-resistance of treated crops is, ‘despite’ the holocaust, found to be 
decreasing? The fact is that no one has the least idea what all this is 
building up to, and if human health escapes severe damage in the long 
run it will be nothing short of a miracle. 


Doubtless there are those who hail such rashly destructive policies as 
‘progress’, and dream of the day when it will become economically 
feasible to spray whole countries, maybe even continents, with the latest 
deadly concoctions. (If so, I derive some faint consolation from the re- 
moteness (?) of this delectable prospect.) People are encouraged to think 
we can go on making ever more drastic onslaughts upon Nature and 
always get away with it scot-free. Yet there may come a day when we 
shall have gone too far and shall have to foot the bill—and a costly and 


THE BURREN AND CO. KERRY, MAY AND JUNE 1962 23 


terrible reckoning it may be. Nemesis cannot be staved off indefinitely. 
I am thinking, of course, not of insects alone, but of the whole organic 
environment with its complex network of relationships. 

I know the cry will go up that it is we, to whom insects are interesting 
in themselves, who are wrong-headed. Together with all conservationists, 
we shall be thought hopelessly out of touch with reality, sentimental, 
cranky, or what-have-you. Very well—we have bees in our bonnets, or 
(as perhaps the more forthright will put it) bugs in our belfries. In any 
case we are a numerically small minority whose views are hardly likely 
to be canvassed. Some of us, however, are so constituted that we cannot 
lie meekly down and let the big battalions over-run us without so much 
as a squeak of protest. 

I will close with a not too serious suggestion. Space travel, we hear, 
is on the way. Therefore, let those for whom Nature exists merely to 
be fought or exploited, who wou’d raze the countryside and spray every 
insect off the face of the globe, turn their jaded eyes skyward for fresh 
lands to conquer; let them be on the first space-ship carrying colonists to 
the moon. For there they could estab ish an aseptic paradise perfectly 
suited to their tastes, free from such untidiness as butterflies or wild 
flowers; leaving the earth to that little band of eccentrics, so oid-fashioned 
or naive as to take pleasure in its natural productions. At least the 
lunatics—sorry, I mean lunar travellers—could do their damnedest in their 
new (insectless) world without much harm to anyone or anything. 


The Burren and Co. Kerry, May and June, 1962 


By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. 


Ireland must always prove an attraction to the lepidopterist since 
so much of the country, especially in the western region, still remains 
undiscovered by the collector in most branches of Natural History. In 
particular among the lepidoptera, most species differ in some way from 
the forms with which we are familiar in England proper and there is the 
continued chance of turning up something entirely new. This has proved 
to be so every time any serious collector of insects delves into the fauna 
of this delightful land. Though I had already paid two previous visits 
to it with the late Mr. Eldon Ellison in 1954 and 1956 (vide Entom., 88: 99, 
and 90: 83), I had never before tried my fortune in the late spring. There 
had been several expeditions at this time of year to the south-west, notably 
to Kerry, to try and rediscover that elusive insect the White Prominent 
(Leucodonta bicoloria Schiff.). So Mr. J. L. Messenger and I thought we 
would try our hand and luck once more in those regions. 

Accordingly we set out by road early on May 28 with our first halt 
in the Cotswolds where Mr. R. Demuth very kindly invited us to stay 
the night at his most attractive home near Oakridge. Later that evening 
we went over to his former home at Hardwick, just south of Gloucester, 
but the night proved very cool and there was no sign of Xylomyges 
conspicillaris L. which we thought might still be out in the late season. 
We motored on the next morning through the Forest of Dean and after a 
halt at Monmouth, went on through mid-Wales to Fishguard where we 
embarked with my car on the Innisfallon and were joined on board by 
Mr. Robin Mere and Mr. J. D. Bradley. After a very smooth trip we 
found ourselves early next day just heading up the famous Lee estuary, 


24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


past Cobh, reaching Cork soon after 10 a.m. While waiting for the car to 
be unloaded over which there was some delay, we searched the wall of 
the dockyard for larvae of Cryphia muralis Forst. for which it is famous, 
but without success. Our companions left us for Kerry, while we headed 
direct for the Burren. En route in brilliant sunshine on 30th May we 
stopped near Mallow where we found Pieris napi L. and Anthocharis 
cardamines L. flying in plenty. Proceeding via Limerick and Ennis we 
reached that very well-known haven, the Ballynalackan Hotel, just outside 
Lisdoonvarna, in the late afternoon and had a warm welcome from Mrs. 
O’Callaghan whom I first met there in 1956. This was to be our head- 
quarters for the five days with excellent facilities for running m.v. light 
traps, as it overlooks the limestone pavement bordering the sea. That 
evening we tried our m.v. light along the stretch of coast facing west which 
proved so profitable during my two trips with Mr Ellison, but a cold 
northerly wind hampered successful operations and the only visitor of note 
this first night was Hadena lepida Esp. f. capsophila Dup. in a very black 
form. 

May 31 broke a lovely warm sunny day which we spent in the Bally- 
vaughan area at the foot of the same rugged slopes which had produced so 
many Phothedes captiuncula in 1956. As soon as we approached this 
ground we saw Leptidea sinapis L. f. juvernica Williams on the wing. It 
was just appearing and proved very fresh and flying everywhere, even on 
the rough hillsides among the heather. This was also the chief terrain 
for Clossiana euphrosyne L. which was skimming sporadically at great 
speed over the rocky ground, and in consequence was very difficult to net. 
The very warm and sunny conditions favoured several other species of 
butterflies among which we noted in this ideal spot Pararge egeria L. and 
P. megaera L., both past their best, also Cupido minimus Fuess. and 
Erynnis tages L. in fair quantity. This last insect, the only authentic 
Skipper in Ireland, occurs in a much more mottled form than either those 


found in England or Scotland. Our second night efforts with light along 


the coast road proved very lean owing to a biting wind from the north. 
June opened with the continued warm spell when we revisited our 
area near Ballyvaughan, seeing all the butterflies of the previous day and 
in addition the first Euphydryas aurinia Rott. which is such a strikingly 
bright form in those parts. Polyommatus icarus Rott. was also on the wing 
and’ we were lucky enough to take the little Plume, Platiptilia tesseradac- 
tyla L., apparently confined to the Burren. A very large form of Perconia 
strigillaria Hbn. was also flying, as well as Zygaena filipendulae L. Our 
third night by the rocky coast turned out far more propitious and we 
were delighted when soon after we lit up at 11 p.m. a perfect example of 
the fine slate-blue form of Hadena caesia Borkh. came to the sheet accom- 
panied by H. capsophila Dup. and a fine assortment of H. nana Hufn. On 
our way to Ballyvaughan on the 2nd we halted at some marshy ground 
near Lisdoonvarna which was alive with Pieris napi L. and I have seldom 
seen so many on the wing together, but the majority were worn. 
Anthocharis cardamines L. was also in good numbers L. sinapis L. was 
now really abundant with further E. aurinia Rott. and many C. euphrosyne 
L. On our return in the late afternoon we surveyed some of the flat 
ground near the sea. Cupido minimus Fuessl. was in plenty here and the 
shoots of the Salix repens were full of small larvae from which Mr. 
Messenger bred a fine series of Eucosma augustana Hbn. That evening we 
were joined by Messrs. R. Mere, J. D. Bradley and E. C. Pelham-Clinton 


THE BURREN AND CO. KERRY, MAY AND JUNE 1962 25 


who had driven from the Killarney area where cool nights had prevented 
a large or spectacular haul. We were all again with our m.v. lights along 
the coastal road just below our hotel. Among the 17 species that came to 
ours up till 1 a.m. was another Hadena caesia Borkh. together with 
Deilephila porcellus L., Macrothylacia rubi L., Notodonta dromedarius L., 
many Hadena nana Hufn. and H. capsophila Dup., also Epirrhoe galiata 
Hbn. and Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff. Our last day in this area, 3rd 
June, was the finest and warmest of our sojourn. We paid a final visit 
to the Ballyvaughan locality which provided further E. aurinia Rott. and 
C. euphrosyne L., while the afternoon was spent in the Fanore sandhills 
where Zygaena purpuralis Briin. was just emerging and in great numbers. 
In one small area it was possible to see over fifty in a few square yards. 
We also saw further C. minimus Fuessl. and E. tages L. Our last night 
by the coast was fairly unproductive with only 8 species, including 
Dasychira pudibunda L. and Hadena conspersa Esp. 


We had run our m.v. trap in the meadow just below the hotel during 
the five nights with quite good results, though not large numbers. The 
most noteworthy species was the pale form of the male of Cycnia mendica 
Clerck which ranged from pure white to cream, buff and even pale grey. 
Spilosoma lubricipeda L., the White Ermine, also showed much variety 
with many dusky and buff examples. Other species of interest included 
Dicranura vinula L., Smerinthus ocellatus L., Hadena cucubali Fuessl., 
Diarsia rubi View, Plusia pulchrina Haworth, while almost the commonest 
geometer was Dyscia fagaria Thunb. Several very attractive tortrices we 
also noted among which were Bactra lanceolana Hbn., Ancylis lundana F., 
A. unguicella L., Eucosma tetraquetrana Haworth. Our companions were 
very generous and gave us some larvae of Thera cognata Thunb. beaten 
from juniper on top of the cliffs. The form which emerged was far 
larger and brighter than that with which were familiar from the High- 
lands. During our stay we had been enchanted by the local flora among 
which we saw Gentiana verna growing in plenty and carpets of Dryas 
octopetala, while the bird life was equally enlightening with pairs of 
chough nesting in the ruins of the old castle by our hotel. 


On 4th June in sunny weather we motored the 100 miles south to Co. 
Kerry and arrived at Glenbeigh on the shore facing the Dingle Peninsula. 
This was to be our headquarters for the next week at the very nice and 
comfortable Towers Hotel where once more we were able to set up our 
m.v. trap to good advantage. 


The coastal region was partially hemmed in by high heather-covered 
hills interspersed with moors and it was on one of these in the vicinity 
that we set up our light the first night, but a stiff breeze was blowing 
and we only saw 20 species, among which were females of Macrothylacia 
rubi L., Notondonta ziczac L., also Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Lycophotia 
varia Vill., Eumichtis adusta Esp. in a very dark form, Ceramica pisi L., 
most variable with some lovely examples and Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. 
The fine weather followed us to these parts and on the morning of 5th June 
we drove over the very good winding road past Lough Caragh to Glencar 
through some grand scenery with the Macgillycuddy’s Reeks in the back- 
ground. We thoroughly surveyed the Caragh Woods where the White 
Prominent had been taken in the early part of the century. Though they 
had been very greatly cut, there was still quite an area of large birch 
standing. We then went on over the Ballybhiema Pass where we halted 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


for lunch and found Callophrys rubi L. still quite fresh, also saw in bloom 
that fine pliant the Giant Butterwort, Pinguicula grandiflora, confined to 
that region. We motored on to the Killarney area where we stopped near 
the Middle Lake and were pleased to find Eustrotia olivana Schiff. 
(argentula Hbn.) flying on the same ground as in 1956 together with 
Jaspidia pygarga Hufn. and the large form of Diacrisia sannio L. We 
made the round tour to Glenbeigh and that night put up our m.v. light on 
the edge of the Caragh Woods among the birches in Glencar. Moths began 
coming freely in the still warm atmosphere, but though we stayed out till 
nearly 3 a.m. and saw nearly every Notodont, L. bicoloria Schiff. was 
not among them, but we recorded 60 species. The large form of Drymonia 
ruficornis Hufn. was an early visitor in some numbers to be followed by a 
run of Colocasia coryli L., also in a large and bright form. Other Notodonts 
were Pterostoma palpina L., several of the big pale race of Stauropus fagi 
L., also Dicranura vinula L. and Notodonta ziczac L. The Noctuids were 
mainly represented by Apatele rumicis L. Hadena contigua Vill., some 
very dark Rusina tenebrosa Hbn., quite a galaxy of Hadena nana Hufn., 
also Diarsia brunnea F. in a very bright form and many Eumichtis adusta 
Esp. The geometers were also well to the fore with many species, 
including Electrophaes corylata Thunb., Hydriomena coerulata F., 
Semiothisa notata L., a very large type of Perconia strigillaria Hbn., 
Perizoma albulata Schiff., Plagodis dolabraria L., Orthonama lignata Hbn., 
and several Pugs chiefly Eupithecia castigata Hbn. and the very pretty 
form of E. pulchellata Steph. 


June 6 again broke very fine when we set out after lunch to cover part 
of the Ring of Kerry. We travelled along the very rugged coast past 
Cahersiveen and Valencia Island, then over the open turf moors to Water- 
ville when we turned inland and in the evening sun found a damp meadow 
with plenty of E. aurinia Rott. flying freely and in very good order. 
We then followed the very tortuous and rough road over the steep pass 


leading eventually back to Glencar and Lough Caragh. That evening we - 


put up our light on the sandhills at Rossbeigh, but owing to the high 
wind we retreated to a small quarry between them and Glenbeigh. About 
1 a.m. we had the thrill of a perfect female Celerio livornica Esp. arriving 
like a bullet on the sheet (vide Ent. Rec., 74: 187). We were kept busy 
till nearly 2 a.m. with 40 other species of which the more interesting were 
Smerinthus ocellatus L., Deilephila elpenor L., Pterostoma palpina L., 
Plusia festucae L., Hydriomena ruberata Frey., Lygris populata L., Cleora 
repandata L., and the ever present Dyscia fagaria Thunb. 


The 7th was again fine and sunny when we once more went to Glencar 
where in the afternoon were flying a number of Hemaris tityus L. As 
usual they were very skittish as they hovered low over the lousewort, but 
we managed to obtain some good examples and also of E. aurinia Rott. 
and Polyommatus icarus Rott. As it turned cold that night we confined 
our activities to the dusk period by a large bank of rhododendrons on 
the outskirts of Glenbeigh. We distinctly saw several hawkmoths flying 
high and presumed them to be C. livornica by their appearance almost in 
daylight at 10.30 p.m., but though Mr. Messenger netted one, it escaped 
before its identity was verified. June 8 was another glorious day when we 
set out at an early hour for the 75-mile drive into Cork via Killarney and 
Macroom as Mr. Messenger was to catch a plane home and Rear Admiral 
D. Torlesse was due to arrive to join me in the early afternoon. In the 


oe 


THE BURREN AND CO. KERRY, MAY AND JUNE 1962 27 


interval I worked some marshy ground not far from the airport where 
once more E. aurinia Rott. was flying, in fact it seemed to be in every 
suitable piece of marshy ground, even in quite small patches. Adm. 
Torlesse found it near Garrettstown on the south coast and again quite 
plentiful near Bandon, since we did a big detour on our way back to 
Glenbeigh in continuous sunshine. The small quarry near Rossbeigh was 
again the scene of our nocturnal efforts and for a second time we had a 
visit from a C. livornica Esp., this time a male, pointing to an evident 
immigration on a big scale. Again some 40 species came to light and 
among those we had not seen before were Heliophobus albicolon Hbn., 
Ortholitha mucronata Scop. (=umbdrifera Prout), and Lampropteryx 
suffumata Schiff. 


Unfortunately the weather began to deteriorate on 9th June when we 
retraced our route through Glencar and the Ballybhiema Pass to the Lakes 
above Killarney where we halted again and got some Eustrotia olivana 
Schiff. and Jaspidia pygarga Hufn. We ran our m.v. for a third night in 
the Rossbeigh quarry seeing about 60 species up till 2 am. Nearly all 
of them were those we had noted before with the addition of Epirrhoe 
tristata L. and further Ortholitha mucronata Scop. and Hydriomena 
ruberata Frey. The 10th, Whit Sunday, proved a very overcast day with 
little sunshine which we spent in the Caragh woods area and took a 
few E. aurinia Rott. and Callophrys rubi L. We revisited them after dark 
to good advantage, this time placing our light near the river right among 
the tall birches. We had a very active time up till after 2 a.m. under 
very warm conditions. Again just 60 species of macros graced our sheet, 
with D. ruficornis Hufn. and C. coryli L. well to the fore, also M. rubi 
females, S. fagi L. and S. ocellatus L. A newcomer was Bomolocha fontis 
Thunb. with many geometers, including E. corylata Thunb., Bapta 
temerata Hbn., Ectropis bistortata Goeze, Orthonama vittata Borkh., 
Anagoga pulveraria L., H. ruberata Thunb., S. notata L., L. suffumata 
Schiff., Perconia strigillaria Hbn., and Iodis lactearia L. 


June 11 started dull and wet when we set out in the early afternoon 
to do the complete 100-mile tour of the Ring of Kerry. Our first halt was 
on the shores of the big Lough Currane immediately behind Waterville, 
a most attractive area with plenty of vegetation and possibilities under 
better conditions. We then went on along the rocky coast through Sneem 
and Parknasilla to Kenmare reaching the lakes above Killarney in time 
for the dusk flight of E. olivana Schiff. Very little came to sugar and it 
promised a good night, but it was disappointing too for light which we 
worked among the high birch near the Middle Lake. We only noted 25 
species up to 1 a.m. Of these the most noteworthy were S. fagi L., B. 
fontis Thunb., Mesoleuca albicillata L. We motored back to Glenbeigh 
at a late hour. The next day also began very dull, but cleared in the 
afternoon sufficiently to let us work one of the bogs near Lough Caragh 
where we found Coenonympha tullia Mill. just out and flying in some 
numbers, but difficult to catch in the stiff breeze. We spent our last 
evening dusking over the rhododendrons where once more we saw some 
sphingids flying early, but failed to net any of them. 


During our stay we had run our m.yv. trap in the garden of the Towers 
Hotel facing some of the mountain slopes. Over the nine nights on which 
it was operating we recorded a total of 850 macros comprising 65 species. 
The highest total for a single night was on 9th June with 165 individuals 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


and 36 species. Analysing our catch by far the most outstanding capture 
was a female Celerio galii Rott. on the night of 6th-7th June of which 
only apparently three other imagines of this insect had been recorded from 
Ireland (vide Ent. Rec., 74: 187). A very bright form of Deilephila procel- 
lus L. was not infrequent, while the Dasychira pudibunda L. were very 
large and seemed slightly bluer than those from the English mainland. 
The White Ermines (S. lubricipeda L.) again exhibited a distinctly buff 
tinge, but Cycnia mendica Clerck was not nearly so plentiful as in the 
Burren. Notodonta ziczac L. and N. dromedarius L. were the most numer- 
ous Prominents, while among the Noctuids Hadena nana Hufn. was 
abundant in some remarkable forms, some nearly black and others quite 
silvery. Cucullia umbratica L. was very large and dark and the Polia 
nebulosa Hufn. very pale. Heliophobus albicolon Hbn. was in some num- 
bers, while Meristis trigrammica Hufn. produced some very dark and 
unicolorous specimens. Of the Geometers Dyscia fagaria Thunb. was 
once more one of the commonest for the first four nights with Lithina 
chlorosata Scop. a good second. Gonodontis bidentata Clerck provided, 
too, some very bright and pale forms, while the Pachys betularia L. were 
very white in ground colour. Cleora repandata L. was also extremely 
variable. 

We set out early on 13th June motoring via the Killarney Lakes over 
the pass to Kenmare and halting at Turner’s Rock above Glengariff where 
Adm. Torlesse flushed several Colostygia salicata Hbn. from the rock faces 
and caught them by agile sweeps of the net. Proceeding by Bantry and 
Bandon we reached Garrettstown late in the afternoon. It is situated in 
a small sandy bay just west of the Old Head of Kinsale where we placed 
our m.v. light, but it turned out a very stormy night and nothing was 
attracted. The next day we surveyed the large marshes stretching inland 
behind the bay and also made a tour of the coast through Timoleague and 
Clonakilty and in shady valley caught several Dysstroma truncata Hufn. 


among alders. The night proved much better when we once more set our — 


light on the Old Head facing eastwards not far from the lighthouse. One 
of the first visitors was Hadena barrettii Doubleday followed by a number 
of H. capsophila Dup. and one H. caesia Borkh. A fine example of the dark 
form of Heliophobus saponariae Esp. and a superb white C. mendica 
Clerck, almost devoid of spotting, also arrived late. Sterrha subsericeata 
Haworth and Scopula marginepunctata Goeze were fairly numerous as also 
was Lycophotia varia Vill., but virtually nothing came to our trap over- 
looking the shore in the bay. 

On 15th June we travelled by Kinsale to Cork embarking in the late 
afternoon in rainy conditions. We reached Fishguard in the early hours 
on 16th and after a brief break in Symond’s Yat we completed the 275-mile 
journey back to Surrey that evening after what had proved to be a most 
enjoyable and profitable trip, though without L. bicoloria. But I trust 
another time in Ireland will bring equal rewards. 


Three Oaks, Woking. 6.xi.62. 


AUTUMN MIGRANTS AT WESTON-SUPER-MARE.—It may be of interest to 
record the recurrence of two species this year in my mercury vapour 
trap. These are Laphygma exigua Hiibn., two specimens on 14th and 15th 
September and two specimens of Leucania vitellina Hiubn. on 15th and 16th 
October in my garden here.—C. S. H. Buatowayt, 27 South Road, Weston- 
super-Mare, Somerset. 7.xii.1962. 


ANTS (HYM., FORMICIDAE) FROM CHOBHAM COMMON 29 


Ants (Hym., Formicidae) from the Chobham 


Common Area of Surrey 
By K. E. J. BARRETT 


Chobham Common in Surrey was an area favoured by Edward 
Saunders, who recorded a number of interesting ant species from there 
in the late nineteenth century. They included Formica rufa L., Formica 
sanguinea Latr., Lasius fuliginosus Latr., Tapinoma erraticum Latr., 
Stenamma westwoodii Westw., Myrmica_ sulcinodis Nyl., Myrmica 
lobicornis Nyl. (E. Saunders, 1896, The Hymenoptera Aculeata of the 
British Islands, London), Tetramorium caespitum L., Leptothorax 
nylanderi Forst. (E. Saunders, 1902, Vic. Hist. Surrey, 1, 84) Lasius alienus 
Forst., Lasius umbratus Nyl. (E. Saunders, 1880, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 
209) and Formica rufibarbis F. (H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, 1927, British 
Ants, London). The area has been visited on several occasions recently 
and the following species were noted. 

Myrmica rubra L. (laevinodis Nyl.) and Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. both 
occurred, but the former species was scarce in the heathland areas. 
Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. and Myrmica sabuleti Mein. were both abun- 
dant. Myrmica lobicornis Nyl. was found near Longcross Halt (August, 
1962). Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. was not confirmed at Chobham. Two 
nests of Myrmica schencki Em. were found near Longcross Halt (August, 
1962), a new record for Surrey. 

A single nest of Tetramorium caespitum L. was found near Longcross 
Halt (August, 1962) and Stenamma westwoodii Westw. workers occurred 
amongst oak tree roots in the same locality (July, 1962). Leptothorax 
acervorum F. was abundant throughout the area. Leptothorax nylanderi 
Forst. has not been confirmed from Chobham, but was taken a few miles 
to the south-east at Horsell Common (June, 1962) in the same area where 
Tapinoma erraticum Latr., in an earth solarium, was found in August, 
1962. 

Lasius brunneus Latr. was found on oak trees in a wooded area near 
Longcross Halt (July, 1962). In one case, this species and Lasius 
fuliginosus Latr., which was abundant here, were ascending the same tree. 
Lasius rabaudi Bond. has been found on Chobham Common on two 
oceasions. In August 1954, dealated females were running over the heath, 
and again, in July 1961, a number of dead dealated females were found 
in nests of Lasius niger L., the most abundant species on Chobham Com- 
mon. Lasius umbratus Nyl. was found at Frith Hill in August 1962. 
Lasius flavus Fab. was abundant in grassland areas. Lasius alienus 
Forst. was found at Butt’s Hill (June 1962), Chobham Common, and near 
Longcross Halt (August, 1962). 

Formica rufa L. still occurred near Longcross Halt (July, 1962). 
Formica sanguinea Latr. was abundant near Longcross Halt and on Chob- 
ham Common, usually with Formica fusca L. as slaves. Formica 
rufibarbis Fab. has been recorded from Chobham Common on a number of 
occasions in recent years (I. H. H. Yarrow, 1954, Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 11, 
236) and by A. J. Pontin (1960, Ent. Mon. Mag., 96, 161) near Longcross 
Halt. A single worker was taken at Staple Hill, Chobham Common in 
July, 1962. In August 1962, near Ship Hill, a small nest was found which 
consisted of an earth solarium containing workers and worker cocoons 
built above a Lasius flavus Fab. mound. Formica cunicularia Latr. was 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


taken in May 1961, near the Staple Hiil locality. 
129 Smith’s Lane, Windsor, Berks. November 19th, 1962. 


Notes and Observations 


VANESSA CARDUI L. IN DECEMBER.—After a few frosty nights during the 
third week of October I had almost given up hope of finding any larvae of 
our 1962 visitors from abroad. 

However, on 27th October I noticed several spun up leaves of the 
common mallow (Malva sylvestris), and on closer inspection I found in 
all four two-thirds grown larvae of Vanessa cardui L., each one enclosed 
in its individual leaf, in fact, more like V. atalanta L. I had hardly 
expected to find cardui so late in the season, least of all on mallow. 

I gathered the four tents up together with a few healthy leaves and 
kept them indoors to await the outcome. Two larvae spun up on 5th 
November and the other two on 13th and 14th respectively. The first 
butterfly emerged 26th November and a second on 28th November. The 
remaining two waited until the first week in December before making 
an appearance, the first on 5th and the other on 7th. All were quite 
perfect, with, unfortunately, no variations.—D. G. Down, 40 Albion Road, 
Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. 12.x1i.1962. 


COLIAS HYALE IN SOMERSET IN 1962.—On 31st August 1962, while motor- 
ing to fetch home my family from a day’s fishing, I saw at 3.40 p.m. a male 
specimen of Colias hyale L. flying beside the road at Watchfield. On 
reaching the angling site, which was on the King’s Sedgemoor Drain at 
Bawdrip, near the western end of the Polden Hills, and before I said 
anything about my observation, I was greeted by my wife with the 
intelligence that she had seen two males of this species flying along the 
bank of the river. 

Incidentally, on the same date and at the same place, we had a close 
and prolonged view of a magnificent osprey.—I. R. P. HeEstop, Belfield, 
Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 11.xii.1962. 


TILIACEA AURAGO SCHIFF. AND PHILEREME VETULATA SCHIFF. IN LEICESTER- 
SHIRE.—These two species both came to m.v. light at Cropston and Swith- 
land respectively (parish of Newton Linford) during the year and are 
worthy of a note on account of their scarcity in the county. Tiliacea 
aurago Schiff. figures in the Victoria County History list of 1907 for the 
county, the localities given are Knighton and Quorn. Since this date the 
moth has not been recorded until the capture of a worn specimen on 
10th October 1962. No beech woods occur in the vicinity nor is the soil 
of a chalky composition as it is approximately 25 miles away from the 
oolite of Rutland and Northamptonshire. According to South (New 
Edition 1961, 1: 254) no mention is made for the species in the county. 
The Philereme vetulata Schiff., again a worn singleton, came to light on 
28th July 1962. The Victoria County History list gives Evington and Glen 
Parva as localities for the species prior to 1907. No record in Leicester- 
shire exists from this date. The foodplant, Rhamnus catharticus, is not 
common in the area but it seems certain that the insect must be breeding 
in the vicinity —M. J. Lrecu, The Cottage, Hallgates, Cropston, Leicester- 
shire. 4.xii.62. 


NOLES AND OBSERVATIONS 31 


CORRECTING VOL. 74: 276. 


Late EMERGENCE OF LYSANDRA CORIDON Popa.—A cold and wet latter end 
of the summer sometimes has its consolations as it tends to prolong the 
butterfly collecting season well past the last official day of summer and 
into the autumn. For some reason, which may well be connected with 
this season’s weather, the main emergence of Lysandra coridon Poda on 
a certain Wiltshire down did not take place until the end of August and 
early September. At the height of its main period of emergence the 
butterfly was particularly common on the down although it showed no 
tendency to vary. Captain Jackson and myself visited the colony for 
what we thought was to be the last time on 29th September. It was not 
a particularly fine and warm day, but both sexes were still well repre- 
sented, although numbers naturally had fallen off considerably from the 
peak period. Two pairs were noted in cop. with the females’ wings still 
limp. 

That same night we suffered a 70 m.p.h. gale accompanied by torren- 
tial rain, the latter lasting, with varying degrees of intensity, for several 
days. On 7th October, a cold and foggy morning developed into a bright 
and sunny afternoon, so much so, in fact that I was tempted to make 
a further visit to the down. For various reasons I did not get there until 
nearly 4 o’clock, when the sun was already low, but in spite of this I 
was delighted to find that there were still plenty of butterflies about—Il 
netted six perfectly fresh coridon males and examined a number of 
females, many of them being recently emerged, but alas, all quite 
ordinary. For the most part, they were competing with a number of 
silver Ys, small tortoiseshells, meadow browns, and a few painted ladies 
for what scabious flowers were still out. Again two pairs were seen in 
cop. but this time, only in one case was it the lady’s first marriage. The 
majority of the meadow browns were in very good condition and several 
pairs were seen in cop. 


Three days later, on 10th October, a fine warm day, I went to the 
down again—I found two pairs of coridon in cop., but as on the previous 
occasion, only one of the females was freshly emerged. Meadow browns 
were particularly in evidence and there had obviously been a big 
emergence as quite twenty pairs were noted in cop. 

On the following day I left for Scotland and it was not until 22nd 
October that Jackson and I were able to make what proved to be our 
last visit to the down. The intervening period had remained dry and 
sunny in the day time but with cold misty nights. No fresh pairs were 
seen but between us we netted no fewer than seven males and agreed that 
we must have seen several dozen females, the majority in excellent con- 
dition. 

That night the weather broke and from then on successive days of cold 
rain and overcast skies reminded one that winter had really arrived and 
put a stop to this remarkable latter end of the season.—Major-General C. 
G. Lipscoms, Crockerton House, nr. Warminster, Wilts. 2.xii.1962. 


LAPHYGMA EXIGUA IN DorsET.—The following are my records of exigua 
at Upwey this year:—10th May, 1; 15th May, 2; 23rd July, 1; 27th July, 
2; 1st August, 1; 19th August, 3; 22nd August, 2; 5th September, 1; 5th 
October, 2; 18th October, 1. 

I was away from the middle of May to the middle of July and therefore 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1/1963 


do not know whether it appeared during that period. 

As I had no record of this insect during 1961 I presume that the May 
moths were immigrants. The June/July Record also reports this moth in 
May from two different localities. 

From the eggs of a 2 I took on August 22nd I have been trying to 
breed and have now got about 8 or 10 pupae. 

The larvae fed up very irregularly and pupated over a period of nearly 
three weeks. 

It would appear that this moth has three broods in the year and my 
dates tally with the entry in Newman and Leeds Text Book.—H. E. Warry. 
1.xii.62. 


LAPHYGMA EXIGUA HB. IN WARWICKSHIRE.—I took L. exigua Hb. at m.v. 
light in my garden on the night of 8th September 1962. The second I 
have taken in the Birmingham district, the first being taken at m.v. on 
28.v.56.—L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birmingham, 23. 


AN UNUSUAL FOODPLANT OF DEPRESSARIA COSTOSA Haw.—One day towards 
the middle of last June a dull green ‘micro’ larva with a brown head was 
noticed descending the trunk of a laburnum tree just inside the front 
hedge of my garden; I supposed it to be that of some Tortricid which 
might have been feeding on the nearby thorn hedge and wandered on to 
the tree in seeking a pupation-site. Placed in a perspex box with a 
fragment of folded nylon it almost at once spun up in the latter, and in 
due course produced, to my surprise, a fine example of Depressaria 
costosa Haw. 

The known foodplants of the larva of this moth are the species of 
Ulex, Sarothamnus (Cytisus), and Genista, on which it is often common; 
I have bred it from the first-named hereabouts. (Incidentally, the larva 
tends to vary in coloration, which no doubt is why I failed to recognize 
this one.) Mr. Wakely informs me that it will eat laburnum in captivity, 
though he knows of no instance of its being found upon that plant in. 
nature. In view of this and the close relationship of laburnum to the 
recognised hosts—it was formerly considered congeneric with broom, both 
being placed in a genus Cytisus—and the absence of any other suitable 
foodplant close by, it seems now virtually certain that the larva had in 
fact fed upon the tree in question. Laburnum is, of course, not a native 
of Britain nor even naturalized, but being commonly grown in gardens, 
etc., it may perhaps serve as a convenient host for D. costosa in those 
built-up areas where its more usual ones are not at hand.—A. A. ALLEN, 
63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 14.x.62. 


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33 


Butterflies in the Cranleigh District, 1962 


By Major A. E. COLLIER 


I have yet to meet a collector who has a good word to say for the 
past season, and Cranleigh has certainly fared no better, comparatively, 
than most other parts of the country. The considerable areas of rough 
and open woodland, or of new plantations, still favour some species, but 
the continued absence of Melanargia galathea L. and the continual decline 
in numbers of the Nymphalidae, particularly of the large fritillaries, 
leaves this country very poorly off compared with the West Country 
and even with neighbouring Sussex. 

All species were late in appearing, and this had a particularly bad 
effect on Pararge aegeria L. whose late summer brood was almost un- 
noticeable, and on Lycaena phlaeas L. which was rarely seen at all during 
the summer, and not at all in the autumn. 

Next year’s numbers will almost certainly be seriously affected by the 
absence of late laying females. On the other hand most other species, 
where they existed at all, had good weather and a prolonged, if only 
moderately warm, laying season, and should have given a good account 
of themselves. 

A comparatively mild spell in the second half of January encouraged 
the larvae of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. to appear, and a search for eggs 
in the local woodlands showed that Thecla betulae L. had done their 
duty in the pleasant September conditions of 1961. A cold and dry 
February, followed by a bitter March, put things back a lot and I did not 
see Gonepteryx rhamni L. until 28th March, and Pararge aegeria L. on 
22nd April. The former were very plentiful in spring and early summer, 
but the numbers of fresh emergences in late summer were disturbingly 
small. On 21st June there appeared to be a remarkably early emergence 
of rhamni males in a certain wood and several of these were seen doing 
their best to mate with old worn females, in one case at least with 
success. 

Aegeria were never noticeably plentiful and have been particularly 
disappointing in their last brood, presumably owing to fatal delay in 
development. Following a cold April, almost devoid of butterflies, 
Euchloe cardamines L. appeared on 4th May, but remained exceedingly 
scarce, and for the first time for many years it was very difficult to find 
ova. 

Syrichtus malvae L. were on the wing from 8th May but were dis- 
tinctly down in numbers this year, as were Erymnis tages L. and Ochlodes 
venata B. and G. On the other hand, Thymelicus sylvestris Poda has 
rarely been more plentiful from 7th July onwards. Clossiana euphrosyne 
L. was not seen locally until 23rd May and was absent, or nearly so, 
from most of its usual haunts. Argynuwis selene Schiff. made its belated 
appearance on 10th June but was only seen in worthwhile numbers in 
one locality, where it gives me the impression of steadily increasing its 
population. This particular locality is one of the type which, in the 
forties, would have carried very great numbers of selene; everything 
is favourable to the species though the rather few and widely spaced 
flowers make it difficult to observe the butterflies except in small pockets. 
Buttercups, Ragged Robin and Vetches are found all over the area, but 
rarely in any concentration. 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/11/1963 


In this same area I found Leptidea sinapis L. much more common than 
usual. From 11th May to 22nd June on eight visits I never failed to see 
several, and sometimes a substantial number, of these butterflies. 


For the first time in my entomological experience I found 
Coenonympha pamphilus L. to be quite rare throughout the season, con- 
tinuing the decline which was already apparent in 1961. On the North 
Downs in August and September the species was so scarce that my records 
frequently read ‘No pamphilus seen’. Pararge megera L. just kept going, 
but numbers improved a little in August when it was flying in company 
with Eumenis semele L. on the downs near Dorking. 


Euphydryas aurinia Rott. has almost disappeared locally. Its departure 
cannot be due to climate or weather conditions, as this would certainly 
affect my garden colonies which continues to thrive in great numbers and 
without disease. This is more remarkable when it is realised that all 
the broods are direct descendants from one pair taken in 1949, with no 
fresh blood introduced from outside. In spite of the disappearance or 
diminution in numbers of so many species, the Satyridae, with the ex- 
ception of pamphilus and aegeria, continued to give a good account of 
themselves. Maniola jurtina L. appeared rather later than usual on 18th 
June, and then proceeded to excel last year’s performance in numbers, 
particularly on the downs in late summer where it became almost a 
nuisance. Minor variation was, however, very unusual this year. 
Aphantopus hyperantus L. did not show up until 15th July, nearly three 
weeks later than usual, but were well up to their usual strength. The 
caeca character was noticeably absent locally, but many splendid examples 
of ab. lanceolata Shipp. were seen flying in the latter half of July in a 
two-acre field where, for the past eight years, redundant specimens have 
been released. From 24th July M. tithonus enjoyed a remarkable season, 
quite the best in Surrey for at least 12 years. Fresh specimens could still 
be seen at the end of August, and the excessa character was very much 
more plentiful than usual. 


Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. and Fabriciana cydippe L. were not seen 
at all this year and A. paphia L. continued as rare as ever, and in a 
locality which might well have been specially designed for them I saw 
only nine specimens between 7th July and 5th August. 

Limenitis camilla L. continues to survive in the neighbourhood, but in 
such small numbers that only three were seen in the last week in July, 
and frequent searches produced no signs of larvae or hibernacula. It 
would surely be reasonable by now to expect that the parasite, which 
attacked them so disastrously in 1951 and 1952, would have been com- 
pelled to accustom itself to another host, or even to have become extinct 
locally. If this were so then, given reasonable weather conditions, their 
numbers should build up, since in so many places all other conditions 
are ideal. 

I saw my first Lysandra coridon L. on 2nd August, and from their 
very fresh appearance they could not have been out for more than a 
week. They remained moderately numerous throughout August, and 
females were seen ovipositing on 19th September. 


On another very small and sheltered down coridon appeared to have 
emerged considerably earlier as fresh specimens were hard to find on 
17th August. On this particular occasion the first impression on arriving 
at the down was that coridon had failed entirely; but subsequently I 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE CRANLEIGH DISTRICT, 1962 35 


found them congregating in great density on the blackberry bushes at the 
edge of the woodland surrounding the down. They were so engrossed 
with the blossom that they were difficult to dislodge. In ten years’ 
experience of this down, I have never before seen coridon behaving in 
this way. 

L. bellargus Rott. appeared to be rather more numerous this year, 
possibly due to collectors of type being decidedly less in evidence in May 
and June. The colony is scattered thinly over a large area, where food- 
plant and flowers are abundant. Judging by the numbers seen in an 
unspoilt and uncollected colony in another county, our local colony, if 
left reasonably alone, shou!d build up again into something worth while. 


Polyommatus icarus Rott. were rarely seen in the early summer in the 
woodland areas, and I was surprised to find considerable numbers on 
the North downs in August. Aricia agestis Schiff. appeared only in small 
numbers. Lycaena phlaeas L. hardly got a mention in my diary, and 
appears to have disappeared entirely in late September. During most of 
the season the weather was dry and should not have been unfavouable to 
phlaeas. Their absence may well have been due to the abnormally 
heavy rainfall from October 1961 to January 1962 inclusive, plus the 
shertage of breeding stock in 1961. 

Throughout the season, Aglais urticae L. remained almost unrecorded, 
rarely more than a couple being seen at one time in any place. Nymphalis 
ia L. and Vanessa atalanta L. were even less in evidence and on no 
occasion did I come across the larvae of any of these three insects. V. 
cardui L. was most disappointing. In May and June, imagines were 
seen in many localities and there appeared to be good grounds for ex- 
pecting a strong brood in late summer. Unfortunately, this never 
materialised in spite of reasonably dry weather, and a great wealth of 
thistles on many well hidden away fields in our local farms. 


Polygonia c-album L. had a very bad year, quite the worst I have 
known since coming to Surrey ten years ago. They were conspicuously 
absent from the scabious flowers in September and October, and I only 
saw two on ripe blackberries and a single visitor to my garden on 15th 
October. Apart from the eggs of T. betulae none of the hairstreaks were 
recorded this year in any stage, nor did Hamearis lucina L. and 
Lycaenopsis argiolus L. make an appearance. Apatura iris L. has very 
nearly disappeared from this part of Surrey after being widespread and 
fairly common for many years. Its favourite haunts have actually been 
clear felled and put down to agriculture or reafforestation, but there are 
many other widely separated areas where conditions remain unaltered, 
but where there is now no sign of the butterfly’s presence. After a very 
extensive and intensive search evidence of the insect’s presence was 
found in two localities, several miles apart. In one, a single fertile egg 
was seen on 15th August, and in the other I found an egg base and two 
partially eaten leaves on 22nd September, but no further sign of the 
larva. 

The Pieridae have not been particularly noticeable here for a number 
of years, and this year again, Pieris brassicae L. and P. napi L. were not 
often seen, whereas P. rapae L. were at times quite plentiful, although 
not enough to become a pest in the vegetable garden. 

In one way, the 1962 season has been a remarkable one, as I find 
from my diary that I was able to spend part or the whole of one hundred 
and two days in the field without getting wet. The outlook also is far 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


from bleak since a number of species appear to be able to flourish in spite 
of the destruction of so many of their habitats, and it has been an un- 
expected pleasure to find that bellargus and coridon can, and do, still 
exist in great numbers in certain localities where agriculture has not yet 
trespassed, and where for many years, collectors have been unknown. 


More about Latin 
By L. G. F. WappincTON, F.C.A. 


Mr. Irvin’s article in the December issue on “Learning Latin” struck a 
very sympathetic chord with me, and provokes me into writing on this 
very topic which always makes me hot under the collar. 

I suppose my interest in entomology commenced over 70 years ago 
when I tried to swipe flies on the feeding bottle, and it has stuck ever 
since, though it has run tandem with Angling for many years. 

Mr first book was Kirby’s Young Collector—price one shilling, followed 
by G. E. Sims and in 1907 by South’s volumes. 

South was invaluable in developing my knowledge and assisting me in 
the matter of identification of the moths and butterflies which came under 
observation. 

The coloured plates bore English name only, without which interest 
might easily have faltered, but with the passing of years I have acquired 
some slight knowledge of the Latin names. 

Personally I do not think the ability as a schoolboy to read Caesars De 
Bello Gallico has assisted me one iota in Pelmanising the Latin names of 
moths, it is a question of a retentive memory in my opinion. 

There is a tremendous amount in Mr. Irvin’s article in which I am in 
whole hearted agreement, particularly his two suggestions for overcoming 
the present 100% devotion to Latin names as evidenced in contributions to 
the Record. 

But why stress the so called scientific aspect of collecting? 

Of all the collectors I have met in my lifetime, only a negligible 
fraction have anything but the flimsiest claims to being a scientist; they are 
like myself collectors, because they like collecting with all its ancillary 
pleasures, contacts and adventures. 

Collecting with me is primarily a hobby, untrammeled by the restrictive 
practices of pedantic ritualism. 

I wonder how many contributors who reel off the full Latin names plus 
authors abbreviation, can do it “off the cuff’, and if not, do they spend as 
much time concocting them off a check list, as poor blokes like Irvin and 
myself take in deciphering them? 

It is difficult to dissociate the unrelieved gloom of Latin nomenclature 
from a suspicion of intellectual snobbery. 

Several decades ago, when Tutt was Editor, a contributor wrote— 
“The Entomologist’s Record is nowadays so horribly scientific, and so full 
of specialised work, that the ordinary out-of-doors collector, who derives 
his pleasure from merely watching Nature on a bright Summer’s day, and 
who is guilty of collecting for collecting’s sake, becomes diffident of occupy- 
ing your space, and of wearying your advanced readers. 

To revert to Mr Irvin’s article, his opening sentence is a quotation from 
P. B. M. Allan’s book—A Moth Hunter’s Gossip. 


COLLECTING EXPERIENCES IN 1962 37 


I propose to give a few more extracts from his last work “Moths and 
Memories”. 

“Why in the name of all that is wonderful do we throw dust in our 
own eyes by pretending that our ensnaring of moths and butterflies, our 
trailing of caterpillars to their lairs, our rummaging for pupae, is a 
scientific pursuit?”’. 

“We do not catch and breed and set and store insects for any other 
purpose than our own pleasure. We collect moths, ninety per cent. of us, 
in order to satisfy that peculiar human attribute called aquisitiveness”. 

“So I am not going to pretend that my hunting of moths is a “scientific” 
pursuit. This moth-hunting is my hobby, the recreation of my leisure 
hours, and I’ll be blowed if I’ll treat is as a science. Ill indulge in it for 
my own amusement, and for no other reason, and if you make any attempt 
to suggest that my catching of lepidoptera is ‘scientific’, I shall apply my 
dexter thumb to the tiv of my nose, and extend the fingers’”’. 

“Can any printed matter be more tedious to read than one in which 
paragraph after paragaph is thick with scientific names printed in italics?” 

P. B. M. Allan is the author of three of the most erudite and entertain- 
ing books that have ever been written on the subject of lepidoptera. 

I am in good company. 

And now the last straw; after 100 odd years, Latin names have been 
altered wholesale; names once familiar to me are now obsolete. 

Edusa is now croceus; sibylla is now camilla; Gonostigma is now recens, 
and so on ad lib. How I would love to get my foot behind these crackpots 
who are responsible and kick them into orbit. 


9 Greenleafe Avenue, Doncaster. 


Collecting Experiences in 1962 
By M. J. LEECH 


A brief note in the diary for 26th January heralded the opening of the 
season. The entry refers to Theria rupicapraria Schiff. flying plentifully 
in the hedgerows between Peatling Magna and Countesthorpe, Leicester- 
shire. This species was still in evidence at Swithland, my local woodland, 
on 22nd March when there was a slight respite from the bitterly cold 
weather of the spring. Erranis marginaria Fab. and hibernated specimens 
of Conistra vaccinii L. were in company with rupicapraria. The last week 
of March produced further low temperatures and nothing ventured in to 
light at all. 3rd April was a little warmer and the m.v. trap in the garden 
produced the first Biston strataria Hufn. and Achlya flavicornis L. of the 
season. The usual run of Orthosias came into light and were on sallow 
catkins six nights later. Further low temperatures, together with east 
winds, prevented any further emergence of the spring lepidoptera; as a 
result there are sparse entries in the diary up till Easter. 


I went north to Formby for the Easter holiday. On 20th, Good Friday, 
quite mild conditions prevailed in the evening so I decided to try my luck 
on the local Mosses. Four species of Orthosia came either to my m.v. 
light or were dislodged from the sallows. Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. was 
in evidence with Colostygia multistrigaria Haw. but generally speaking 
insect life was well below par. Two days later, nearer the coast, 
Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. was flying in the bright sunshine but there 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


was no sign of larvae of Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff. The next night pro- 
duced a fair run of O. gracilis Schiff. at light and a nice pinkish form of 
the same species, not so pronounced as ab. rufescens Cockerell, was taken 
at sallow. O. advena Schiff. also arrived, but in low numbers; Selenia 
bilunaria Esp. was emerging and three male specimens flew into the light. 
The following day dawned bright and clear and very much warmer than 
it had been and I decided, as the conditions seemed perfect, to go and 
look up my old haunts at Wallasey for Nyssia zonaria Schiff. After much 
searching I found a male at rest on one of the posts surrounding the local 
golf course. Later in the day I visited an area which in the past has 
always produced advena in plenty. It was not long before a batch of ova 
was observed on a dead Yarrow stem. These produced larvae of this 
species in due course, some of which attained the pupal state but, as 
usual, many died when full fed. I believe the secret of success with the 
breeding of this insect lies in the fact that once they have given up the 
gregarious habit they must be segregated and no more than four or five 
larvae should be kept together in the same container. Obviously, if a good 
series is required, this means a large number of cages or plastic boxes 
but, from experience, this will provide the desired results. It is unlikely 
if advena will continue for long on this part of the Cheshire coast as 
the area in question is gradually being incorporated into a vast play- 
ground area for children. The foodplants, sallows and dwarf rose, showed 
evidence of being trampled underfoot. This state of affairs will similarly 
affect the status of Mesotype virgata Hufn. which is also found in this 
locality. That night the trap back in Leicestershire produced the first 
healthy attendance of the year. Approximately, eighty specimens, con- 
stituting ten species, were waiting to be examined in the egg cones the 
following morning. The following night a single advena came into light, 
a local moth in these parts and also two Lycia hirtaria Clerck which is 
more plentiful in the southern part of the county than in my northern 
sector. Gonepteryx rhamni L. and the “Whites” were flying freely the 
next day in the Lutterworth district. 


The month of May was ushered in by further poor mothing conditions. 
The all too common north-east wind with ground and air frost at night 
prevailed for the first two days but in spite of these conditions Earophila 
badiata Schiff. and Anticlea derivata Schiff. were flying freely after dark 
on the outskirts of Swithland Wood near to their foodplant. A female 
derivata laid a fair number of ova; these were bred through to the pupa 
state and should provide a nice series in the spring. On 3rd May, in the 
company of Mr. D. Tozer, two lamps were worked in Swithland Wood. 
In all fifteen species arrived, including a couple of Chaonia ruficornis 
Hufn. Two nights later we decided to try Wakely Wood in Northampton- 
shire for Polyploca ridens Fabr. Rain and a south-west wind greeted 
our arrival but gradually the rain ceased. The number of moths was 
limited but before calling a halt we recorded 18 species; one of these 
being a singleton ridens, Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. and Menophra 
abruptaria Thunb. were also observed. The next expedition was with 
the Kettering and District Natural History Society to Salcey Forest on 
llth May. Again the main quarry was ridens, on this occasion a further 
specimen was taken. Other insects were only the normal spring species. 
The middle of the month was most unproductive; in fact, there were many 
nights when it was quite a waste of time switching on the trap in the 
garden not to mention venturing further afield. Towards the end of the 


COLLECTING EXPERIENCES IN 1962 39 


month there was a slight improvement and it is interesting to note what 
a hardy species Cycnia mendica Clerck appears to be. On really cold 
nights this moth would be the only species present the following morning 
in the trap. On one occasion some were observed sitting on the grass near 
the trap covered in frost. 


June arrived and was far from “flaming”. The trap was in operation 
on the first night of the month but only six moths were in by dawn. 
Conditions generally were so disheartening that I motored north to Formby 
hoping that a change of location would be more profitable. Under 
bright sunny conditions Po!yommatus icarus Rott. was about in its usual 
large numbers and it was not long before I had netted two females with 
interesting undersides. Having examined the “Blues” I went on to look 
for larvae of L. trifolii. For the past few years the larva of the species 
have been scarce but on this particular afternoon there were plenty in 
evidence and whilst collecting some I met Mr. S. M. Jackson from Selby 
who had made the journey especially to obtain this species. On 6th June, 
the two common hawkmoths, Laothoe populi L. and Smerinthus ocellata 
L. together with the common members of the Notodontid genus put in an 
appearance at light at Cropston. The following day I spent an enjoyable 
two hours with Captain R. A. Jackson at Salcey Forest where we netted 
some male Leptidea sinapis L., Anthocharis cardamines L. and Euclidimera 
mi Clerck were also in evidence. That evening, at dusk, in Swithland 
Wood, I secured a single specimen of Asthena albulata Hufn. 


Two days later I left for a week’s holiday in company with Mr. and 
Mrs. S. Coxey. We had planned to spend the first part of the week at 
Barton Mills, Suffolk, and the last part at Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, so 
that some attention could be given to the various collecting areas easily 
aceessible from these two places. I left Leicestershire early in the morn- 
ing and broke the journey at Duddington, Northamptonshire. Six species 
of butterflies were in evidence but these six did not include either 
Hamearis lucina L. or Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. In addition, 
prolonged beating failed to secure any Strymonidia pruni L. larvae. Milden- 
hall Woods in the late afternoon yielded a short series of Euchoeca 
nebulata Scop. flying in company with Epirrhoe alternata Mull. That 
night we worked two lamps at Wicken Fen and also had a trap running at 
our hotel at Barton Mills. As soon as dusk fell on the Fen we were busy 
netting Meliana flammea Curt. which were prolific. Simyra venosa Borkh. 
was also flying with this species but was far less common. Searching the 
thickest parts of the reed beds after dark with the aid of the Tilley lamps 
provided us with a few Chilodes maritima Tausch. The habit this moth 
has of dropping to ground level when disturbed by light or movement 
made the operation rather difficult. Other species which came into light 
included Harpyia bifida Brahm., Clostera curtula L. and C. pigra Hufn. 
The Orthosia were still on the wing as O. incerta Hufn. and gracilis arrived 
on the sheets. Back at Barton Mills the Hadena genus was well to the 
fore. H. w-latinum Hufn., H. suasa Schiff., Heliophobus calcatrippae 
View., H. albicolon Hiibn. and Apamea unanimis Hiibn. were all plentiful. 
The following morning we explored the Tuddenham and Icklingham areas. 
The foodplant of Anepia irregularis Hufn. was located at Tuddenham. 
Beating the conifers disturbed some nice forms of Bupalus piniaria L. 
After dark we operated our lights at Tuddenham and amongst othcr species 
secured a nice series of Aspitates ochrearia Rossi and an interesting Breck- 
land form of Colocasia coryli L. Amathes c-nigrum L. was the commonest 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


moth at sugar but there was also a sprinkling of Dypterygia scabriuscula 
L. The following evening we returned to Wicken and secured further 
examples of maritima. A single Leucania obsoleta Hubn. made a welcome 
appearance at one of the two lights. The next morning was spent in 
disturbing the Flixweed and Treacle Mustard at Lakenheath and as a result 
a short series of Lithostege griseata Schiff. fell to the nets. That night was 
again spent on the Fen but the best results were provided by the trap at 
Barton Mills. We recorded seven species of our resident hawkmoths and 
a female Apatele aceris L. which, after much coaxing, laid a few eggs. The 
next day, having arrived at Ramsey, we used our lights at Woodwalton 
Fen. Our thoughts were centred around Hydrillula palustris Hubn. We 
were therefore delighted to see a male specimen arrive after midnight. 
We recorded over fifty species for the night at both light and sugar. The 
latter was well patronised with some dark forms of unanimis and 
scabriuscula in plenty. Woodwalton the next morning was spent in 
netting a few palaemon and we also observed a singleton of Papilio 
machaon L. flying swiftly over the Fen too high for the nets. After dark 
we secured three more palustris; two came to light and one was found at 
rest on the foodplant. Larvae of Lygephila pastinum Treits. were collected 
from Tufted Vetch. On 15th June we had a brief look at both Holme Fen 
and Castor Hanglands. At Castor palaemon was flying in the rides and it 
was pleasant to see quite a few Ectypa glyphica L. flying in the more 
open parts. Woodwalton after dark did not produce any more palustris. 
Instead, I took a few Arenostola extrema Hiibn. The following day we 
concentrated our energies on Monks’ Wood. Beating failed to produce 
any hairstreak larvae and very few butterflies were in evidence. These 
sparse conditions were made up for after dark as we recorded over 
70 species to the lights. The notable insects included Tethea or Schiff., 
Craniophora ligustri Schiff., Amathes ditrapezium Schiff., C. curtula and 
Mesoleuca albicillata L. On our journey home the following morning we 
paid a fleeting visit to Salcey Forest. Sinapis was still about but in low 
numbers. We departed at the Forest for our separate destinations rather ~ 
weary but amply rewarded after a most enjoyable week. 

On 23rd June, Mr. Tozer and the writer paid a visit to Bedford Purlieus, 
Northamptonshire. The woodland at Bedford Purlieus is relatively un- 
spoilt; it was, and still is, a favourite collecting area for entomologists 
living in the area. The soil is unlike that of Leicestershire as it is com- 
posed basically of oolite and consequently chalk-loving plants are 
numerous. The most interesting moth that came into light was Apoda 
avellana L. The Hadena species were again numerous and included 
H. conspersa Schiff. and H. bicolorata Hufn. (serena Schiff.), over a dozen 
Apamea infesta Ochs. flew in during the night. Petilampa minima 
Haworth was exceptionally plentiful, not so much at light but sitting on 
the grass stems. The most noticeable geometer was Electrophaes corylata 
Thunb.; we took three specimens all of which were very similar to ab. 
albocrenata Curtis (R. South, New Edition, plate 65, 13). 

On 29th June, having had such good results, we decided to return to 
Bedford Purlieus but on this occasion did not work in the wood itself 
but in an old iron stone quarry close by. The area in question was 
literally carpeted with various species of Silene. The number of species 
was down on the previous list but again, as would be expected, we had 
large numbers of conspersa, bicolorata and infesta. The Pug, Eupithecia 
venosata Fabr. also made a welcome appearance. The following evening, 


COLLECTING EXPERIENCES IN 1962 41 


with my friends, Mr. and Mrs. K. W. Spencer, was spent at Castor Hang- 
lands. Sugar and light were worked in the usual areas with good results. 
During the night’s operations we recorded nearly 60 species of macro- 
lepidoptera. Sugar was a blank except for the last post in the series 
sugared which yielded a single Spaelotis ravida Schiff. (Ent. Rec., —————) 
The more desirable species listed in my notes included a melanic Tethea 
ocularis L., Horisme vitalbata Schiff. and the handsome micro Myelois 
cribrumella Hubn. 

On 13th July, my friend Mr. H. G. A. Bates and I set out from Leicester- 
shire for a week at Aviemore. We broke our journey north at Castle 
Barnard and arrived at Aviemore the following day. On our arrival we 
were greeted by Sir Robert Saundby who was also holidaying with his 
wife in these parts. Examining the contents of the moth trap the next 
morning provided us with the usual sprinkling of Scottish insects. 
Xanthorhoe munitata Hiibn. had found its way into the trap but was 
rather scarce. 

Rothiemurchus Forest was visited on the first morning for Itame 
brunneata Thunb. but without success. We then set out for the Amathes 
alpicola Zett. ground at the summit of the Burma Road. In all we found © 
eight pupae and also a male specimen sitting on the Crowberry drying 
its wings. The following day larvae of Xylena vetusta Hubn. and incerta 
were collected from the Carex growing near the railway station. After 
lunch we visited the site of the Ospreys’ nest at Boat of Garten. Both 
birds were at the eyrie in which there was the one chick which had been 
successfully reared by the parent birds. Two pike, both approximately 
14 inches long, had been brought in during the day by the male bird. 
That night we operated the m.v. light at the top of the newly constructed 
ski road. Only four moths were attracted, however, due, no doubt, to 
the low temperatures. In the morning we set out to explore the Lairig 
Ghru. After considerable searching we came across a flourishing colony 
of brunneata. A large series was boxed, but on examination later they all 
proved to be males. Other species in evidence were the northern form 
of Coenonympha tullia Miull., Dysstroma truncata Hufn. and Entephria 
caesiata Schiff. Sugar in the evening at Polchar drew a blank but the 
trap produced Dasychira fascelina L. and Plusia interrogationis L. On 
the next day we sallied forth on what proved to be an abortive venture 
after Zygaena exulans Hohe. Obviously without knowing the precise 
locality in the Braemar district we were probably being somewhat 
over optimistic in hoping to discover this species in its mountain haunts. 
However, the day was enjoyable in spite of the fact that we returned 
empty handed. Botanically, we had better fortune as we found a nice 
group of Frog Orchids in full bloom and also a solitary specimen of the 
rare Pink Stonecrop. Colour photographs of these and other mountain 
flora were obtained. That night we worked light and sugar on Granish 
Moor. The light was well patronised, approximately 50 species arrived 
under rather variable weather conditions; Notodonta dromedarius L. and 
Hipparchus papilionaria L. were particularly plentiful and I was pleased 
to see a few P. interrogationis which, from their freshness, were only just 
emerging. The Glenmore district came in for some attention the next 
day but entomologically was not particularly rewarding. That evening 
Gnophos obfuscata Schiff. proved to be the best species of rather a poor 
bag. Our final trip was made up the Burma Road the following morn- 
ing; in atrocious weather conditions we scratched out a further eight 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


pupae of alpicola. The pupae did not emerge as well as I would have 
hoped, due to the fact that in every case the imago was almost fully 
formed; removing them from their natural haunts at this critical juncture 
in their metamorphosis produced fata!ties. Added to this, two pupae were 
parasitised by a hymenopterous parasite which is still awaiting identifica- 
tion. We returned to Leicestershire after an enjoyable holiday in this 
most attractive Scottish locality. 


Back in Cropston the trap produced large numbers of common moths 
and it was not until 28th July, when I was joined by some members of the 
Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (Natural History Section), 
that interesting species were again recorded in the diary. We visited 
Swithland Wood, working light and sugar. The latter drew a blank but at 
light we saw two Zeuzera pyrina L., a species which has been moderately 
plentiful this year in the county, and an interesting record was the 
capture of Philereme _ vetulata Schiff. (Ent. Rec., 75: 30). A nice 
specimen of Agrotis exclamationis L. ab. plaga Steph. and a singe 
Pseudoips prasinana L. also arrived. Four nights later, Mr. Tozer and 
the writer went to Owston Wood, Leicestershire. Heavy rain spoilt the 
night. The commoner species of moths were quite plentiful but many 
ruined themselves on the soaking wet sheets. Philereme transversata 
Hufn. was, to us, the only desirable species. 


On 4th August I left Leicestershire at dawn and joined forces again 
with Mr. and Mrs. Coxey and their son at Halesworth in East Suffolk. 
On arrival we immediately set out to examine war-time tank blocks for 
the variab:e forms of Cryphia perla Schiff. We found several specimens, 
showing colour variation, at rest on the lichen growing on these concrete 
blocks. Butterflies were scarce. We did, however, see a single Vanessa 
cardui L. That evening two lamps were in operation at Dunwich beach. 
The entry in the diary lists 59 species of macro lepidoptera, this list 
included Hyloicus pinastri L., Leucania pudorina Schiff., Cucullia asteris 
Schiff., Apamea oblonga Haw. (one only), Nonagria neurica Hubn. and ~ 
C. maritima. After breakfast the next morning we paid a visit to Thorp- 
ness after Sterrha ochrata Scop. Mr. Coxey had taken a nice series earlier 
in the week but we now found that they were almost over and I only 
succeeded in netting four rather worn specimens. After lunch, we 
engaged our activities in collecting ripe seed heads of Silenes which were 
tenanted by larvae of either Hadena bicruris Hufn. or H. rivularis Fab. 
A female Plagodis dolabraria L. was disturbed from a birch tree which 
later produced a healthy batch of ova. These were bred through and 
should produce a fresh series next year—about the only way of securing 
female specimens. That night the temperature dropped to 47° F. and 
attendance at the lights, this time at Minsmere, was rather low. Apatele 
leporina L., Gastropacha quercifolia L. and Z. pyrina arrived, however, 
and searching marram grass heads was not altogether unproductive as we 
secured two specimens of Arenostola elymi Treit. The Waves were quite 
well represented and included Scopula emutaria Hiibn., Sterrha inter- 
jectaria Boisd., S. dimidiata Hufn., and S. seriata Schrank. 


Conditions generally were rather disappointing on returning home, 
but on 23rd August the trap yielded a melanic example of Procus literosa 
Haw. and two Euschesis interjecta Hiibn. (a scarce moth in these parts). 
Two nights later Antitype chi L. came into light but due to low tempera- 
tures the only arrivals at light in Swithland were a few worn Parastichtis 


ISLE OF WIGHT—AUTUMN 1962 43 


suspecta Hubn. in company with Tholera popularis Fab. The end of the 
month and the beginning of September saw the arrival of a few Spaelotis 
ravida Schiff. The end of September saw the emergence of Cirrhia 
gilvago Schiff. and Atethmia xerampelina Esp. 

On 7th of the month I motored north to Scotland for a week with Mr. 
and Mrs. Spencer. Entomological activities were cut to a minimum but it 
is interesting to note that we observed a specimen of Thecla quercus L. 
at Crinan, Argyllshire, on the 8th, a late date in spite of the northern 
latitude. During the week we had the good fortune to see, in Inverness- 
shire, a pair of Golden Eagles flying in their lofty empire. 

Apart from local collecting this brought to an end the activities for the 
year. The trap was on most nights up to the end of November and 
yielded a few Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. and a fair number of Poecilo- 
campa populi L., including female specimens, before the apparatus was 
packed away for the winter. 

Having worked light quite consistently during the year in the garden 
at Cropston which is approximately a quarter of a mile away from the 
fringe of Swithland Wood and also worked, albeit intermittently, light 
within the wood itself, it is interesting to observe that moths really do 
not leave their native haunts very much except on what can be classed 
as really good flying nights. There have been occasions when light in 
the wood has produced large numbers of species whilst the trap, operating 
at the same time, a quarter of a mile away as stated above, has produced 
only a limited number of species of those recorded in the wood. 

The Cottage, Hallgates, Cropston, Leicestershire. 29.xii.62. 


Isle of Wight — Autumn 1962 


By R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F. SKINNER 


We disembarked from the ferry at Yarmouth on the afternoon of 29th 
September and drove immediately to Freshwater where, after some 
reconnaissance, we were lucky in finding accommodation with a garden 
extending to the edge of the marsh. Having hacked our way through an 
almost impenetrable barrage of bramble, we installed the trap and 
proceeded to the more mundane matter of finding somewhere to eat—a 
by no means easy task out of the holiday season. 

That night, we decided to run the light on Blackgang Chines. After 
two hours we had seen one Amathes xanthographa Schiff. and one 
Plusia gamma L. The strong wind then increased to gale force, the rain 
became a downpour and we decided that discretion was the better part 
of valour. Next morning, the trap contained a sizeable bag of Tipulidae 
and little else. 

On 30th September, we thought we would visit local collectors. We 
Grew a blank on two occasions but were fortunate in finding Mr. Wright 
at home and being able to see his meticulously kept trap records. By 
evening the weather had not improved and the strong wind showed no 
signs of abating. Nevertheless, we set up the lamps at the foot of Tenny- 
son Down where we logged nineteen species, including one Leucochlaena 
odites Hiibn., and two late Euxoa obelisca Schiff. At home, the trap 
contained a couple of Citria lutea Strém, and a few other commoners. 

The next day was spent in digging up Freshwater Marsh for pupae 
of Dasypolia templi Thunb. The day’s work broke one garden fork, 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


nearly did the same for our backs, and produced ten pupae, six of which 
were templi; the remainder were Amathes c-nigrum L., Phlogophora 
meticulosa L., and Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. Several of the templi pupae 
were near a solitary plant which did not look as if it could have 
nourished more than one larva. 


That night we returned to Tennyson Down under slightly better con- 
ditions. Thirty-one species came to light, including two Laphygma 
exigua Hiibn., three E. obelisca Schiff., two L. odites Hiibn. one Leucania 
l-album L. and a few L. vitellina Huibn. A somewhat unusual visitor was 
an Orygia antiqua L. The trap also did well and contained three L. 
exigua, one L. albipuncta, one L. vitellina and— one O. antiqua. Most 
of the exigua taken were worn, and although we got eggs from one moth, 
these proved infertile. 


Digging for templi on 2nd October was abortive and extremely wet- 
tening. Accordingly, we turned out attention to finding an alternative 
site for the night’s operations. Although a spot near Yarmouth looked 
promising, in the event the promise was not fulfilled, and after an hour 
we packed up and moved to the scene of the previous night’s operations. 
En route, we saw in the headlights what was almost certainly Herse 
convolvuli L., the only hawk seen during our stay on the island. Arrived 
at Tennyson Down, things were better and the night’s catch included 
a further two L. exigua, two Aporophyla nigra Haw., a few L. odites and 
L. vitellina. The trap contained one each of L. exigua, Lithosia griseola 
Hubn., D. templi, Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn. (but unfortunately not the 
pale Isle of Wight form) and a dark specimen of Leucania straminea Treit. 


We left the island on 3rd October hoping to return another year under 
less adverse climatic conditions. At home, it was well over a fortnight 
before the D. templi emerged, all the moths being considerably larger 
than the male taken in the trap at Freshwater. We were surprised by the 
lateness of some species on the Island, compared wiht the mainland. We 
did not, for example, see R. lutosa until the last night of our stay, when ~ 
about a dozen fresh specimens were in the trap, although this species 
and C. lutea, many of which were freshly out at Freshwater, had been 
o1 the wing for at least a fortnight at home. Aporophyla australis 
Boisd. is a moth we expected to see on the Is!and and which was already 
going over at Dungeness three days after our return. 


Obituary 


Mrs. Vera Molesworth Muspratt, d. May 23 1962 


It is with regret that I have been informed by her daughter, Miss V. L. 
Molesworth Heslop of the death of her distinguished mother, for although 
I had only the pleasure of meeting her on one occasion, I had been very 
deeply impressed by her dynamic personality. 

Although Miss Molesworth Heslop, when requested to supply an obituary 
notice, has replied that, rather than actually write the notice, she would give 
me some details of her mother’s life, I do not think that I can do better 
than give this letter as received by me. Miss Molesworth Heslop writes: 

“To describe an interesting and versatile personality is no easy task, 
especially when such a personality distinguishes herself equally well in 
so many different ways. 


OBITUARY 45 


My mother, Mrs. Vera Molesworth Muspratt, F.R.E.S., Officier 
d’Academie, Médaille de dévouement des ma‘tadies contagieuses—l’insigne 
special en argent, discerned to nurses who had particularly distinguished 
themselves in the 1914-1918 war, was dynamic in all her actions and 
interests. 

The same amount of energy and interest would be expended in catch- 
ing a particular species of butterfly for herself as for someone she had 
never met. The same particular care and thoroughness would be taken 
so that the best available be sent, and so in everything she undertook. 
From the moment my mother was able to devote time to the study -f 
Lepidoptera, her interest never flagged, and no aspect was of too little 
importance to be noted and reflected upon. No opportunity was missed 
to further her knowledge. 

Her enthusiasms, her interests, her knowledge, and personal attention 
were aispensed with a generosity which knew no bounds. With a sense 
of great responsibility in all matters, she was a character on whom all 
could depend, and no one ever went away empty handed. Coupled with 
the serious side of her nature were a great sense of fun, of adventure, 
of humour. 

Mountaineering was the pursuit she loved most of all. In the moun- 
tains she found the challenge to her physical and mental abilities; effort, 
adventure, observations in natural history of animals, insects and plants. 
My mother did not simply climb a mountain, she explored the valleys, 
she spoke to the people in the villages; everything and everyone was of 
importance, and she made everything and everyone of interest and im- 
portance to others. 

She was curator of the Natural History Museum at Bayonne for seven 
years, and for her remarkable work there, was made Officier d’Academie. 
She received, during the 1914-1918 war, two decorations from the 
Ministére de la Guerre. She directed and nursed in a hospital for 
contageous diseases, and when no more sick men were sent to St. Jean- 
de-Luz, she became a member of the flying squad of nurses in the 
French Red Cross sent to hospitals immediately at the back of the 
trenches, and worked in the operating theatres and nursed the wounded. 
She also served with General de Gaulle’s expedition to Africa in the 
1939-1945 war. 

Were her family forgotten in the midst of her various interests and 
occupations? Not at all, they were her first concern, and her friends? 
Well, they know what she did for them, and they are legion. She was 
a born leader and organiser who knew no fear. 

In an emergency, it was a case of all hands on deck, and animals 
were treated with the same tender, intelligent care as humans; a cater- 
pillar was never hustled, a butterfly was handled with the lightest touch, 
and never killed unless really needed for study or collecting purposes. 

She was a great reader, and the only subject which defeated her was 
mathematics. Music and the arts were a great source of joy to her. She 
was an accomplished horsewoman, her needlework was lovely and, last 
but not least, she was an excellent cook. Family and friends were always 
sure of a warm welcome. One can say that my mother was greatly 
gifted, but she wasted none of her gifts, she used them all and gave all. 

Her step was in accordance with her character, quick, busy, decisive 
and purposeful, always directed somewhere useful, necessary, amusing 
or important. My mother had firm convictions and judgements. When 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


in conflict with others over some unscientific subject, and her opinion or 
judgement suffered a telling shot in the course of some passionate 
argument, she would walk out of the ‘fracas’ completely undaunted, 
though somewhat subdued. If anyone thought they were the victor, they 
would find on another occasion, the wind taken out of their sails and 
told, in no uncertain manner, that their opinion had always been hers! 
In the interval. she had reflected, and made the telling shot her own and 
had completely forgotten that she had held a different opinion. Her 
sincerity and honesty were so transparent that one simply could not have 
a grievance. Science was never treated in like manner. Science was 
highly esteemed and highiy respected. 

Perhaps those who could not be present at her obsequies would like 
to know that the simple announcement that my mother had passed away, 
brought all who could be present round her. Unknown beforehand to my 
brother, Lt.-Col. R. H. Heslop, D.S.O., and myself, came veterans of both 
world wars, with their flags, to escort and stand beside her throughout the 
ceremony in the Anglican Church at St. Jean-de-Luz. The Prisoner of 
War Associations of both wars, the French Red Cross, the Deputy Mayor 
of St. Jean-de-Luz. At Gavarnie, the Guides, in full dress uniform, bore 
her to her grave. My mother has been accorded a resting place in the 
part of the little cemetery reserved for “Les Pyreneeistes”. The Moun- 
tain Rescue Squad were present, and a!so the whole village Council. 


We have all lost, family and friends alike, a great, warm-hearted, 
straight as a die, intelligent and generous friend, and we are all the 
richer for her presence among US. 

VIOLET HESLOP. 


Notable Lepidoptera in Gloucestershire in 1961-62 
By J. Newton, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


Celypha woodiana. Barr. One male specimen came to my m.v. light 
at Tetbury on 24th July, 1961. As far as I can ascertain this is not only a 
county record but it is the first time the species has been recorded any- 
where in Britain other than in Herefordshire. It is difficult to imagine 
whence this specimen came as the foodplant, mistletoe, is not very com- 
mon in this area. Such small quantities that I have been able to locate 
show no sign of harbouring the motn. 


This species has stimulated considerable interest among many Micro- 
lepidopierists lately and several unsuccesful expeditions have been made 
in search of larvae in the Hereford-Monmouth area which is still regarded 
as its only locality in Britain. 

Mr. L. Price and myself made two such expeditions, on 31st March and 
on 20th April 1962. We examined a large quantity of mistletoe in many 
old apple orchards both east and west of the Hereford to Monmouth road, 
and although we had our hopes raised several times, we found no definite 
evidence of woodiana larvae. I have made several enquiries since but, so 
far. I have not contacted anyone who has met with this species for many 
years. I would be pleased to hear from any readers who can supply any 
information about its present status. 


Acleris tripunctulana. Haworth (=fissurana Pierce and Metcalfe). I 
have long looked for this tortrix in the county, including in the Forest 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 47 


of Dean, but, until 1961, I had only met with its close relative A. ferrugana 
Schiff. On 12th July, 1961, Mr. L. Price and I had one come to m.v. light at 
Westonbirt. At the same locality I beat one out of hibernation from an 
old yew tree on 5th December 1962. As far as I know it has not been 
recorded for Gloucestershire. 

Pareulype berberata. Schiff. The Barberry Carpet. This species has 
previously been recorded only once for the county, at Bourton-on-Water. 
Mr. Price and I had a fresh specimen at m.v. light at Westonb:rt on 8th 
September 1962. 

Dasveampa rubiginea. Schiff. Dotted Chestnut. Mr. Price and I had 
a rather worn male specimen come to our m.v. light in the Forest-of-Dean 
on 20th April 1962. 

11 Oxleaze Close, Tetbury, Gloucestershire. 


Terrestrial Diptera Larvae 
By ALLAN BRINDLE 


A large proportion of Diptera possess terrestrial larvae, l1e., whose 
habitats are soil, woodland debris, decayed wood, and other similar 
material, and it is not uncommon when searching for insects of other 
orders amongst these habitats to encounter some of the more conspicuous 
Diptera larvae. Whilst these may be usually ignored, it would repay the 
finder to rear them. So many of even the more common species of flies 
are still unknown in the larval stage that even casual rearing would 
produce good results. 

Apart from accidental encounters, however, the systematic collecting 
of terrestrial larvae presents certain problems. The extent of possible 
habitats makes some discrimination necessary, and some kind of sampling 
technique is essential. 

As would be expected, none of the terrestrial habitats are sharply 
defined, and tend to merge one with the other. Typical soil-inhabiting 
larvae, for example, may be found in wood detritus, amongst leaf litter, 
or in dung, and a succession of different larvae inhabiting increasingly 
wetter soils leads imperceptibly to semi-aquatic and aquatic types. 

The purpose of the present paper is to describe various methods of 
collecting, rearing, and preserving the terrestrial larvae most commonly 
found, together with notes on the identification of Nematocera and 
Brachycera larvae. It must be somewhat superficial, since the subject is 
large and our knowledge of Diptera larvae is still rudimentary, but with 
increased numbers of entomologists becoming interested in the rearing 
of larvae, this state of affairs should be greatly improved. The various 
methods described in this paper are those which have been of practical 
use in obtaining larvae, chiefly those of the Tipulidae, and improvements 
and additional methods will, no doubt, occur to many. It would be 
useful if these are tried out! 

Soil is perhaps the more common habitat and, as a general rule, the 
wetter the soil the more productive it is. Black friable woodland soil is 
generally good, whilst heavy clay soil is poor. Peaty soils can be poor, 
though low-lying peat soils, especially when drained, are often productive. 
It is useful to sample various kinds of soils to investigate their possibili- 
ties. Black woodland soil developed under moss on boulders is always 
worth searching as is the moss itself. 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


Hand searching of soil is a useful method, but this is only practicable 
in fairly dry friable soils which crumble easily in the hand, but this 
method can be used far from any water and this is an advantage over 
other methods. In bare soils a strip about 3’ x 6” is dug out to a depth of 
2-3” by using a trowel. A second strip is then searched by crumbling the 
soil by hand and the rejected soil pushed into the dug-out portion. Suc- 
cessive strips can then be dealt with, working away from the original 
strip. The back of a large knife can be used, in preference to the hand, 
to “comb” the soil into the rejected part. If the soil is grass covered, then 
the latter is uprooted in pieces and shredded above the loosened soil. 
There is no advantage in using a white sheet to shred the grass roots 
over since too much debris resu!ts and the larvae are often seen more 
easily against a darker background. Tipula larvae are readily found by 
this method, even though they are greyish or brown, and the numbers 
of larvae found depend partly on the visual acuity of the operator and 
partly on the type of soil. There is a considerable difference sometimes 
between apparently identical soils. One square metre of soil under 
bracken produced on one occasion seven Tipula fascipennis larvae, whilst 
in the same locality at the same date the following year none could be 
found. In fairly dry woodland soil under dead leaves 27 Tipula and 
Nephrotoma larvae occurred in one square metre, but in similar soil in 
another woodland two square metres of soil had to be searched for 15 
Tipula scripta larvae. 

As the soil becomes more moist the strip method is less useful since 
the particles cling together, and a rapid method of dealing with this soil, 
and indeed most kinds of soil, is to use a sieve. Dr. D. Bryce, of Reading 
University, introduced me to this excellent method. Sieves sold by general 
dealers for flour are used, and consist of a circular piece of wire mesh, 
about 16 holes per inch, and 10-12” in diameter, enclosed in a deep but 
thin wooden rim about 4-6” in depth. 


A handful or so of soil is placed in the sieve and the latter washed 
in any nearby water, when the soil particles pass through the mesh, © 
leaving any contained larvae behind. The speed of this method is its 
chief advantage; the necessity for a water supply is one limitation. Sandy 
soils are ideal since the material rapidly passes through the mesh leaving 
no detritus behind. Woodland soils generally leave a good deal of detritus 
behind but this can be washed in the sieve whilst the latter is still 
immersed, and thrown away. Peat soils leave a great deal of detritus 
in the sieve but even so the contained larvae are washed clean, and 
being often whitish or light coloured, become conspicuous. 


Many larvae curl up during the sieving but some active larvae often 
crawl through the mesh. It is better, therefore, to wash the sieve for a 
short time only before a first inspection so that any larvae seen may be 
removed before the subsequent washings. A g'lance on the underside of 
the mesh takes care of any larvae which have crawled through the 
mesh. Picking the larvae up using a wetter finger works well, but care 
is needed not to injure the more delicate larvae against the wire of the 
mesh. 


Another method of sampling soils, mentioned in Kalmus (1948) for 
Tipula larvae, is by the use of orthodichloro benzene. The principle 
behind this apparently is the interference of the respiration of the larvae 
by the vapour of this chemical. The usual concentration is about 4 ounce 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 49 


of this liquid to one gallon of water. A square yard of ground is first 
cleared by cutting the vegetation short—this is to enable the surfacing 
larvae to be seen. Two gallons of the mixture are then poured over the 
area and any larvae should surface before half an hour or so. The 
orthodichloro benzene is immiscible with water and the addition of a little 
detergent is recommended; this produces a milky fluid which penetrates 
the soil well, providing this is fairly well drained. In marshy soils the 
liquid does not penetrate as well as in more porous soils. The first indica- 
tion that the mixture is working is provided by the emergence of worms 
which emerge quickly. Diptera larvae emerge much less conspicuously. 
The proportion of this chemical should be altered and the best propor- 
tions found for particular soils—it is better to use weak solutions rather 
than strong, since additional liquid can be poured over the area if 
necessary. A strong concentration will cause the death of larvae but 
worms appear to be much more affected by the vapour, and a very rapid 
exodus of worms after the mixture has been poured on may be taken as 
an indication that the mixture is too strong. It has been suggested that 
the same effect of driving the larvae to the surface could be accomplished 
by using water alone to flood the soil. 


An excellent method for soils, which produces both the larger and the 
small larvae is by flotation, described by Crisp and Lloyd (1954). This is 
really only suitable for laboratory work, and the material to be used is 
brought indoors. The principle behind this method relies on the specific 
gravity of the larvae, which is only slightly greater than that of water. 
The addition of salt, for example, to water containing larvae, will cause 
the latter to float. Commercial Magnesium Sulphate, at the rate of about 
cone pound to a gallon of water, is used. This is mixed in some suitable 
container such as a large dish and the soil placed in the mixture and 
stirred well. Any contained free larvae then float to the surface and 
can be picked off and placed in clean water. This latter procedure is 
probably advisable since magnesium sulphate is used as an anaesthetic 
for aquatic animals in zoological techniques, though providing the larvae 
are removed quickly there appears to be no ill effects. A number of soil 
samples can be used before the water becomes so turgid that the larvae 
cannot surface properly. 


It has been found, however, that none of the previous methods are 
entirely satisfactory for some larvae. Those of the genus Limonia 
(Tipulidae) for example, often construct a silken tube in which they live, 
and this tube is covered with soil or other debris. Unless they come out 
of their tubes they may not be seen by sieving and in the flotation method 
the tubes do not float. In this case the simplest, but a slow method is to 
place soil in a white enamel dish in clear water and watch for movement. 
Only a little soil can be dealt with at one time and patience is certainly 
necessary, but other case-making larvae such as Thaumastoptera 
(Tipulidae) are most readily found in this way. 


The methods mentioned are all useful and can be effectively combined. 
For example, it is difficult to see small larvae in the sieve, and yet the 
flotation method requires the bringing back of material. This latter can 
be concentrated by using the sieve to get rid of much of the unwanted 
material. A large area of soil can be quickly sieved and the resulting 
debris from the sieve placed in a plastic bag for later flotation. In this 
way, by removal of much of the material, a good deal of concentration 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


of debris—and, it is hoped, of larvae, too—is accomplished. This con- 
centration is the best way of obtaining debris for the ordinary water 
method outlined above. The sieve method can be also used to sample 
various soils and find the most productive spot for flotation, etc. 


Many larvae are very susceptible to a dry atmosphere, and quickly die 
if kept for a short time in such conditions. This renders the use of the 
Berlese and Tullgren funnels much less useful, though they can be used to 
obtain the more resistant larvae, i.e., those of Fannia or Geosargus from 
grass-heaps. Searching by hand or some implement is probably best even 
in this case and, since these particular larvae are darker in colour, 
shaking portions of the grass-heap over a white sheet is quite effective. 


Terrestrial moss, growing on wails, usually contains Tipula larvae, 
and Ptio!ina and various Muscid larvae also occur. Shredding the moss is 
probably the most effective method. Old trees are always worth investi- 
gating, and under the bark, especially if there is detritus, there may be 
Lonchaea, Pachygaster, and other larvae; decayed wood may contain 
Mycetophilid, Tipulid and such larvae as Clusia. In all these, hand- 
searching, using a knife or trowel when necessary, appears to be most 
useful. In harder wood, the use of a knife for paring thin slices off the 
weod, reveals the small tunnels of rather delicate larvae, such as Epiph- 
ragma, Austrolimnophila, and Lipsothrix, and more robust methods, using 
a stout hammer or chisel is often needed to get at the larger Tanyptera 
and similar larvae. 

Dung is always worth a tentative prod with the trowel; apart from 
Scopeuma, Mesembrina and allied larvae, Dilophus, Anisopus punctatus, 
and the larger Syritta and Rhingia occur, often in numbers, but this 
material is generally refractive to the methods mentioned previously, 
though well decayed material can be investigated by flotation. 


Fungi, again, are useful plants to investigate. Normally breaking off 
a portion will show if it is inhabited. Mycetophilid larvae are often white 
and the bodies cannot be seen against the white flesh of the fungus, but | 
their heads are blackish, and moving black dots signify their presence. 
Well-decayed fungi attract the saprophagous larvae, such as Sepsis, some 
Chilomyia and others. 


Preserving 

The standard method of preserving used personally consists of im- 
mersing the larvae in hot water (60°-70° C.) which expands the larvae 
fully and kilis them immediately. Alcohol or an alcohol-based killing 
fluid is not advisable, since the larvae tend to retract, and identification is 
much less easy. Retractile structures such as anal papillae, are usually 
expanded with the hot water method, but in certain cases a more elabor- 
ate method of killing is used (Hartley, 1961), though this method has 
not been tried by the author. The larvae should be allowed to move 
freely in cold water before they are dropped in the hot water. 


After killing, the larvae are preserved first in Pampel’s fluid; this 1s 
much superior to 70% alcohol for immediate preservation, though after a 
week or so in this, it is useful to transfer the larvae into permanent 
storage in 70% alcohol. Pampel’s fluid is most unpleasant to work with 
when the larvae are being examined at any length, and alcohol seems to 
be adequate for storage purposes providing the larvae are first fixed in 
Pampel’s fluid. The formula for this fluid is:— 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 51 


Weetie NAcid Celacial\) ois. Pes 4 volumes 
Herma ldehyde’ (40%) — 90.2 0) Bb. 2 es 6 volumes 
AtecholitO5 HB): eh PA so Re 8 Ske 15 volumes 
Distitied Water (HAO. VS .2eu. cee Ae 30 volumes 


The preserved larvae are stored in 2” X 3” glass tubes as standard, 
larger tubes being used where necessary. A label with the name and 
data, written with Indian ink on a small piece of Bristol Board, is 
placed lengthwise in the tube and a small piece of cellulose wadding 
pushed down to the base to hold the label against the side of the tube. 
The larvae are then placed in the tube with 70% alcohoi, and the latter 
closed with a piece of cellulose wadding. The tubes are stored by 
families, genera, or species, according to the number of tubes, in glass- 
stoppered jars. The killing bottles, with a glass stopper, as sold by 
Flatters and Garnett of Manchester, are comparatively cheap (5/-) and 
measure 33” in diameter by 5” in height, with a very slight lip, and are 
very good for the purpose. They are much cheaper than the zoological 
glass-stoppered jars, and appear to retain the alcohol level well, 
especially if vaseline is applied around the ground rim of the jar and 
stopper. The tubes should be stored in the jars upside down since this 
procedure will ensure that the alcohol level in the tubes will remain high 
even if that in the jar falls. 


A gummed label is attached to the outside of the jar with the names 
of the species included, together with the family name or names. 


The recent introduction of tubes with polythene caps is very useful 
for spirit specimens. Collections of preserved larvae awaiting identifica- 
tion or segregation can be stored in 3” x1” tubes with polythene stoppers 
and a temporary label with data made with pencil on a small piece of 
card or paper placed in the tube. It may be possible to store a collec- 
tion of larvae in these tubes without the necessity for the larger jars, 
though the amount of the evaporation from these type of tubes has not 
been tested personally. 


Rearing 


The most convenient method of rearing terrestrial larvae is by the use 
of ordinary one pound jam jars; these are much more satisfactory than 
plastic containers which soon become less transparent with scratches and 
darken with use. The jars are covered loosely with metal lids, these 
being the old ones sold with rubber seals and springs for home preser- 
vation of jams, etc., and are used without the rubber sealing rings and 
springs. They thus fit loosely in the mouth of the jar—an added con- 
venience is that the lid is concave and can hold a tube with a preserved 
sample of the larvae being reared. The loose fit of the lid appears to keep 
the contents moist without undue condensation, but if such material as 
fungi is in the jar, the lids are replaced with small pieces of cloth gauze, 
held on to the jar by means of a rubber band, and sterile soil or sand is 
placed in the jar first, to a depth of an inch or so. 


The jar is filled, between one third and one half, with the soil or 
other material in which the larvae were found, and about half of the 
larvae are put into the jar and half preserved and placed in a small tube 
on the metal lid. A number is given to each jar, written on a small piece 
of card—this refers to the same number in a record book in which details 
of the habitat, locality, date and other details are written. The numbers 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


of larvae in the jar depend on the size, and not more than four or six 
Tipula larvae are put into one jar, otherwise the numbers are reduced by 
cannibalism. When the larvae have pupated, the cast larval skins can be 
recovered from the soil in the jar by flotation. 

With large larvae there is little chance of another larva being acci- 
dentally introduced into the jar with the soil, as this is always searched 
before being used. With small larvae, this is a possibility, but since the 
numbers of larvae in the jar are greater when they are small, the 
majority of the adults resulting must be from the larvae known to be in 
the jar. Any isolated specimen different from the majority, may he 
considered as an accidental introduction. 

This method of rearing is quite effective, providing that the larvae are 
fairly well grown, and very few accidental introductions are made in 
practice. If the larvae are small, it is a good plan to check on their 
growth at intervals and to see if any additional larvae have appeared— 
this does happen if the jar is in use for a length of time, i.e., over the 
winter, and some surprising results can appear, though providing this 
pessibility is recognised, it is not a serious drawback. 

The possibility of a batch of mixed larvae also should be borne in 
mind. Normally this should show in the resulting adults—the more 
larvae in the jar and the greater the probability of any mixing being 
shown in the adults. In such gregarious larvae as Bibio, for example, 
a mixed batch rarely occurs, and the number of adults resulting clearly 
demonstrates the purity of the batch. In many others, a batch of larvae 
from the same small habitat obtained at the same time, is often of one 
species only or if mixed the larvae are readily separated. In some 
deliquescent fungi found recently there was one species of Sepsis, one 
of Chilomyia and one of Helomyza—the numbers of resulting adults made 
this a reasonable certainty. 

In any case, rearing by isolation is useful to serve as a check, and 
single larvae, if fully grown, can always be reared in a small quantity 
of soil or sand, etc., in a glass tube. 3” x1” tubes are excellent for rearing: 
Limnophila larvae which readily pupate and emerge under such condi- 
tions, and the larval skin is much more easily recovered. The soil or 
sand should be wet and the surface sloped so as to provide a gradient 
of moisture. Some larvae may die, but if a number of tubes are used 
sufficient emergences result. The moisture gradient appears to be 
important and in the case of larvae found in saturated soil the jar in 
which they are to be reared should also have a moisture gradient, and 
the soil surface sloped so that the larvae can pupate under dryer condi- 
tions. If this is not done the larvae will often surface and die on the 
surface of the wet soil without pupating. 


Confirmation of the correct association of the larvae with the adults 
can be obtained in several ways. The only certain way is to rear larvae 
in isolation and to preserve the larval skin or puparium for the mouth- 
parts and other structures when the adult has emerged. This means 
however that no preserved larvae will be obtained, and in practice this 
strict method is not essential except as a check. Such checks are, of 
course, much more necessary in the Acalypterate and Calypterate larvae 
which do not offer such obvious characters for separation as the larvae 
of the Nematocora and Brachycera. 

One method of confirmation is by repeated rearings, i.e., rearing the 
assumed same larvae found in the same habitat at the same time of year 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 53 


—this is surprisingly effective in certain cases. 


For example, in the sand by the river Hodder, at Whitewell, Yorkshire, 
the larvae of Hexatoma fuscipennis Curt. (Tipulidae) always appear fully 
grown at the end of March, followed in a week or so by the larvae of 
H. bicolor Mg. The Limnophila larvae which are common in the same 
habitat at the same time are always either trimaculata Zett., or verralli 
Bergr., the latter being easily distinguished by its darker colour. This 
feature appears to be due to the larvae living normally in the sand on the 
bed of the river and coming to the dryer banks for a short time before 
moving further into the bank for pupation, and the feature of fully 
grown larvae appearing in a certain habitat for a short time only is not 
confined to these examples. A good deal more research is needed on the 
life history of many of these larvae. 


Various methods to gain a provisional identification will be obvious. A 
knowledge of the species occurring in the area will serve as a quick pro- 
visional identification. For example, in North-East Lancashire, the only 
species of Haematopota is crassicornis Wahl., and the common H. pluvialis 
does not occur until the lower ground is reached, about twenty miles 
away. All Haematopota larvae found locally are thus assumed to be 
crassicornis, and repeated rearings, in numbers and in isolation have 
shown this to be true. There is, of course, always the possibility of a 
pluvialis appearing out of its area, but these larvae can now be separated. 
Observation of the habitats of various species by collecting will indicate 
the possible differences in habitats between closely allied species. 
Ptychoptera scutellaris Mg. has always occurred in upland marshes, often 
in partially submerged sphagnum, and this appears to be the only species 
found in this habitat, the others being more typical of woodland or low- 
land marshes. This, however, points a warning—the closely allied 
P. minuta Tonn. which is very similar in the adult stage and whose larvae 
is unknown may also occur along with scutellaris. The only answer is 
to rear the larvae several times and to check all adults emerging. If the 
two species did occur in the emergences, then a check on the preserved 
larvae may show differences segregating them into two lots. From the 
banks of rivers in early Spring, three species of Tipula were reared a few 
years ago from apparently similar larvae—montium Egg., couckei Tonn., 
and lateralis Mg., all in some numbers. In this case an examination of 
the preserved larvae did show differences which segregated them into 
three groups, and in the following years, the larvae were separated into 
the three groups and reared separately, fortunately with success. 


An interesting method of associating larvae with adults is to select a 
localised habitat, e.g. a small area of woodland mud as was done by Crisp 
and Lloyd (1.c.) and work it thoroughly. This involves sampling the 
habitat at intervals, the larvae being roughly sorted and a selection pre- 
served. With repeated rearings and samplings the different larvae and 
adults obtained can be gradually associated together. For a final check, 
after examination of the larvae, isolated rearings should be made to 
confirm the provisional identifications. 


In the Nematocera the larval skins and pupal exuviae are worth pre- 
serving, though the former are often so distorted that some of the 
characteristic features may be unrecognisable. They do serve, however, 
as a check on the preserved larvae, and the head capsule in particular 
retains much of its structure. In the Stratiomyidae the larvae pupate 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


within the last larval skin which retains most of its structure, and in the 
rest of the Brachycera the larval skin is cast as in the Nematocera, 
though the larval and pupal exuviae are much less robust. In the 
Cyclorrhapha generally the last larval skin becomes the more or less 
barrel-shaped puparium, and the value of these lies in the retention of 
the larval mouthparts—usually reduced to mouth-hooks and associated 
sclerites—inside the puparium on the ventral side. These can be 
extracted and softened with a weak caustic solution and mounted in some 
preparation such as Euparal on a microscopical slide or in some other 
way. These then can be used as a check on the presumed same larvae 
which have been preserved. 


The anal segment is often a most useful means of separating larvae; 
it is the major method in the Tipulidae and is extremely useful even in 
the Cyclorrhapha. In the following notes on the families the use of a x10 
lens is always assumed for the purpose of identification of the larvae. 


Identification 


In practice almost all the larvae found in terrestrial habitats without 
thoracic legs are those of Diptera. It is apparently uncommon to find 
many of the legless Coleoptera larvae, such as those of the Curculionidae, 
and these can be usually recognised by the very prominent and thickened 
head capsule and by the short thick body which is often curled and 
wrinkled. 


The identification of larvae down to families is simple in the 
Nematocera and often in the Brachycera, but much more difficult in the 
Cyclorrhapha—it is impossible at the present to find characters which 
will separate certain families in the larval stage in this group. 


The Nematocera possess larvae which are often characteristic of a 
family and are easily recognised but in the more advanced Diptera a 
more or less standardised type of larvae is general—the typical 
“maggot”, whitish, with a more or less truncate anal segment, often with 
two prominent spiracles, and with the anterior segments tapering 
towards the head, which itself is reduced to sclerotised ‘mouth-hooks” 
and associated sclerites. 


The following key will serve to separate the families of the terrestrial 
larvae of the Nematocera and Brachycera, and these are possibly the 
more often found. The families not possessing terrestrial larvae, or the 
aquatic larvae of otherwise terrestrial families are not included. The 
family Cecidomyiidae is not included, most larvae being plant-feeders 
in galls, etc., or predaceous; some do occasionally turn up in terrestrial 
habitats but these can usually be recognised by their pinkish or yellowish 
colour, by their very small size and greatly reduced head, and by the 
possession of a small sclerotised projection on the venter of the thorax— 
the so-called “breast-bone”. Some Chironomidae will also appear in the 
wetter terrestrial habitats—in the possession of prolegs on the prothorax 
these would run down to the Ceratopogonidae in the key but they are 
distinguished by the absence of the conspicuous setae on the body. 


Other families not included in the key are:— 


Aquatic— 
Culicidae (Culicinae, Chaoborinae), Simuliidae, Thaumaleidae 
Ceratopogonidae (part), Empididae (part). 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 55 


Others— 
Cyrtidae (internal parasites of spiders), Bombyliidae (para- 
sites in nests of Aculeates), Scenopinidae (predaceous on 
house moth larvae, etc.). 


A key is not given to the Cyclorrhapha larvae: the present stage of 
knowledge makes it possible to key out certain families reasonably well 
—the Syrphidae for example are very distinct in having the two pos- 
terior spiracles united on a more or less elongated respiratory tube (very 
short in terrestrial larvae, very long in aquatic larvae)—but many of the 
families are not separable at all as far as is known. 

Following the key are notes on the families included; it is hoped that 
by the use of the key and notes, the terrestrial larvae of the Nematocera 
and Brachycera found, can be placed into families and further into sub- 
families, tribes, or genera in some cases. The difficulty in constructing 
keys to the larvae is the number of exceptions which occur—the present 
keys may not serve in all cases, but should be ample in the vast majority 
of larvae found. 


Key to Groups 

1. Mandibles opposed and moving in a more or less horizontal plane, or 
abdomen with more than eight segments. Head capsule typically 
complete, heavily sclerotised and non-retractile. (Retractile and 
BSc theomplete im: Tipulidae.) 6.12... yess. She ee NEMATOCERA 

—  Mandibles not opposed and moving in a more or less vertical plane, 
with their apices directed downwards; abdomen with never more than 
eight segments (except in the Therevidae); head capsule typically 
reduced and retractile (except Xylophagus) ...........-+2-2e0005- 2 

2. Head capsule with a distinct, if incomplete, dorsal sclerotisation; 
mandibles usually sickle-shaped; antennae and maxillae well de- 
veloped; the sclerites (sclerotised “rods”) projecting backwards into 
the thorax from the head not united .............. BRACHYCERA 

— Head capsule not sclerotised dorsally; antennae and maxillae 
generally indistinct; the sclerotised rods projecting backwards into 
the thorax from the head united in a “cephalopharyngeal 
BRCISLOR Fe MT EA and leh tes sia inet Brg ck BS. CYCLORRHAPHA 


Key to Families 
1 Head capsule almost complete or incomplete, but always retractile 


CHT: LOE MO a ae Se RO AR ERASE ST EY NORTEL CPE TIPULIDAE 

— Head capsule complete. and non-retractile ...............-.0..0.., 2 
2 Abdomen long and slender with posterior margins swollen and with 
a long thin retractile respiratory tube on the anal segments (fig. 3) 
AeA. PIC NRE LS «5 RRL ee OR ths athe da cin i PTYCHOPTERIDAE 

— Abdomen not so long and slender; any respiratory tube much 
HHLCROE SHOPLET, ALG NGM=PetEactt lee st rccirarsteynie wei guy ha nlein & vthparnense 0 oe 3 

3. Prolegs present on at least one body segment ..................-.. 4 
EACH OMTTISEINED ILIA: PSUS. oor Rese av Lebel da ene orate Dope ty ade eae alee aah 5 
4 Prolegs on thoracic segments only (fig. 4) .... CERATOPOGONIDAE 
— Prolegs on abdominal segments only (fig. 5) .. CULICIDAE (Dixinae) 
5 Body with short processes, glabrous; anal segment with long pro- 


cesses; body characteristically curled in life; ten pairs of spiracles 
CELA! ER eRe Oa Ptidle s ktbicta a aes WE eh TBE, BIBIONIDAE 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


1 


oe ee a 


LNs 
MG 


‘. WZ 


DIPTERA LARVAE 1 


5. Dixa (Culicidae) 

6. Bibio (Bibionidae) 

7. Scatopse (Scatopsidae) 
8. Psychoda (Psychodidae) 

3. Ptychoptera (Ptychopteridae) 9. Trichocera (Trichoceridae) 
0 


1. Tipula (Tipulidae) 
2. Limnophila (Elaeophila) (Tipulidae) 


4. Forcipomyia (Ceratopogonidae) 10. Anisopus (Anisopodidae) 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 57 


— Body otherwise; less than ten pairs of spiracles .................. 6 
6 Posterior spiracles on the tip of cylindrical processes (fig. 7) 
ce cic eT ee ee caer ew araiees are et oy ee SCATOPSIDAE 
ee esterinr spimacles not On. SUCH PFOCESSES.. ocr -jeceneyape p= sl Re codyned ese 7 
7. Last abdominal segment with a short non-retractile respiratory tube 
(fig. 8) or tergites of body with numerous distinct sclerotised plates 
ee i Ee re Oe Tee DEC een. PaMe HOO ED AT 
— Last abdominal segment without such a tube; abdomen without 
ELEC U EES. [SISIES SAAR. bie iene ae pare une eee: ee en eter er 8 


8. Abdominal segments divided superficially into three more or less equal 
parts (fig. 9); anal segment with four lobes around posterior spiracles 
at ah et ws eee ee ele - TRICHOCERIDAE 
—eMominal SComents OMErWISC. —co.ciecc.ce ee de hae eee eee ne ce ees 9 
Abdominal segments 2-6 divided superficially into two unequal 
parts (fig. 10); five reduced lebes around posterior spiracles 
re wees rn hava wv oee te ee ee eek ese, ee ANISOPODIDAE 
—- Abdominal segments not so divided, sometimes being superficially 

ringed, but in that case the rings are equal; anal segment never with 

rae mnie eh ew ea SENG RS ETF as Bal Tae MYCETOPHILIDAE 


se 


Key to Families (BRACHYCERA) 
1. Posterior spiracles more or less concealed within a_ terminal 


PEER 5 oY a dalhg hatte abelian.» Wilaepe adicatan ag Gee sealed. Hari ee eit ieee a PA ee 2 

-—— Posterior spiracles widely separated; obvious’ ...............)..0.%. 3 
2. Terminal fissures transverse; body depressed, cuticle roughened 

EYE. Lea)” ste e comauclegmitala beeen amid eae genta urea Liaise pei STRATIOMYIDAE 

—- Terminal fissure vertical, body cylindrical, cuticle smooth and 
SeBitemutineriie) 07 BIN EIT SVT CURLS IS OE OO TABANIDAE 

3. Posterior spiracles on last abdominal segment .................. 4 

— Posterior spiracles apparently on segments anterior to last ........ 6 


4. Anal segment ending in two (dorsal and ventral) or four lobes, all 
about equal in size (fig. 14); or head narrow, sclerotised, and non- 


PREECE OUD) mb. rok a pals aw aS ware ube Ae he cme RHAGIONIDAE 
ain ae secmMmentiothnerwiser( Suxigassae. Blige. Oe PIO Ua. Oi. 5 
5. Anal segment usually ending in four fleshy lobes, often pointed 

posteriorly and with the ventral lobes longer than the dorsal lobes 

SPE. TG). chy Re Saas Seek es Me Fe cane MG 6. AM ea DOLICHOPODIDAE 
— Anal segment usually more or less rounded (fig. 17) .... EMPIDIDAE 
6. Posterior spiracles on penultimate segment (fig. 18) .... ASILIDAE 
— Posterior spiracles on  ante-penultimate segments (fig. 19) 

wc Le ie YR a ae i a eee I are ae la dct cae tae VB ok THEREVIDAE 
TIPULIDAE 


This family includes well-marked sub-families and tribes. The 
Tipulinae, the so-called “leather-jackets”, are usually brownish or 
greyish, and occur in soil, decayed wood, or mosses, and these larvae are 
recognised by the possession of six fleshy lobes surrounding the posterior 
spiracles. The lobes are reduced in the wood-feeding larvae which are 
whitish in colour and these consist of T. flavolineata Mg., Ctenophora, 
Dictenidia and Tanyptera, though T. irrorata Macqg., which is generally 
greyish, does occur in much decayed wood but it never tunnels into it as 
d2 the others. The adults of Tipula which have marmorated wings, and 
Dolichopeza, have moss-feeding larvae; most others are found in soil. 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


Pasture soil normally only contains T. paludosa Mg., with the less com- 
mon T. vernalis Mg., and N. flavescens (L.), and damp woodland soil is 
the most favoured habitat, with the common T. variipennis Mg., 
hortulana Mg., scripta Mg., and lunata L. T. maxima Poda, fulvipennis 
Deg., luna Westh., and vittata Mg., all occur in marshy soils, the two 
former extending into wetter habitats. Chiswell (1956) and Brindle (1961) 
give keys to the species. 


The four members of the Cylindrotominae are distinctive—Phala- 
crocera with long filiform body appendages (aquatic mosses); Triogma 
(semi-aquatic mosses) and Diogma (usually terrestrial mosses) both with 
toothed body appendages; and Cylindrotoma with tubercles (feeding 
openly on low plants near water). 


The Limonines are fairly active, whitish, with a prominent head, often 
living in silken tubes amongst damp soil, wet mosses, or decayed wood. 
The anal segment has no apparent lobes, though patches of dark pigment 
are present. Helius is much different, being dark coloured, and it 
possesses five anal lobes, the dorsal lobe being rather reduced; it occurs 
in marshy soils or in semi-aquatic habitats. 


The Pedicines are active, carnivorous larvae; the large, whitish P. 
rivosa (L.) is certain to be found in wet soils, and this is very conspicuous 
by its size and by the constant retraction and exsertion of the prominent 
mandibles. There are two whitish pointed processes on the anal segment, 
directed posteriorly. Dicranota larvae are similar but smaller and darker, 
and possess well-developed pseudopods ventrally; they usually occur in 
very wet habitats. Trichyphona larvae are yellowish, with two short 
anal processes, and are found in damp or wet soils. 


The Hexatomines are generally active, having four anal lobes around 
the spiracles or with a reduced fifth dorsal lobe, and are characteristic of 
marshy soils, the colour being whitish or yellow. Elaeophila (fig. 2) is 
distinctive in having long pointed anal lobes. Epiphragma and Austro- 
limnophila occur in decayed wood. Brindle and Bryce (1960) give a key 
to the known larvae. 


The Eriopterines are usually recognised by having five subequal lobes 
around the posterior spiracles, often heavily pigmented, in marshy or 
woodland soils. Lipsothrix, a very long, whitish larva, occurs in decayed 
wood. 


TRICHOCERIDAE 


The common T. saltator (Harris) and regelationis (L.) occur in some 
numbers in dung during the winter months; the four anal lobes are 
prominent and, in the former, pigmented with blackish. T. annulata is 
reddish and is found in fungi, etc., usually in late summer. T. maculi- 
pennis is greyish or whitish and occurs in decaying organic material dur- 
ing the summer. 


ANISOPODIDAE 


A. punctatus (F.) is dark coloured, with a distinct dorsal pattern when 
mature, and occurs commonly in dung. A. fenestralis (Scop.), is reddish, 
in deliquescent fungi or other moist organic material. M. pallipes Mg. 
is whitish and occurs under wet bark of decaying trees where slime fungi 
exists. Keilin and Tate (1940) describe the known larvae, 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 


DIPTERA LARVAE 2 15. Xylophagus (Rhagionidae) 
16. Medeterus (Dolichopodidae) 

11. Bolitophila (Mycetophilidae) 17. Empis (Empididae) 

12. Beris (Stratiomyidae) 18. Dioctria (Asilidae) 

13. Haematopota (Tabanidae) 19. Thereva (Therevidae) 


14. Rhagio (Rhagionidae) 


59 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


PTYCHOPTERIDAE 

Usually in mud or semi-aquatic habitats. P. scutellaris (Mg) occurs in 
sphagnum bogs and other upland marshes. P. contaminata (L.) appears to 
prefer organic mud, and some, e.g. P. lacustris (Mg.) prefer mud in dense 
‘shade. Brindle (1962) gives a key to the five common species. 


PSYCHODIDAE 

Apart from Trichomyia urbica Hal., which occurs in decayed wood, 
these larvae fall into two main groups—the whitish Psychoda with a 
narrow, elongated anal segment (fig. 8) and the dark pigmented Pericoma 
with a shorter anal segment which has fairly prominent anal lobes, all 
characteristic of marshy soil or semi-aquatic and aquatic habitats. 
Satchell (1947) (1949) gives keys to the larvae of both these genera. 


CULICIDAE (Dixinae) 

The Dixinae are aquatic or semi-aquatic, but some do occur in leaf 
mould, etc., in wet habitats, often by small woodland rivulets. The com- 
mon species in such habitats are D. submaculata Edw., and puberula 
Loew. 


CERATOPOGONIDAE 

The terrestrial larvae are found under wet bark (being conspicuous 
by the drops of water adhering to the setae) in organic material, and 
similar habitats. The commoner larvae found are Forcipomyia (fig. 4) 
of which a number of species occur; the larvae of Atrichopogon are 
broader with prominent lateral extensions of the cuticle. Lenz (1934) and 
Mayer (1934) are useful for separation of the larvae. The mandibles in 
some Forcipomyia at least move vertically, but the body consists of more 
than eight segments (see Key). 


BIBIONIDAE 

These are whitish and gregarious, being found in large numbers to- 
gether in soil, dung, etc. A large Bibio found in early March is B. marci - 
(L.). B. nigriventris Hal., is smaller and shining white; both occur in 
woodland soil and detritus. B. leucopterus (Mg.) also occurs in woodland 
soil early in the year. B. johannis (L.) appears to prefer more open 
situations and B. febrilis is often abundant in dung in spring and later in 
the summer. Morris (1921) (1922) gives details of a number of larvae. 


SCATOPSIDAE 
Dark coloured larvae, in old dung, or in many other rather dry organic 
materials. S. notata (L.) is possibly the most often found. 


MYCETOPHILIDAE 

This numerous family is mainly fungus-feeding, though wood- 
inhabiting and predaceous larvae also occur. Those of Bolitophila are 
easily distinguished by their short but prominent antennae (fig. 11). 
Mycetophila and other larvae of the Mycetophilinae have prominent 
ventral creeping welts, occurring in numbers together in various fungi. 
M. lineola Mg. is a very common species. Phronia are short, very broad 
larvae, with or without a curious covering of excrement which may form 
a simple cone or assume other shapes which makes them very incon- 
spicuous. Sciara often occur in numbers together in decayed wood, 
probably feeding on the mycelium present. Amongst the predaceous 
larvae are Platyura and Ceratelion, whose millipede-like larvae are found 


TERRESTRIAL DIPTERA LARVAE 61 


in silken webs in cavities in decayed trees, etc. Madwar (1937) gives a 
key to the sub-families. 


STRATIOMYIDAE 


The terrestrial larvae are very characteristic, yellowish or brown in 
colour, or sometimes very dark, with a broad and depressed body and 
they are very sluggish. Solva occurs in decayed wood, chiefly in the 
New Forest, but also in other parts of Southern England. Pachygaster is 
found under bark of trees—minutissima Zett., under pine bark, the others 
under bark of deciduous trees. Beris is found in woodland detritus, moist 
soil, etc., or in dung, and is distinguished by tufts of hair on the body. 
Geosargus also occurs in dung or other organic debris, distinguished by 
darker undulating longitudinal stripes. Chloromyia is found in dung, 
etc., and Microchrysa in similar habitats. Brindle (1959) gives a key to 
genera. 


TABANIDAE 

Chiefly semi-aquatic in marshy soils, sphagnum, etc., whitish in colour 
or with darker pattern or patches. Chrysops is distinct by having four 
prominent tubular locomotory tubercles around the first seven abdominal 
segments, whereas Haematopota and Tabanus have six. Tabanus usually 
has a longer anal segment than Haematopota (fig. 13). Marchand (1920) 
gives a key which includes many of the British species. 


RHAGIONIDAE 


Rhagio, Chrysopilus and Symphoromyia are white and occur in damp 
or marshy soils, the former two having four anal lobes and the latter 
having only two (dorsal and ventral). Ptiolina is bright green and is found 
in terrestrial mosses, especially those on trees and stones in woodland. 
Xylophagus occurs in decayed wood. Brindle (1959) gives a key to genera. 


ASILIDAE 


Characteristic of dryer or sandy soils, except for Laphria which is 
found in decayed wood. Dioctria rufipes (Deg.) occurs in woodland soil. 
Many are found on sandy coasts, the large Philonicus albiceps (Mg.) 
being the most common. All are whitish in colour. Melin (1923) describes 
and keys out most of the British larvae. 


THEREVIDAE 


Characteristic of sandy or dry soils; that of T. nobilitata (F.) is the 
most widely distributed. T. annulata F., is common on the west coast 
sandhills. 


EMPIDIDAE, DOLICHOPODIDAE 


So few of these larvae have been described that the character used in 
the key for their separation should be regarded as tentative. In general, 
the Empididae larvae appear to be more characteristic of dryer soils and 
the Dolichopodidae larvae of wetter soils, but a good deal more rearing 
is essential in both of these families. Both also occur under bark and in 
decayed wood.. 

Most larval descriptions are scattered in many publications, and vary 
a good deal in the value for identification. A bibliography of these 
would be very extensive and serve no useful purpose as far as the present 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


paper is concerned. The publications listed below therefore are simply 
those of recent date, are fairly accessible, and which give keys to the 
species of genera, tribes or subfamilies of the Nematocera and Brachy- 
cera. Crisp and Lloyd (l.c.) give a useful account of the larvae in wood- 
land mud (no key) and Hartley (1961) gives a key to a number of the 
Syrphidae larvae. In the figures of larvae in the present paper the follow- 
ing are shown from a lateral view—1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 19. The rest 
are shown from a dorsal view. 


REFERENCES 

Brindle, A. 1959. Notes on the larvae of the British Rhagionidae and Stratio- 
myidae. Ent. Rec., 71: 126-133. 

Brindle, A. 1961. The Larvae and Pupae of the British Tipulinae (Diptera, 
Tipulidae). Trans, Soc. Brit. Ent., 14: 65-114. 

Brindle, A. 1962. Taxonomic Notes on the Larvae of British Diptera, No. 9. 
Entomologist, 95 : 212-216. 

Brindle, A., and Bryce, D. 1960. The Larvae of the British Hexatomini (Dipt., 
Tipulidae). Ent. Gaz., 11: 207-214. 

Chiswell, J. R. 1956. A taxonomic account of the last instar larvae of some 
British Tipulinae (Diptera-Tipulidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 108: 
409-484. 

Crisp, G., and Lloyd, Ll. 1954. The Community of Insects in a Patch of Wood- 
land Mud. Trans. R. ent. Soc, Lond., 105: 269-314. 
Hartley, J. C. 19614. A Taxonomic Account of the Larvae of some British 

Syrphidae. Proc. z00l. Soc. Lond., 136: 505-573. 
Kalmus, H. 1948. Simple Experiments with Insects. London. 
Keilin, D., and Tate, P. 1940. The early stages of the families Trichoceridae 


and Anisopodidae (=Rhyphidae) (Diptera, Nematocera). Trans. R. ent. 
Soc. Lond., 90: 39-62. 

Lenz, F. 1934. In Lindner, E. Flieg. Pal. Reg. 13. 

Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Biology, Metamorphosis 
and Distribution of the Swedish Asilids. Zool, Bidrag. Uppsala, 8: 1-317. 

Madwar, S. 1937. Biology and Morphology of the Immature stages of 
Mycetophilidae. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 227: 1-110. 


Marchand, W. 1923. The early stages of Tabanidae. Mon. Rockfeller Inst. Med. 
Res., 13: 1-208. 


Mayer, K. 1934. Die Metamorphose der Ceratopogonidae Arch. Naturges, 3: - 
205-288. 


Morris, H. M. 1921. The Larval and Pupal Stages of the Bibionidae, Part 1. 
Bull. Ent. Res., 12: 221-232. 


Morris, H. M. 1922. The Larval and Pupal Stages of the Bibionidae, Part 2, 
Bull. Ent. Res., 13: 189-195. 


Satchell, G. H. 1947. The Larvae of the British Species of Psychoda (Diptera, 
Psychodidae). Parasitology, 38: 51-69. 


Satchell, G. H. 1949. The Early Stages of the British Species of Pericoma 
Walker. Trans, R. ent. Soc. Lond., 100: 411-447. 


Notes and Observations 


NEMATOIS FASCIELLUS F. IN SUBURBAN KENT AND SURREY.—On 2nd July 
last I had the pleasure of encountering for the first time this very local 
and beautiful longhorn moth, in what I believe to be a new locality just 
within the county of London and almost certainly the nearest to the 
metropolis yet to be noted. This was at Abbey Wood (a little east of 
Plumstead) on the fringe of a large new housing estate not far from the 
railway. The terrain is an area of waste ground off the road to the 
marshes, and—especially after one of the worst Junes for insects I had 
ever known—I was agreeably surprised to find there quite a concentra- 
tion of species, by no means all of them common ones. A fresh male of 
N. fasciellus was detected and captured whilst at rest on a leaf of a large 


NOTES AND CBSERVATIONS 63 


spear-thistle next to a clump of its foodplant, black horehound (Ballota 
nigra). The afternoon was dull and windy and no more could be found 
by either searching or sweeping. I made three further visits, spread over 
the month, but although the sun was out a good deal of the time the 
insect proved very hard to find or else extraordinarily scarce, besides 
seeming wholly restricted to the one spot. A second male moth was seen 
sitting on a plant of mugwort in contact with the aforesaid Ballota; it 
rose quickly and settled on a tall thistle a few yards away, where it was 
caught but proved rather worn; this, on the second visit, was also during 
a dull period. On the third, I spotted a female (apparently fresh) on a 
flower of the foodplant, which—on my attempting to box it—slipped down 
amongst the foliage and stems in a most irritating manner and thus suc- 
ceeded in getting clean away! No others could be found, nor did I once 
see a specimen flying of its own accord in sunshine; just possibly its 
flight-time is in the morning. At this very low rate of incidence it is 
no wonder that I failed to discover any larval cases by searching under 
the plant. The insect is evidently exceedingly local here, for the hore- 
hound flourishes all over the area and yet only the one small clump seems 
to suit it; I gather, however, that this kind of thing is quite usual with 
N. fasciellus. As it appears generally to rest in exposed positions it 
should be easily seen, but may be too wary to allow itself often to enter 
the sweeping-net. The one time I saw it on the wing it was oddly 
inconspicuous, hard to keep in sight and seeming to fly faster than the 
other Adelids I have experience of. 

In N.W. Kent this Nematois has been noted from a few places some 
miles east of that here recorded—mostly in bygone years—all that I know 
of being around Dartford. Probably the last person to take it there was 
the late Mr. L. T. Ford, who had a ‘spot’ for it somewhere in the Dartford 
district. In Woolwich Surveys (1909) the sole record is ‘Darenth (B. A. 
Bower)’; the locality here was, almost certainly, the lane leading up to 
the wood—along which the foodplant abounds. I believe that it was also 
found a long time ago at Greenhithe, a little further eastward. The 
species appears more frequent in S. Essex, but even there is erratic and 
very patchy. For N.E. Surrey I have no published data and do not 
remember seeing a record, so I should like to report the capture of a 
single female example at Carshalton Beeches by my friend Mr. Dudley 
Collins in July 1961; it occurred on a cherry tree on a rough hilly piece of 
waste ground, near a quantity of Ballota. Upon this last the local 
authorities have since seen fit to dump a large mass of rubble, thus 
thwarting Mr. Collins’ intention to search for larvae the following spring. 
—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 13.x.62. 


UNUSUAL VARIETY OF VANESSA CARDUI L. IN SURREY.—I have recently 
heard from my friend H. E. Pounds (the Surrey ornithologist) that, on 
25th August 1962, near Farleigh, North Downs, Surrey, he noticed a 
butterfly flitting between the purple flower heads of knapweed (C. nigra). 
With care, it allowed a close approach, and he identified it as a fresh 
example of V. cardui. Nevertheless, he considered that its colouring and 
markings were sufficiently unusual to warrant closer inspection and noted 
the following details. He states that the markings on the under-surface 
of the wings though typical of cardui were distinctly pale; the upper- 
surface of the forewings sported a bright rosy-pink flush, whilst the 
hinder pair showed a faint tawny or fulvous tinge. Furthermore, a spot 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


of blue garnished the angle of the hindwings similar to that of V. atalanta. 
Between spells of visiting the knapweed, it was seen to settle repeatedly 
on small bare patches of earth and he had the specimen under careful 
scrutiny for half-an-hour. He informs me that, with the exception of the 
blue spots alluded to, it closely resembles the variety illustrated on 
plate 49, figures 3 and 4, in South’s Butterflies of the British Isles (1928), 
concerning which the author writes: “Specimens of this form, or some 
modification of it, have been obtained in England but very rarely”.— 
WILLIAM E. BusBripGE, 4 Mt. Hermon Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. 


LaRvaL Hasits oF HELIOPHOBUS ALBICOLON HB AND HELIOTHIS DISPACEA 
Linn.—In the Ent. Rec. for 1957, there was dicussion on the larvae of 
these species (pp. 174-5, 221) as a result of Mr. G. Hyde’s original query 
(p. 79). This past August I was staying in the Breck district and had 
ample opportunity to thoroughly work an enormous field that had not 
been cultivated for two years and which now carried a rich flora, the 
bulk of which comprised plantain, viper’s bugloss, clover and mignonette. 

I swept this field two and three times a week throughout August and 
found the larvae of H. dipsacea to be extremely plentiful in all stages of 
growth right until I left at the end of the month. But I failed to obtain 
one pupa from about 150 larvae that I collected. At first I kept any over 
half-grown, but quickly discovered that they did not like being kept in a 
box, even a large plastic one, and they soon died. So I began keeping only 
those in the last skin, and finally only the very largest, but these all 
proved to be stung and each produced a giant ichneumon. The larvae 
came mostly from the seeded heads of plantain. They were extremely 
variable in colour, embracing pale-yellow, purple and crimson blotched, 
as well as the more common green and pink forms. 

Whilst sweeping these, I also obtained a number of other larvae, the 
most significant being H. albicolon and H. saponariae. But these were 
obtainable only when small, up to one inch, and when they were both a 


bright blue-green and quite inseperable. These I reared on cut runner. 


beans and an assortment of blossoms and seed-heads, and provided with 
deep dry sand. Last year, Mr Hyde gave me eggs of H. albicolon from a 
Doncaster female and these I reared at first on flowers of white clover 
and, when larger, I put them on to flowers and pods of Acacia. 
They caught virus in the last instar, but produced 20 pupae of which 15 
rotted due to virus.—G. HaGcGett, 1 Torton Hill, Arundel, Sussex. 


EUMICHTIS LICHENEA HUBN. ON THE DERBY/STAFFS. BORDER.—Running a 
mercury vapour light trap in Dovedale on the cold night of 5th/6th Sep- 
tember 1962, I was very surprised to find that the total catch of 120 moths 
included five males of Eumichtis lichenea Hubn., which I had always 
interpreted to be solely a maritime species. These moths are darker in 
colour and have the black markings more accentuated than those from 
the Dorset coast, the only other form of the species with which I am 
acquainted. 

Mr. D. C. Hulme, who is compiling the revised list of Derbyshire 
Lepidoptera, tells me that a single specimen of E. lichenea was taken by 
the Noted Staffordshire collectors, John and William Hill, in Milldale—at 
the northern end of Dovedale and only two miles from the spot where I 
made my captures—in September 1922, but that subsequent attempts to 
find the species had always been unsuccessful. — D. W. H. FFENNELL, 
Martyr Worthy Place, Winchester. 18.xii.62. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (97) 


212); Folkestone neighbourhood, September 10 (Partridge, Ent. mon. 
Mag., 28: 265); Dover (Webb, Entomologist, 25: 167); Folkestone district 
(Fellows, Entomologist, 25: 322). 

1897 or 1898: Folkestone Warren, one taken by Frank Fitness of 
Sanderstead, in 1897 or 1898, and given to a Folkestone collector named 
Harold Burgess (C.-H.). 1899: Folkestone, ¢ in my coll., labelled “Near 
Fo!kestone, Wm. Daws, 1899” (C.-H.). 1901: In R.C.K., one, Folkestone, 
W. J. Austen (C.-H.); Folkestone, two in Parris coll, taken by W. J. 
Austen (A. M. Morley). 1903: Folkestone Warren, one, June 30, taken 
by E. R. Banks (H. D. Stockwell, Diary). N.d.: Near Herne Bay; 
Margate; Walmer (V.C.H. (1908)). 1923: Tonbridge (div. 11) (Spence, 
Entomologist, 56: 161). 1960: Dungeness, 9, May 15 (Kennard, Ent. 
Rec., 72: 173). 1961: Lee (div. 1), one, August 30 (Wheeler-Holohan, 
Entomologist, 94: 285) (not ‘“Wheeler-Holdhan” as recorded (C.-H.)); 
Meopham (div. 6), one, at light, September 21 (Ellerton, Ent. Gaz., 13: 
3): Dungeness, 2, taken September 29 (P. Cue); Westerham (div. 5), Q, 
taken October 1, another seen but missed, October 31, both flying in a 
garden in the sun (Edwards, Ent. Rec., 74: 9); West Hythe (div. 16), one, 
October 10 (Kettlewell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961: 41). 
[The anonymous report in Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961: 24, of 
two, taken at Dungeness in October 1961, lacks confirmation.] 


First ReEcorp, 1829: Gravesend (F. W. Hope, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 
198). 


Callimorpha jacobaeae L.: Cinnabar. 

Resident, perhaps reinforced by immigration!. Waste ground, fields, 
woods, gardens, downs, etc.; on Senecio jacobaea, S. squalidus, S. vulgaris, 
S. erucifolius, Tussilago farfara, Hop (lower leaves). Recorded from all 
divisions, but shows a decided preference for dry situations. “Locally 
abundant” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The following may represent a partial second generation: Willes- 
borough, July 30, 1954, July 25, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); Folkestone, July 18, 
1947 (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 33); Dover, °, 
August 7, 1942 (Gardiner, Entomologist, 78: 45). 


Although often plentiful, particularly in the larval stage, the species 
is very irregular in its appearance. For example, Barrett (Entomologist, 
38: 214) stated that several were noted by him at Margate (div. 9) in 
June 1905, but that this was the first time he had seen it there in 25 
summers. D. G. Marsh observes that at Ickham (div. 4), since he went 
to live there in 1954, he has noted it as remarkably scarce, and that it is 
only very occasionally seen. On the other hand, it is sometimes extra- 
ordinarily abundant; thus, Allchin (Ent. week. Int., 7: 188) recorded that in 
1859, the imagines swarmed in Kent, and larvae were in thousands on 
ragwort. 


Possibly the irregular appearance of this moth may to some extent 
be due to parasitical infestation. In this respect, I remember on one 
occasion when in a rough field at Birchington (div. 9) in July 1927, 
watching some larvae on the flower-head of a plant of S. jacobaea, which 
had several Apanteles flying about it, and actually witnessing one alight 
on the back of an individual and insert its ovipositor into the host (C.-H.). 


The larva is most often seen on S. jacobaea. It is sometimes noted on 
S. squalidus, as at Dartford Marshes, c. 1950 (B. K. West), and many on 


(98) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/11/1963 


this at Charlton sandpit, July 12, 31, 1947 (J. F. Burton). Also found on 
S. erucifolius, at Faggs Wood, Ham Street (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1960: 87); on S. vulgaris, at Broad Oak, two small larvae, July 5, 
1944 (C.-H.); on T. farfara at Dartford, c. 1950 (B. K. West); and “ in con- 
siderable numbers” on the lower leaves of hop, in a hop-garden near 
Rochester, in August 1929 (Theobald, Entomologist, 63: 7). 

VARIATION.—Seabrook (Entomologist, 62: 185) records one taken at 
Denge Wood, near Chartham (div. 8), 1929, having the ground colour 
yellow; and Trundell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 15, 43) 
exhibited a similar ab., taken near Plumstead Common (div. 1), June 27, 
1951; both probably referable to ab. flavescens Th.-Mieg. 

Russell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 13) exhibited one 
“with the red markings on the forewings replaced by pale pink”, Shore- 
ham, May 15, 1948; and in F. A. Small coll., is one with ground colour of 
hindwings darkened with smoke-grey, bred Canterbury, May 1918 (C.-H.). 

In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—gilleti André, one, “Kent, 22 June 
1922, R. H. Rattray’, one, N. Kent, June 4, 1910, one, Greenhithe, bred 
May 1903; confluens Schultz, one, Westerham, bred 1923; albescens 
Cockayne, one, Chattenden, 1894, J. W. Tutt; nigrana Cabeau, one, N. 
Kent, June 1937; expallescens Cockayne, paratype 9, Dover, 1904. Also, 
several pathological examples from Kent. 


First REcorD, 1829: ‘Very abundant in the larva state in Darenth- 
wood” (Stephens, Haust., 2: 90). 


1Classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams et al. (1942). 


Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (menthastri Esp.): White Ermine. 

Native. Gardens, waste places, etc.; on dandelion, dock, groundsel, 
plantain, rhubarb, sallow. Found in all divisions, but with seemingly a 
preference for urban districts. “Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The moth normally occurs from about mid-May throughout June to — 
the beginning of July, but in certain years there appears to be a partial 
second generation, as for example in 1955 and 1956. In those years, W. L. 
Rudland’s total counts were:—1955: Wye, May 25-July 21 (237), August 
23-25 (3). 1956: Wye, May 10-July 23 (322), September 18 (1); Willes- 
borough, May 16- July 13 (239), September 15 (1). 


A. M. Morley kept a record of the sexes of a good many of the 
individuals at m.v. in his garden at Folkestone, from 1951-62, and it is 
surprising to find that the number of dd listed is 156 as against only 
5 QQ. The same observer also notes that compared with S. lutea, both 
species fluctuate in numbers to a similar extent, and that for both, the 
bumper years were 1954 and 1956. 


There are a fair number of records of the larva, but comparatively few 
include mention of foodplants. A. M. Morley found two larvae on sallow 
in his garden at Folkestone, August 27, 1948; and H. C. Huggins has 
noted them at various times in Kent, on dandelion, dock, groundsel, 
plantain, also, once on rhubarb in his garden at Chestnut Street, near 
Sittingbourne. 

VARIATION.—Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1919-20: 66) 
exhibited a “fine bred specimen” of ab. walkeri Curt., from Bexley; one 
exhibited by Trundell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 18) and 
which was taken by him at Shorne Ridgeway (div. 6a), may be transitional 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (99) 


to walkeri; likewise another taken by Hare, Pinden, 1957, and exhibited 
(Hare, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 31, plt. 1, fig. 3). 


Morley (Entomologist, 72: 127) recorded a ¢ ab. godarti Ob. taken by 
him at Ham Street, June 25, 1938; and the same author states (in litt.) 
that he has a © that is ‘almost spotless’, bred from a pupa found in 
Folkestone, April 10, 1947, also a ¢ “with white antennae”, taken Folke- 
stone, June 23, 1956. 

A. A. Allen has one taken at Blackheath, July 15, 1960, “with greatly 
reduced spotting much resembling S. urticae”; and Buckstone (Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1922-23: 121) exhibited one from Broadstairs 
apparently very similar. 

A ¢ in my coll., labelled ‘““Greenwich Park, t. by J. F. Green, 1894”, 
has the thorax, antennae, cilia and apical area of forewings smoke-grey 
(C.-H.). 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—paucipuncta Fuchs, Bromley, bred 
1901; paucipuncta, ‘““with two large spots in hind wing”, Sevenoaks, June 
12, 1920; wnipuncta Strand, one, “Folkestone, E. W. Brown, 6.’92”; ab. 
having “large discal spot” on hindwing, Westcombe Park, June 1891; ab. 
with “row of dots in median area” of forewing, Folkestone, 1891; ab. 
having “dots at discoidal nervure’” on forewing, Chattenden, 1892; ab. 
having “black line near inner margin” of forewing, N. Kent, bred 1918; 
nigroundata Nitsche, nineteen, “Bexley, bred vii.1912, L. W. Newman”, 
one, Chattenden, bred 1892, 9°, Bexley, 1911; postmagnipuncta Cockayne, 
twenty, E. Kent, 1935, 1937, 1938, H. D. Smart; transitoria Ob. + 
paucipuncta Fuchs, one, Folkestone, 1892; transitoria Ob., “Folkestone, E. 
W. Brown, 6.92”; godarti Ob., nine, “Chattenden, 1891, part of one brood”, 
one, “Bexley, Kent, taken June 1918 by P. Richards”, six, bred N. Kent, 
1919, L. W. Newman; basistriata Cockayne, holotype ¢, Greenhithe (Ent. 
Rec., 63: 265). 

First Recorp, 1861: Beckenham, May 18, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). This is 
the earliest positive reference to Kent that I have been able to trace, 
though the species was doubtless noticed in the county long before. 


S. urticae Esp.: Water Ermine. 

Native. Marshes, fens; on Galiwm, Senecio jacobaea, Water Mint. 
“Very local’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 

1. Lewisham, one, “at rest in my own garden” (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 
171). Bromley, one, 1900 (Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Farnborough; 
West Wickham (Bromley List, per Wool. Surv. (1909)). Bexley dist. (L. 
W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

2. Deptford Marshes, May 30, 1843 or 1844 (Bedell, Zoologist, 1007). 
Sheerness dist. (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 184; idem, Ent. mon. Mag., 
9: 162). Gravesend (Button, Entomologist, 4: 129). Greenhithe (Farn 
MS.). Royal Oak, Sheppey, one, June 26, 1869 (J. J. Walker MS.). 
Sittingbourne, three, bred 1880, in Br. Mus., S. Kensington (C.-H.). 
Greenwich, 1880 (West, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 103). 
Plumstead Marshes, larvae on low plants (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171). 
Erith (Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Dartford Marshes, four larvae taken 
by Auld in 1896 (Fenn, Diary). Luddenham Marshes, one (H. C. Huggins). 
Marshes of the Medway (de Worms, Entomologist, 72: 241). Abbey Wood 
Marshes, one larva, September 15, 1951, emerged 1952 (J. F. Burton), 
Graveney, three, July 30, 1958 (D. G. Marsh). 


(100) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


3. Herne Bay, one, c. 1950 (D. G. Marsh). Broad Oak, 9, at m.v. 
June 22, 1952 (C.-H.). 

4. Deal, larvae, September 12-15, 1860 (Fenn, Lepidoptera Data MS); 
larva on Galium, August 30, 1888 (Fenn, Diary); ‘once so abundant in the 
Deal Marshes, is (now) very scarce indeed” (Webb, S. East. Nat., 1903: 54). 
Ham Marshes, larvae, S. Webb (Fenn, Diary, 22.x.1884); 9, June 17, 1950 
(C.-H.). Westbere, on street lamps (A. G. Peyton, teste A. J. L. Bowes). 
Sarre, May 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Sandwich, two, June 24, 1955 (C.-H.). 
Ickham (D. G. Marsh). Worth, 1962 (T. W. Harman). 


7. Westwell, two, July 3, 1953 (Scott, Ent. Gaz., 5: 123; idem, Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1953-54: 43). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Dover, %, in mv. trap in garden, 
June 30, 1953 (G. H. Youden). 

9. St. Peters, ¢, at light, c. 1936 (J. W. C. Hunt). Ramsgate, July 12, 
1955 (W. D. Bowden). 

11. Tonbridge, scarce (A. D. Reed, in Knipe (1916)) (Given (1946)). 
Hoads Wood, two, June 15, 1955 (W. L. Rudland). 

12. Chartham, one, 1952 (P. B. Wacher). Ham Street, taken in 
Faggs Wood, June 13, 1952 (G. H. Youden); one at m.v., in Birchett Wood, 
June 24, 1953 (W. L. Rudland); two, June 4, 1950 (R. F. Bretherton); one, 
in the village, July 8, 1958 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 71). Brook, 
1954 (C. A. W. Duffield, fide E. Scott). Wye, one, June 18, 1954, one, June 
20, 1956; Willesborough, one, June 30, 1954, three, June 19-20, 1956 (W. L. 
Rudland). 

14. Sandhurst, one, at light, June 12, 1933 (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst, 
one, 1958 (A. W. Lawson). 

15. Appledore (Heitland, Entomologist, 31: 221). Dungeness, June 
11, 1932 (J. H. B. Lowe) (probably the one mentioned by de Worms in 
Entomologist, 66: 50); one, June 25, 1932 (G. V. Bull); one, at light, July 16, 
1934, one at light, one on rushes, June 18, 1938 (A. M. Morley); one larva 
on ragwort on top of a high bank above a ditch, August 1939, by the bird - 
sanctuary, imago reared (H. C. Huggins); one, July 28, 1951 (de Worms, 
teste A. M. Morley); one, May 31, 1952 (C.-H.); one, July 7, 1954, at m.v. 
(More and Ellison, teste A. M. Morley); one, July 28, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); 
two, June 30, 1954, one, June 3, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); one, June 28, 
1957 (T. G. Edwards); five larvae on Water Mint, feeding in full sunshine, 
in the Long Pond, August 1956, all five reared (H. C. Huggins). St. 
Mary-in-the-Marsh, one, July 29, 1948 (P. le Masurier). Dymchurch, four, 
at m.v., 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 48). 

16. Military Canal at Hythe* and Sandgate*, larvae (S. Webb, teste 
Fenn, Diary, 22.x.1884). 


VARIATION.—Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 290) records that “F. J. Hanbury has 
a specimen of a pure spotless white, reared from larvae obtained in Kent”. 

One bred from Dungeness larva, taken 1956, has “a dull light brown 
thorax” (H. C. Huggins). 


First Recorp, 1845: Deptford Marshes (Bedell, Zoologist, 1007). 


S. lutea Hufn. (lubricipeda auctt., non L.): Buff Ermine. 


Native. Gardens, waste places, woods, etc.; on dock, dandelion, 
groundsel, garden lettuce, honeysuckle, sallow, “White Mullein”, elder, 
birch, mulberry. Recorded from all divisions. “Generally common” 


(V.C.H. (1908)). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (101) 


The species appears to be rather less plentiful than its congener 
S. lubricipeda, and on an average, emerges about a week or fortnight later. 
Occasionally, there is perhaps a partial second generation; thus, A. M. 
Morley records that at Folkestone, in 1958, he first noted it on June 3 and 
last on September 4, and in 1962, last on September 30, an exceptionally 
late date, but in that year the first appearance was not until July 26, which 
is very abnormal. An extraordinarily early appearance, is that of one 
(and which was worn too) found on a fence at Bickley (div. 1), by W. 
Rait-Smith, in 1925 on February 17 (Riley, Entomologist, 58: 63). 


The larva is found fairly frequently, and its chief natural pabulum is 
perhaps dock. A. M. Morley states that at Folkestone, September 4, 1955, 
he found two, full-fed, on dock, and adds that he usually finds it on this. 
The same observer records finding a half-grown larva there on White 
Mullein; several in his garden on sallow; one near Thurnham (div. 7), 
September 29, 1931, on elder; and adds that at Sandgate (div. 16), three 
larva and a cocoon were found on honeysuckle. Gillett (Diary) records 
that at Brasted Chart, he beat one from birch, from which the imago 
emerged March 26, 1913; A. J. L. Bowes noted them on lettuces in a 
garden at Herne Bay, 1933; and H. C. Huggins has found the larvae in 
Kent on dandelion, dock, groundsel, garden lettuce, and once at Gravesend 
on mulberry “ten feet from the ground”’. 


VARIATION.—Huggins (Entomologist, 62: 83) recorded a curious 
asymetrical ¢ ab. taken at Cliftonville, having the right upperwing “more 
than half dull brown’, with “the outer half of the wing, from the cilia... 
entirely covered with broad, wedge-shaped marking which tapered in- 
wards towards the basal area”’. 

Sperring (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1917-18: 50) exhibited 
specimens from Blackheath, “with the hindwings of the same dark colour 
as the forewings”. The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—denigrata Schultz, 
Chattenden, 1905; pawpera Hoffm., Lewisham, bred 1891; semiunicolor 
Vorbrodt, Lewisham, bred, 1892; fasciata Dufrane, two, N. Kent, 1912, 
1920; brunnea Cockayne, paratype, Bexley, bred 1901. 


First Recorp, 1861: Blackheath Park, June 4, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). This 
is the earliest positive reference to the species in Kent that I have been 
able to trace, though it must have been known in the county long before. 


Cycnia mendica Clerck: Muslin Moth. 
Native. Woods, downs, etc.; on Clematis vitalba, primrose. “Generally 
distributed but not abundant” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


1. Near Woolwich (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 10: 187). Chislehurst (Tutt, 
Ent. Rec., 1: 64); not common (S. F. P. Blyth). Eltham (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 
5: 185; Fenn, Entomologist, 23: 236). Lee; Orpington; Halfway Street; 
Beckenham; Shooters Hill Road; Lewisham, one, 1880 (Wool. Surv. (1909)). 
Bexley (Carr, Entomologist, 33: 47); many ¢ , at m.v. trap, April 15-May 
22, 1952 (A. Heselden). Sidcup, June 3, 1917, May 30, 1934, May 29, 1925, 
May 23, 1926, May 19, 1928, larva, August 1910, larva, July 2, 1923; Joydens 
Wood, June 1, 1914; New Eltham, May 9, 1923; St. Pauls Cray Common, 
May 22, 1920 (A. R. Kidner). Grove Park; Lewisham; on bombed sites, 
c. 1946 (D. F. Owen). Charlton, one, 1948 (J. F. Burton). Petts Wood, foe 
1949, ¢, 1950, at light (E. Evans). Dartford, larva on Clematis vitalba (B. 
K. West). Plumstead, 1952 (A. J. Showler). West Wickham, 9°, May 20, 
1953 (C.-H.). Hayes; Keston (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 135). Black- 


(102) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


heath, ©, in garden, c. 1950 (A. A. Allen). 
2. Near Dartford* (see First Record). Dartford district (B. K. West). 


3. Blean Woods, 9°, May 14, 1866 (Fenn, Diary); ° 2°, May 24- 25, 1931 
(A. J. L. Bowes). Church Wood, 9, June 6, 1924 (H. G. Gomm). Honey 
Wood, °2 2, 1938 (C.-H.). Pine Wood (J. A. Parry). 


4. Sandwich, dead 2, on sandhills, June 8, 1958 (C.-H.). Ickham, 
several at m.v., 1954-61 (D. G. Marsh). 


5. Chevening, ¢ 6, at light, April 28-29, May 15, 19, 22, June 1, 1914 
(Gillett, Diary). Knockholt, June 9, 1932 (Bull, Diary). Westerham (R. C. 
Edwards). Leaves Green, 2, May 17, 1952; Biggin Hill, 9, May 17, 1952 
(C.-H.). Chelsfield, 1953 (A. M. Swain). 


6. Greenhithe (Farn M.S.). Otford (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc, 190221 50): Gravesend district.—Occurred particularly near 
Southfleet; near Nursted, a larva, on primrose, 1906 (H. C. Huggins). 
Cuxton, 1908 (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 21: 32). Ryarsh, 9, c. 1925 (J. Fremlin). 
Pinden (E. J. Hare). Shoreham, 1951 (A. S. Wheeler). Hartlip, 1952 (A. 
M. Swain). Meopham, common, at m.v., 1959-61 (J. Ellerton). 


6a. Darenth Wood, 1859 (Harding, Ent. week Int., 6: 75). Rochester 
district* (Chaney (1884-87)). Cobham, May 21, 1912 (F. T. Grant); 9, 1950 
(J. F. D. Frazer). 

7. Westwell; Long Beach Wood (Scott (1936)). Kings Wood (Scott 
(1950)). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Hawkinge, ¢, two 9 9, bred [c. 1895] (J. W. Walton, teste A. M. 
Moriey). Reinden Wood, 1929 (Morley) (1931)). Alkham; Eweil Minnis; 
Whitfield (E. & Y. (1949)). Elham Park Wood, 9, June 9, 1924; Haddling 
Wood, 2, May 21, 1933 (W. E. Busbridge, Diary). Dover (Gardiner, Ent. 
Gaz., 10: 6). Bridge (R. Gorer). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield), Crundale; 
Wye (Scott (1936)). Penny Pot Wood, c. 1947 (J. A. Parry). Chilham, 
June 10, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). Brook (Scott (1950)). Wye Downs, °, 
June 4, 1950 (R. F. Bretherton). : 

9. Broadstairs, 9, 1947 (J. W. C. Hunt). 

10. Brasted (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, 1919-20 (Gillett, Entomol- 
ogist, 53: 23, 119) (F. D. Greenwood). 

11. Shipbourne (P. A. & D. J. A. Buxton coll.). Wateringbury (W. A. 
Cope). Offham (W. E. Busbridge). Edenbridge, 1933-34 (F. D. Greenwood). 
Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, 2 (P.Cue). Sevenoaks Weald, 
one, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, two ¢<¢, .at light, May. 18, 1934: one sieeos 
by W. Stickles, May 3, 1935 (A. M. Morley); Long Rope, e?, 
June 1, 1950, ¢, at light, May 12, 1951 (C.-H.); 1959 (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. 
ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 76); one, May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Kenning- 
ton (Scott (1936)). Chartham, two, 1952 (P. B. Wacher). Wye, five, May 
19-29, 1953, ten, April 30-May 29, 1954, seven, April 30-May 22, 1955, nine, 
April 25-May 18, 1956; Willesborough, eleven, May 10-June 4, 1954, eight, 
April 30-June 5, 1955, eleven, April 24-June 6, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 
Ashford Town, May 9, 1954 (P. Cue). Ashford district, larvae, 1959-60 (M. 
Singleton). 

13. Tunbridge Wells; Bidborough (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge 
Wells MS.). Tunbridge Wells, 9, 1951 (H. E. Hammond). Goudhurst, 
frequent (W. V. D. Bolt). 

14. Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 1: 148). Hawkhurst (B. G. Chatfield). 

16. Folkestone.—J on a wall, on the edge of golf-course, April 18, 1934 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (103) 


(A. G. Riddell); sixteen, 1952, ten, 1953, four, 1954, none, 1955 (as was away), 
three, 1956, two, 1957, three, 1958, two, 1959, seven, 1960, three, 1961, four, 
1962, all dg, in m.v. trap in garden in the town; @ taken by R. W. 
Fawthrop in m.v. trap in the town, May 27, 1954 (A. M. Morley) (this is the 
only record of the © at light to my knowledge (C.-H.)). 

VaRIATION.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.: depuncta Schultz, Jd, “E. 
Kent, bred 1901’, 2, Bexley, 1901, L. W. Newman; albinotata Cockayne, 
holotype ¢, Bexley, 1914, bred H. D. Smart; substriata Cockayne, paratype 
©, Belvedere, 1887, W. Marshall; nigrociliata Cockayne, holotype 9°, Lewis- 
ham, bred April 17, 1909, by J. W. Tutt. 

Tutt (Ent. Rec., 5: 185-186) records, that from ova from a °, taken at 
Eltham, by C. Fenn, 21 ¢¢ 22 29 were bred. The 29 were about 
normal except for one “curiously blotched with dark grey on the left fore- 
wing’. The do “varied from specimens of the usual English type, to 
others of a dull pale yellowish-grey, and quite 50 per cent. diverged more 
or less from the usual blackish-grey form.” 

A. M. Morley states that of the four ¢¢ taken at Folkestone, 1962, 
“two were melanic, almost black when fresh instead of the usual brown.” 

The ¢ taken at Folkestone, in 1934, by A. G. Riddell, appears referable 
to ab. rustica Hubn., and according to the captor (in litt.) “approximates 
very closely in colouring’, to fig. 1 on plt. 27 in South (1961, Moths Br. 
Isles, 2). 

First Record, 1828: ‘Marshy places near Dartford, Erith, etc 
(Stephens, Haust., 2: 78). 


” 
. 


Oiacrisia sannio L. (russula L.): Clouded Buff. 
Native. Chalk downs, heaths, woodland clearings, etc.; foodplant un- 
known. Widespread and fairly numerous in 8; rare or extinct in 1. 


A partial second generation may occur very occasionally. Thus, 
Embry (Entomologist, 67: 259) records that in the Dover district in 1934, 
several ¢ ¢ in poor condition were seen, and two perfect 9° taken, on 
August 27; Richardson (Proc. S. Lond. ent, nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 35) 
exhibited “one wild 2nd brood from Kent.” 

1. Pauls Cray, two do, July 7, 1888 (Fenn, Diary) (Chislehurst (Fenn, 
in Buckle and Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 58) prob- 
ably refers); one, July 19, 1907 (S. F. P. Blyth). Bexley district (I... W. 
Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Keston (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv. 
(1909)). Lewisham, one, May 3, 1946 (D. F. Owen). 

2. Abbey Wood Marshes, one, May 2, 1946 (D. F. Owen). 

3. Blean Wood, 9, 4, June 22, 1875, in Br. Mus., S. Kensington (C.-H.); 
one, June 23, 1928, one, July 5, 1929 (A. M. Morley); three, 1955 (C. A. 
Stace). Church Wood, very plentiful, June 21, 1921, ¢, June 24, 1922, four 
3 3,two 29, June 30, 1923, two Jd, June 23, 1924 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 
Mincing Wood, not uncommon (A. J. L. Bowes). Barton, Wood, one, 1938 
(C.-H.). 

6a. Chattenden (Chaney 1884-87)); c. 1905 (H. C. Huggins). [Chatten- 
den] June 28, 1876, “in great numbers’, including two 99 taken 
(Shephard, Entomologist, 10: 47); larva, April 1880, “in the neighbourhood 
of Higham” (Porritt, Entomologist, 13: 163). 

7. Ashford district* (Jeffrey, Ent. mon. Mag., 5: 223). Boxley (Reid, 
S.E. Nat., 1904: 51). Westwell (Scott (1936)); several at sugar, June 22, 
1953 (de Worms, Ent. Rec., 65: 346). Kings Wood (Scott (1950)). Bluebell 


(104) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


Hill, a few, June 23, 1957 (E. Philp). Burham Down, “more frequent... 
than in former years” (Davis, Bull. K. Fld. Cl., 1: 7). Boxley Downs, three 
3 3S, 1959 (C. A. Stace). 


8. Among comparatively recent records for this div. may be included 
the following:—Chilham Downs, ¢ ¢ fairly numerous, few 9 Q, 1935-39; 
Womenswold, 1952; Folkestone Warren, 1939, 1953, 1957, 1958 (C.-H.). 
Alkham, 1932, 1934 (J. H. B. Lowe). Reinden Wood, 1931; Ewell Minnis, 
many, June 27, 1931; Elmstead, 1938; Postling, 1930; Crundale, 1940; Bar- 
ham Cross, in a clearing in a beech wood four 3d, one Q, June 30, 1941; 
Folkestone (Middle Hill, Canterbury Hill, Dover Hill), 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 
1936, 1937, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1947, 1949 (A. M. Morley). | Penny Pot 
Wood, c. 1946 (J. A. Parry). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Brook, plentiful at 
m.v., July 4, 1951 (H. King). 

10. Sevenoaks (W. E. Busbridge). 

11. Near Wateringbury;* Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Hoads Wood (P. 
Cue); one, June 23, 1956 (C.-H.); a colony, 1959 (M. Singleton). 

12. Wye, three, June 21-22, 1954, one, June 22. 1955 (W. L. Rudland). 
Hothfield, ¢, July 1, 1960 (A. M. Morley). Ham Street (P. Cue). 

13. Tunbridge Wells district (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (64), ii). Groom- 
bridge (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 59). Tunbridge 
Wells (Knipe (1916)); 9, 1944 (H. E. Hammond). 

16. Newington Quarry, 1949; Folkestone Town, one, July 15, 1951, one, 
June 29, 1954, one, June 17, 1957, one, June 23, 1960 (A. M. Morley). 


VARIATION.—Tutt (Ent. Rec., 4: 250) records that of a series of dd and 
ten © 2, taken in N. Kent, in 1893, the ‘markings on the hind wings of the 


males varied much, some being without the usual dark band on the outer. 


margin, whilst others had it specially well-developed”. “To a certain extent 
the same form of variation is found in the females, but the markings are 
not so obsolete as in some of the males”. 


Marchant (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 90) exhibited a ¢ 


from Kent, “without the usual dark markings and marginal band on the . 


hindwings’; and Newman (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1911: 14) 
exhibited two ¢ 6, apparently similar to the latter, bred Folkestone, by 
S. G. Hills. 

Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. , 1943-44: 18) exhibited sannio 
“with central spots on hindwings joined by a bar to base’, Folkestone, 1943. 
This ab. is of fairly frequent occurrence in Kent, at least in my experience 
(C=). 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—¢ d abs. immarginata Niepelt, one, 
Chattenden, 1893; immaculata Oberth., Chattenden, Wye; ab. with “dis- 
coidal spot absent’, one, Folkestone; moerens Strand, Folkestone, H. W. 
Barker. Q Qabs. moerens Strand, one, Bexley, July 1904, L. W. Newman, 
one, E. Kent, June 1921, L. W. Newman. 

A striking ¢ underside ab. taken by me at Womenswold, June 23, 1952, 
has the whole of the underside of the forewings black, except for a small 
triangular area of buff below the discoidal, 2 of costa from base pink and 
the normal pink cilia (C.-H.). 


First Recorp, 1858: Near Folkestone (Drury, Ent. week. Int., 4: 103). 


Phragmatobia fuliginosa L.: Ruby Tiger. 


Native. Woods, marshes, wet meadows, grassy places, etc.; on bramble, 
sorrel, heather, Lamium. 


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VOL. 75 PLATE II 


Eupithecia phoeniceata 


65 


Eupithecia phoeniceata in Britain 
PARE ST. 


DISCOVERY OF A BREEDING LOCALITY AND A DESCRIPTION OF 
THE REARING FROM THE EGG. 


By Austin RICHARDSON, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


During September 1959, Baron de Worms and Mr. J. L. Messenger, 
who were visiting Tresco, came over to St. Agnes and spent the day with 
me. They mentioned a new pug which they had taken on their way out, 
near Penzance, and showed me a drawing of it. Later, I learned its 
name, that its probable foodplant was Cupressus sp., and that it occurred 
abroad, chiefly in October. 

Next year, with the new pug very much in mind, I arranged to spend 
a night near Penzance on my way to Scilly, and another one on my way 
back, as I expected that the first date, 6th September, would be too early. 
On arrival, I cruised around looking for likely spots, and eventually 
picked on a garden and asked the owner if I might collect in it. She 
could not have been more kind and Co-operative. I ran a mercury- 
vapour trap, and my wife and I collected with a Coleman lamp until 
acout ten thirty p.m. We then packed up, unsuccessful as we thought, 
leaving the trap behind us. As we drove out of the drive I saw a small 
moth fluttering inside the windscreen of the car. We stopped, and I took 
my first E. phoeniceata, very fresh, the second British specimen. No 
further specimens appeared in the trap and we left for Scilly, fullly ex- 
pecting to take a series on our return. In fact, we reached Penzance, on 
16th, in strong wind and torrential rain. Lamp collecting seemed im- 
possible, but again we ran a trap, which duly produced a further very 
fair specimen which I kept, unsuccessfully, for ova. Trunk searching and 
beating next morning produced nothing. A few days later, the fourth 
British specimen was taken, near Torquay, by Mr. F. Lees. 

Next year, 1961, we arranged to spend one night on our way out, and 
three on our way home. 4th September saw us back, in good time, and 
we had a look round in daylight. On the first tree we tried there was 
a lovely pug with a band round the base of its abdomen. Excitement ran 
high, but, alas, it proved to be a very large E. pumilata. An apparently 
ideal night produced nothing at dusk or in the trap. Too early, we 
thought. Back again on 14th, 15th and 16th September, we struck 
hurricane “Debbie”. No pugs, but fine surf-bathing and a choice selec- 
tion of migrants, including Plusia orichalcea and Luperina dumerilli, 
on the last night, in one of our two traps. We placed another in a 
likely-seeming spot some considerable distance away. Later we heard 
of E. phoeniceata from N. Somerset and S. Dorset, but of no more from 
Cornwall. 

In 1962 we planned to spend our usual night on the way and a full 
week on return, though we were somewhat afraid that the beast might 
be on the move and have left Cornwall behind it. 2nd September pro- 
duced a good night, but no pugs. 10th September saw us back again, but 
again no pugs, perhaps owing to windy conditions. At ten thirty p.m. 
on 12th, a more promising evening, I netted a number of small geometers 
flying in the neighbourhood of the trap, among them a fresh female, E. 
phoeniceata, the seventh British specimen. Next morning there was a 
male. A visit to. the other trap revealed another pair, and it was 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/111/1963 


pleasing to record another locality. 13th September was a fair night, 
but brought no pugs; to make up for this, there were three in and around 
trap No. 1 on the morning of the 15th, in a light drizzle. The moon was 
now full and trap numbers fell off and we saw no more pugs until our 
last morning, the 17th, when we found another fresh female in trap 1. 
During all the week, as previously, lamping at night and beating and 
searching by day gave absolutely no result. 

We had earlier made up our minds to keep all specimens of both 
sexes alive, as we badly wanted ova. In spite of this, we had to come 
away before any were laid, although we tried everything we could think 
of, bark, flower-buds, and other garden shrubs, as for instance ilex oak. 
At last, on 18th, we found a few eggs in the box of female No. 1, cap- 
tured 12.ix, mostly on bark, but some on macrocarpa foliage. This 
female eventually laid 13 ova, mostly on the nights of 17th, 18th. On 
19th, female No. 2, taken 17.ix, started to lay, all on foliage, the whitish 
ova showing up clearly. She too laid 13, all in two nights. These two 
females lingered on for a day or two more, but no more ova resulted 
from them, and none from the others, of which one, at least, was a 
female, it being not easy to distinguish between males and laid-out 
females. 

After about a week, most of the eggs turned a leaden colour, and 
hatching began on 30th. Most of the ova from No. 1 proved infertile in 
spite of the fact that a male had been kept with her. No 2’s ova were 
ail fertile, and 14 larvae resulted in all. They were kept in two batches, 
in small-size tin pill-boxes on fresh shoots of macrocarpa, and quickly be- 
gan to grow, though signs of feeding were hard to detect. After about 
ten days, small pieces of frass were noted sticking to their bodies, so with 
some trepidation we decided to transfer them all to sprigs standing in an 
int. bottle, its mouth plugged with cotton wool, inside a tale cylinder. 

Thereafter, we were for some time, unable to count them with cer- 
tainty owing to their incredibly cryptic build and colouring. A few fresh 
sprigs were added after a week, and the originals removed a week later, 
and so on. This treatment proved successful, and at the time of the 
annual show we knew we had at least 12 larvae, three brown and nine 
green. The four smallest. including one brown, were shown, and then 
given to Mr. G. Haggett, with whom I discussed my localities and prob- 
able dates. For some time it had been clear that the tips of the branches 
were preferred, other apparently desirable leaf tips lower down the 
branch being not so acceptable, and a preference was shown for the 
yellow-green variety of macrocarpa. One larva of each colour was blown, 
full-fed, on 19th November, and the remaining seven went down between 
2lst and 27th. The larvae were kept throughout in a cool room so that 
it is unlikely that, in Cornwall, many wild larvae would be found after 
the middle of December. 

Once more I should like to emphasize my extreme gratitude to the 
owner of the garden. I am sure she will understand if we do not publish 
he~ name. 


PART II. 
DISCOVERY OF THE WILD LARVA IN CORNWALL. 
By G. HaGGeEtt, F.R.E.S. 


I have been greatly intrigued by the first few records of E. phoeniceata 


EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA IN BRITAIN 67 


from Cornwall, and being guided by the accounts given by Milliére and 
Dietze I had already made a search for the larva during mid-December 
of 1960; that trip, while unrewarding at the time, did enable me to assess 
the extent to which Cupressus macrocarpa occurred in west Cornwall. 
This tree has been extensively group-planted throughout the area both 
for amenity in the larger towns of Penzance and St. Ives, but more 
especially with the maritime pine as a shelter species in clumps both by 
the sea and further inland, indeed, many of the farmsteads are thus 
sheltered, while on the larger estates, both trees form a significant pro- 
portion of the woodlands. Most of the older trees appear to be from 
forty to sixty years of age and have grown to handsome trees inland and 
in the sheltered hollows, but where subjected to exposure and the sea- 
winds they have naturally grown more bushy and become rather tattered 
in the upper crown. All these older trees have, however, one fact in 
common that is of great significance to the entomologist, for no matter 
how tall the trees may have grown they rarely have live foliage within 
ten feet of the ground, the lower branches having been naturally sup- 
pressed as is usual with coniferous trees, or having been pruned away. 
The result over the entire district is that despite the local abundance of 
the mature tree there is very little foliage available for beating, and it 
is this fact that contributed to my failure in 1960. 


Indeed, it is largely due to the kindness of Austin Richardson in telling 
me of his best locality that I was able this time to examine thoroughly 
a habitat that is almost alone in having a great quantity of macrocarpa 
within reach. I must also stress my indebtedness to the owner, who gave 
me every facility, and indeed, encouragement in searching for this larva 
in her lovely Cornish garden. ' 

I motored down on 27th November and set out after dark to search 
by lantern light; during two hours I found three last-instar larvae, one 
green and two brown, sitting up quite clearly on the extremities of 
macrocarpa shoots. I tried beating later that night but without sucecss. 
During the next two days I beat every scrap of macrocarpa that I could 
reach, and obtained thirty-five more larvae, but two must have suffered 
a direct hit, for they died the next day. It seemed to me that larvae were 
to be had only from the older trees, with mature, and more dense foliage 
where they appeared to hide away during the daytime, and not to come 
at all from the more luscious foliage. I could get none from the golden- 
coloured variety of cypress of which there are a good many trees in that 
part of Cornwall, but larvae certainly ate this in confinement. The bulk 
of these larvae came from a sheltered site where they were better pro- 
tected from the severe autumnal and early winter gales to which this 
part of Britain is so subject. 

I was able to identify on some trees the characteristic feeding habit 
of the phoeniceata larva, which is to eat only the bud at the very tip of 
each shoot; but cypress is very prone to shed its brittle foliage tips and 
to leave an open shoot that closely resembles one that has been attacked 
by this larva. 

In the hope of obtaining more larvae, I tried beating the higher 
reaches of trees from a pair of folding steps, and finally with the aid of 
a ladder, but the difficulties of working from so precarious a foothold 
were such as to yield only the odd one or two larvae. 

Of the total of 38 larvae collected on this expedition, the following 
analysis may indicate some idea of the life-history programme in Britain: 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1I1/1963 


Pe A FUL) TSE OTS fee hee ee ie fe 3 12 green larvae, 6 brown 
LOUGER ATSERG ier. dix vex yrs ls teen Rank tear 10 green larvae, 4 brown 
FLUO. LIUSUOT oe pic tacos lb htc EE Oe 5 green larvae, 1 brown 


I was most careful in examining each sample beaten out, which com- 
prised a great quantity of foliage both of dead and live shoots, and I do 
not think that I missed any smaller larvae. Other larvae hiding in the 
cypress were Atolmis rubricollis and tiny Cleora rhomboidaria, while 
from one lichen-clad tree came Cleora lichenaria. 

The advanced state of growth attained by most larvae at this date 
suggests that in Britain E. phoeniceata in the wild completes its larval 
growth by the end of December and possibly many have pupated, like 
those reared from the egg in captivity by A.R., by the end of November; 
the largest of these wild collected larvae began to go down within three 
days. In the southern European stations the larva is reported as feeding 
until January and February. The extremely cold spell of weather during 
2nd-7th December 1962 and since, when severe frost and iced fog covered 
the greater part of England, might suggest that this larva, if frost-tender, 
may succeed no further east than the Torquay peninsular of S. Devon, 
for whereas the rest of Britain remained in icy grip by day and night only 
this extreme west country escaped. 

My impressions gained from this visit are that phoeniceata is estab- 
lished in quantity in Cornwall but that its breeding grounds are in the 
higher reaches of mature but sheltered cypresses where it is not easy to 
obtain. 

I have noted that the larvae when in captivity rarely stray from the 
cypress foliage until they are fully grown and then they become very 
much shortened and spend a day or so roaming in search of a pupation 
site. Those in my care went down into a loose litter of dead cypress 
foliage and spun cocoons there. The procrypsis is amongst the most 
baffling of all lepidopterous larvae, both green and brown forms simulat- 
ing their environment to an astonishing degree. Only when the larva is 
fattening during its final instar can it be readily found even when on a- 
small sprig, because at this stage it is proportionately thicker for its 
length than are the surrounding shoots. In the green form the bright-red 
splash on the pale anal flap gives an extraordinarily close illusion of the 
blotched leaf-scale of the cypress or the open end of its broken shoot. 
The colour dimorphism extends to the early instar also, which is most 
unusual amongst lepidopterous larvae in general but whether this happens 
in other dimorphic Eupithecias I cannot recall. The larvae are at all 
instars quite avid feeders eating only the buds at the shoot extremities 
of mature foliage; the result in captivity is that they quickly exhaust 
their food even although there remains an apparent plenty of suitable 
green foliage. I put one last instar larva onto young shoots of Thuya 
and Lawsons cypress and I was surprised to see that it ate away the 
tips of leaf-scales of the Lawsons cypress both at the ends of the shoots 
and also along the sides; no Thuya was eaten. 


LAPHYGMA EXIGUA L. IN ISLE OF WIGHT.—I was not using light very 
much in the spring of 1962, so I missed the May flight of this species. 
However, two specimens were taken later at light on 30th September and 
Gth October respectively. The latter night was a good one, producing 
also two Leucania l-album L., one L. vitellina Hiibn., ten Aporophila nigra 
Haw., and several Eumichtis lichenea Hubn.—T. D. FEARNEHOUGH, 26 Green 
Lane, Shanklin, I.0.W. 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 69 


Yugoslavia Revisited 


V 
By RALPH COE 


THE SLOVENIAN VILLAGE OF POSTOJNE 


Early the next morning I went on by the Simplon Orient Express to 
the Slovenian village of Postojne, famous for its caves. I planned to 
spend a month collecting there before going home. Some of my Yugoslav 
friends had asked me why I wanted to stay so long at Postojne. It has 
no attractions apart from the caves, they said, and I could see them in a 
day; nobody ever stayed there more than a night unless they had to. But 
when my train was passing Postojne on the way out from England I had 
seen that it is almost surrounded by great forests, which cover most of 
the lowlands and spread high up into the mountains. For me it would be 
an ideal centre for collecting. 

Postojne has only one hotel, the Javornik, and I booked a room there. 
I found Postojne very Austrian in character. Austrian words creep into 
the language. ‘Ja’ is used for ‘Yes’ instead of the Yugoslav ‘Da’ and the 
drinking toast ‘Zdravo’ becomes ‘Prosit’. 

Soon after I arrived I went for a walk along the main road to the 
north of the village. Just as I reached the open country a small fleet of 
high powered limousines came tearing towards me on the wrong side of 
the road. I was taken completely by surprise. There was no footpath, 
and if I had stepped aside I would have landed in a muddy ditch. The 
leading car swerved to avoid me as it came level, and the driver, who 
wore military uniform, swore angrily at me in Yugoslav. I yelled back 
an uncomplimentary word. Whoever they were, they had no right to 
make their own traffic rules. Each car swerved in turn as it passed, with 
the drivers shouting and blowing blasts on their horns. I shouted back 
at them. The cars tore on towards Postojne, leaving me standing in a 
cloud of dust. 

When I turned back I walked past my hotel to see the rest of the 
village. The houses ended in a wide square, off which a road led to the 
famous caves. I was intrigued to see a large crowd of people gathered 
at the corner. Police and armed soldiers were pressing them back from 
the road. Suddenly from the direction of the caves I saw the fleet of 
limousines approaching. The hood of the leading car had been rolled 
back, and sitting there side by side were Marshal Tito and President 
Nasser! As they passed there was some clapping from the crowd, but no 
cheering. Strong-jawed, their heads erect, the dictators made a handsome 
pair. 

The reception clerk at the hotel was a young medical student, who 
had taken the job to earn some money in his summer vacation. He spoke 
good English, and we soon made friends. After I had given him my pass- 
port he handed it back to me instead of keeping if for the duration of my 
stay, as is usual. Seeing my look of surprise, he said that the district was 
full of soldiers, and that I must always carry my passport with me in case 
I was challenged; there was a large barracks on the outskirts of the 
village, where conscripts came from all parts of Yugoslavia to do their 
two years of compulsory military training. 

The atmosphere of the hotel was Victorian. The long winding staircase 
was decorated at intervals with huge pots of aspidistras. There was a 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/111/1963 


sombre air about the whole place. One drawback was the water supply, 
which only functioned in the early morning. After that I twiddled the 
taps in vain. When the water was running it had an unpleasant habit 
of suddenly changing from a gentle flow to a violent gush. The first time 
that I experienced this oddity the glass that I was holding under the tap 
was dashed from my hand against the basin. As I had only my socks 
on it was lucky that the glass did not break. The toilet had its touch of 
novelty, for the window was of clear glass without any curtains. It 
extended down almost to floor level, and the pan and its occupant were 
in full view of several windows and a back-door opposite. 

My meals at the hotel restaurant were never dull, for people of many 
nationalities were always dropping in on their way to and from the caves. 
Among them were Dutch, Danes, Germans, Austrians, French and Yugo- 
slavs. I was disappointed that no English people turned up during the 
whole month that I was there. 

My first day’s collecting at Postojne was eventful. I followed a foot- 
path leading to the wooded mountain slopes to the north of the village. 
The scenery was lovely and varied. The path wound through small 
' pastures hemmed in by dense woods. It was utterly peaceful as I unfolded 
my net and began to collect. Syrphidae were abundant on the flowers of 
various Umbelliferae that fringed the path, and in a short while I had 
taken some interesting species of that family. These included Didea fasciata 
Macquart, Syrphus lapponicus Zetterstedt, Chrysotoxum fasciolatum 
Degeer, C. intermedium Meigen, C. octomaculatum Curtis, Cheilosia 
canicularis Panzer, C. soror Zetterstedt, C. carbonaria Egger, C. impressa 
Loew, Eristalis pratorum Meigen (a species closely resembling the common 
E. tenax Linnaeus), Merodon rufa Meigen, M. constans Rossi, and Eumerus 
amoenus Loew. Several species of Conopidae were also visiting the 
blooms, and of these I netted Conops flavipes Linnaeus, Leopoldius 
signatus Wiedemann, Physocephala rufipes Fabricius, and Thecophora 
fulvipes Robineau-Desvoidy. Sweeping amongst long grass in an adjacent 
meadow I took a long series of both sexes of an extremely rare Opomyzid > 
Opomyza thalhammeri Strobl, and at the edge of a small wood I took 
both sexes of the Rhagioniid, Rhagio conspicuus Latreille. From the 
felled trunk of a Pinus I was excited to capture three males and ten 
females of an uncommon Asilid, Cyrtopogon lateralis Fallén. 

Just as I was congratulating myself on choosing such an excellent 
locality I was startled to hear a tremendous crashing among the trees. 
The next moment two soldiers came running up with their rifles at the 
ready. I dived my hand into my haversack and brought out my passport 
to show them. They flicked over the pages, but it obviously conveyed 
nothing to them. They handed it back. After they had talked the matter 
over, each caught hold of one of my arms and they began to march me 
away. I protested in vain. I felt furious at my collecting being inter- 
rupted just when I was doing so well. They took me back for some 
distance along the path, and then turned off into a small wood. We 
came to a clearing. Outside a long hut soldiers were lounging about. 
They eyed me curiously as my captors took me inside. One of the men 
picked up a telephone and spoke excitedly into the mouthpiece. It was 
evident that they took me for a spy. 

I sat in the hut for over half an hour impatiently waiting for develop- 
ments. Then an officer walked in. He listened to what the soldiers had 
to say, and examined my passport. But it failed to satisfy him, and he 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED ral: 


took me to the barracks near the village. I was left in the charge of the 
sentry at the entrance while the officer went inside. After a few minutes 
I was taken into an office, and left alone with a young Yugoslav in 
civilian clothes. We sat down on opposite sides of a table, and he studied 
me in silence for a while. Suddenly in English he asked to see my 
passport. After studying it thoroughly he asked me what I was doing 
in Postojne. I told him that I was collecting insects, and brought out 
a box to show him. He asked where I had come from. I said Zagreb. 
“Then you must go back there, or at any rate leave Postojne without 
delay”, came his reply. I protested that I was not a tourist, but was 
carrying out scientific work that would benefit his own country as well 
as mine. It was essential that I should stay at Postojne for a whole month. 
He could confirm all that I had told him by telephoning to Dr. Gojkovi¢ 
at the museum in Belgrade. He picked up the instrument and, fortunately 
for me, managed to contact him. Dr. Gojkovié must have spoken strongly 
on my behalf, for my questioner’s expression softened and he told me 
that the soldiers would be instructed to let me carry out my work in 
peace. We shook hands, and I went away. 

All day long a stream of cars and coaches were bringing visitors to the 
caves, but in the evenings the villagers had Postojne to themselves, apart 
from the soldiers. People stood gossiping outside their houses or strolled 
about the streets. In the cafés men played interminable games of chess. 
There was a small cinema in the main square. The films shown while I 
was there were all either Yugoslav or Japanese. To judge from the 
posters displayed outside they seemed to be singularly crude efforts 
and I was not tempted to go in. 

Postojne has the smallest street-market that I have seen anywhere. 
One day there was excitement when a strolling fortune-teller took up 
his pitch there. I joined the small crowd that quickly collected round him. 
He placed on the ground a long box. It had two divisions. In one there 
was a plump guinea-pig, while in the other were stacked folded pieces 
of paper, on which the various ‘fortunes’ were written. For a few dinars 
a time, the man held the guinea-pig over the papers. Without hesitation 
it seized one between its teeth. The ‘fortune’ was then handed to the 
customer, who usually read it out to the onlookers to the accompaniment 
of much merriment. 

Egel Alois, the young reception clerk at the hotel, took a great interest 
in my collecting, and always wanted to see my day’s captures. He was 
a native of Rakek, a small village about twelve miles to the north-east 
of Postojne. He described the surrounding district in such glowing terms 
that I decided to spend a day there. So one morning I set out on foot to 
find the place. Egel had drawn me a plan of the route. For a few miles 
out of Postojne I followed a winding road with dense forests on either 
side. But soon it began dividing again and again, and without Egel’s 
plan I would certainly have become utterly lost. I tramped on without 
meeting anyone. 

Then I came to a finger-post nailed to a tree. It read, ‘Skocjanske 
Jame’, and pointed to a tremendous gorge by the side of the road. The 
rock-face dropped sheer for several hundred feet. Gnarled trees hung 
from it at curious angles. I walked on, looking in vain for a way down. 
After about a quarter of a mile the road turned to the left, and a forest 
closed round the chasm. I followed a sharply descending path through 
the trees. It gradually became more wet and slippery, until it ended 


V2. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11/1963 


in a scooped-out hollow in a massive outcrop of rock. In the gloom I 
could make out on one side the yawning mouth of a cave, and on the 
other a small opening, through which came a glimmer of light. I crawled 
through, and found myself on the boulder-strewn floor of the gorge. 

It was a weird place. Between the weed-covered boulders there were 
deep pools of clear water. Weed extended up the sides for quite thirty 
feet. Tabanidae were settling by the pools to drink, and I began 
collecting them. It was difficult to keep my foothold on the wet slippery 
boulders, but I managed to capture a number, which all proved to be 
Tabanus bromius Linnaeus. Ephydridae were skimming over the surface 
of the pools, and of this family I took a series of both sexes of Athyroglossa 
glabra Meigen. In the same situation I netted two species of Borboridae 
—two males and a female of Spinotarsella humida Haliday and a female 
of Opacifrons coxata Stenhammer. As I went further into the gorge I 
kept looking back at the small opening that was the only way out, and 
could hardly shake off an urge to hurry back and leave the place as 
quickly as possible. But my fear seemed unreasonable, and I stayed an 
hour there. 

Back in the hotel that evening Egel sat listening to my account of the 
day’s happenings. When he heard that I had been in the gorge of 
Skocjanske Jame he threw up his hands, and said that I had taken a 
terrible risk. The cave that opened into the gorge was a source of ever- 
present danger, he said. It extended for over twenty miles into the 
heart of the mountains, and a distant rainstorm often sends a boiling 
torrent of water rushing through the galleries to burst out of the cave 
mouth in a concentrated spout and rapidly flood the gorge. Several 
people had been drowned there, and none of the local inhabitants would 
dream of entering it. 

One evening there was a great stir in the village. A large batch of 
fresh conscripts had just arrived to start their two years of national 
service. They came from all over Yugoslavia. I stood at my bedroom . 
window watching the long procession straggling past the hotel on the way 
to the barracks. Some were in singlet and trousers, others of the student 
class wore lounge suits. There were proud dark-skinned Montenegrins 
with their traditional little pill-box shaped hats of black and red cloth, 
long black coats and baggy trousers tucked into thick white stockings. 
Some carried their belongings tied in a cloth or in a brown paper parcel, 
while a few had a large suit-case on their shoulder. It was a riotous 
evening at the hotel, for many of the newcomers spent their last hours as 
civilians in getting gloriously drunk. As the evening wore on things 
began to get out of hand. It was past midnight when the hotel door closed 
on the last protesting stragglers. But a small group stayed in the road 
outside the hotel singing to the music of a guitar until well into the night. 

(to be continued) 


PRECOCIOUS EMERGENCE OF A Nun MotH (LYMANTRIA MONACHA LINN.)— 
On 19th October I found a giant female of this moth drying its wings at 
the foot of an oak tree in Pondhead Inclosure in the New Forest. I used 
to find the pupa spun up on shallow depressions on the trunks of Douglas 
fir, usually beneath a small branch, at Thetford, Norfolk, and have beaten 
the larva from Scots pine in Sussex, but more frequently from oak. On 
the continent this larva can become a pest attacking coniferous trees.—G. 
HaGccett. 10.11.1962. 


BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, ST ANN’S BAY, JAMAICA 73 


Butterflies and Moths in the Neighbourhood of 
the Windsor Hotel, St Ann’s Bay, Jamaica, 
February 16th to March 6th and March 11th 
to March 15th 1962 


By J. L. CAMPBELL 


In the early spring of 1962 my wife who had been taken ill in America 
during the winter was advised to recuperate in a warm climate so we 
decided to take the opportunity of spending a few weeks in Jamaica 
where a Campbell forebear of mine had been governor for a brief period 
in the eighteenth century. The opportunity of making a collection of 
tropical lepidoptera was too good to be missed, so we decided to select 
a hotel with this object in mind. The large (and sometimes rather brassy) 
hotels with private beaches along the north shore were not considered 
suitable for this purpose, as apart from being too expensive from our 
point of view, the ground available for entomology was limited to their 
gardens and too public. Hotels situated in towns, chiefly Kingston, were 
also ruled out. Eventually, after a prolonged study of the guide books, we 
picked on the Windsor Hotel near St Ann’s Bay. This hotel is situated 
about half a mile inland and about three hundred feet above sea level, 
and is an old plantation house. 


It was a fortunate choice. Not only was a considerable variety of 
terrain immediately accessible from the hotel itself, but the lessee and his 
wife, Mr. and Mrs. H. Bentley, turned out to be interested in butterflies 
and tolerant of the eccentricities of entomologists, and gave us every 
encouragement. Indeed eventually co-operation was widespread, 
especially in the matter of moths, of which we collected over a hundred 
different kinds, including seven kinds of hawk moths, around the hotel 
lights and in our bedrooom. The atmosphere of the Windsor Hotel, which 
is popular with literary people, was quiet but cheerful. Our host and 
hostess did everything they could to make our stay there enjoyable and I 
can recommend their hotel to any entomologist who thinks of visiting 
Jamaica, without reserve. 


I regret that in describing our butterfly hunting I am greatly handi- 
capped by a complete ignorance of tropical botany. The hotel stands in 
its own grounds of about seven acres of garden and lawns with trees and 
bushes. On the east side the ground slopes steeply down to a river valley 
full of wild flowers and shrubs; on the other side of the river, there is a 
coconut plantation. We did not find much in the coconut plantation, but 
there was plenty in the river valley and plenty in the hotel garden. On 
the west side there is rising ground and a fence through which one could 
easily slip into a mixed forest which has large clearings, and steep slopes 
covered with shrubs. This forest is not old: it consists of land that has 
reverted to forest within the last hundred years. Indeed during the course 
of my explorations, I came across an overgrown graveyard with inscribed 
gravestones over 130 years old, and also overgrown sites of cottages. The 
forest clearings, and the shrub-covered slopes, swarmed with butterflies, 
and it was a great joy to see as many as twelve or fifteen species flying 
together in these places. 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/111/1963 


There are no poisonous snakes in Jamaica, though the mongooses 
imported to control them have themselves become pests. There were, 
however, plenty of ticks in the forest (cattle were grazing there), and we 
soon found it was advisable to anoint one’s ankles heavily with tick 
repellent and have a hot bath the first thing after returning from collect- 
ing there. Flies and mosquitoes were not troublesome. The heat, 
however, made energetic butterfly chasing difficult, and unless something 
really unusual, like Metamorpha stelenes L., was encountered, it was 
better to stand and wait (within the shade if possible) for the butterflies 
to fly within reach of the net. Sunset was around 6.30 p.m., and the 
display put on by the fireflies thereafter was magnificent. Some of them 
used to follow the moths into our vaulted bedroom at night (the light 
being left on in the window to attract lepidoptera) and could afterwards 
be watched flying around the room. One moth which came very fre- 
quently into the hotel resembled a large ‘burnet’. 


The two periods spent at the Windsor Hotel were broken by a drive 
around the west end of the island and some days spent at Kingston during 
which a visit was paid to the Jamaica Institute for the purpose of 
identifying the captures as far as possible, and I must express our thanks 
to the Curator, Mr. Bernard Lewis, and the Assistant Curator, Mr. R. P. 
Bengry, for their kindness and help. After our return to Scotland, 
certain specimens were sent to Mr. N. D. Riley at the British Museum for 
identification—mostly specimens taken after our return to the Windsor 
Hotel on 11th March. 


The object pursued was to make a local collection in the neighbourhood 
of the hotel. No attempt was made to collect at large. Ultimately, forty 
species of butterflies were captured and identified. Fifteen of these were 
‘skippers’. This total of forty species represents a third of the butterflies 
known to exist in Jamaica, quite a successful result in the time available. 
Mr. Bentley is carrying on collecting after us and it is to be hoped that 
he will be able to get further specimens of M. stelenes and confirm whether . 
or not the race biplagiata is established in the district (see under M. 
stelenes in the following list.) 

Until Mr. Bernard Heineman’s eagerly awaited book on the butterflies 
of Jamaica is published, the only help available to the collector there is 
is Holland’s ‘Butterfly Book’, and the handbook of North American 
butterflies east of the Rockies published by Klotz. The majority of species 
we took can be found in Klotz’s book, and I have added the English 
names he gives for them. Species marked by an asterisk were identified 
by Mr. N. D. Riley; in some other cases, particularly of the Skippers, I 
am indebted to Mr. R. P. Bengry for identifications. 


Calisto zangis (Fabricius). This is the only Satyrid on Jamaica, slightly 
reminiscent of the Scots Argus. It was to be found in shady places 
and was not uncommon. 

Heliconius charitonius (Linnaeus) (The Zebra). Very common in shady 
places. 

Agraulis vanillae (Linn.) (Gulf Fritillary). Fairly common. Specimens 
smaller and paler than those I have taken in Florida and South 
Carolina. 

Dryas julia delila (Fabricius) (Julia). Very common. 

Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer) (Mexican Fritillary). On open ground in the 
hotel garden. 


BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, ST ANN’S BAY, JAMAICA 75 


Precis evarete zonalis (Felder) (Buckeye). Occasionally encountered. 

Anartia jatrophae jamaicensis (Johannson) (White Peacock). Abundant 
everywhere, the commonest butterfly. 

Metamorpha stelenes (Linn.) (The Malachite). Two specimens only. The 
first, taken towards the end of February, caused considerable 
interest at the Jamaica Institute as it approached the form 
biplagiata which is said not to have been recorded from Jamaica 
since it was figured by Hans Sloane. The second, taken on 12.iii.62 
after our return to the Windsor Hotel, though not having the extra 
spot of biplagiaia, is larger and more strongly marked than speci- 
mens from other parts of the island given to me by Mr. Bengry in 
exchange for my first specimen, which is now at the Institute. 

Both specimens of this very fine butterfly were taken in the 
same spot, a corner of a large clearing in the forest; they were 
the only specimens encountered. It is by no means an easy 
butterfly to catch, as the black and green marking matches perfectly 
the vegetation in the light and shade of broken sunlight. 

Anaea troglodyta portia (Fabricius). One specimen only, in forest clear- 
ing. No others seen. 

Dynamine zetes (Ménétries). In the forest, flying around the foliage of 
trees. The sexes of this butterfly are very different, the male 
resembles a miniature Purple Emperor; the female is bronze green 
with a black border, but undersides are identical. Not easy to 
catch in good condition. 

Colobura (Gynoecia) avinoffi. The “Banana Butterfly”. Slight 
resemblance to a White Admiral. One caught sitting on a tree 
trunk in shade, and two others seen, one flying into the hotel 
veranda and out again. 

Cystineura dorcas (Fabricius). An attractive butterfly resembling the 
Mestra amymone figured by Holland on Plate XXIV of ‘The Butter- 
fly Book’; slightly reminiscent of our Orange Tip. Very common. 

Strymon columella cybira (Fab.) (Columella Hairstreak). Single speci- 
men, in forest. 

Strymon bazochii (Godart) (Bazochii Hairstreak). Single specimen, in 
forest. More of these Hairstreaks were seen, but they were not 
easy to catch, always fluttering and darting very close to bushes 
and branches which interfered with the net. 

Leptotes cassius theonus (Cramer) (Cassius Blue). Common. 

*Hemiargus hanno (Stoll). Common. 

Papilio polydamas (Linn.) (Polydamas Swallowtail). 

Papilio andraemon (Sharpe) (Andraemon Swallowtail). Both these 
Swallowtails were encountered singly quite often, but never seen 
in numbers. Andraemon, I am told, extended its range to Jamaica 
about eighteen years ago after a hurricane. 

Phoebis sennae (Linn.) (Cloudless Sulphur). Common. 

Phoebis agarithe (Boisduval) (Large Orange Sulphur). Also common. 
Both these Sulphurs are very powerful fliers and by no means easy 
to net. 

*Eurema lisa (Boisduval & Leconte) (Little Sulphur). Common. 

*Eurema elathea (Cramer). Common. 

*Eurema messalina (Fab.) (Tropical Small White). Common. 

*Eurema nise (Cramer). Three specimens, two males and a female. Mr. 
N. D. Riley tells me this is an interesting capture. 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11II/1963 


All these small sulphurs and whites were flying together and it 
is quite impossible to tell them apart on the wing, so it is not 
possible for me to say how common nise was, compared to the 
others. 

Ascia monuste (Linn.) (Great Southern White). Fairly common, and 
more powerful in flight than specimens I had seen in Florida. Not 
at all easy to catch. 

Polygonus savigny (Latreille) (Hammock Skipper). Two specimens. 

Urbanus proteus (Linn.) (Long-tailed Skipper). Common. 

Chioides catillus sb.sp. churchi (Bell & Comstock). Fairly common. 

Cabares potrillo (Lucas) (Potrillo Skipper). One specimen. 

Pyrgus syrichtus (Fab.) (Tropical Chequered Skipper). Common. 

Achlyodes janus (Bell & Comstock). One specimen, in forest. 

*Achlyodes thrax mithridates (Fab.). One, in forest. 

*Ephyriades brunnea jamaicensis (Méschler). One specimen. Others 
seen. 

Wallengrenia otho sb. sp. vesuria (Plétz) (Broken Dash). Common. 

Lerodea eufala (Edwards) (Eufala Skipper). One specimen. 

Lerodea tripuncta (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Three-Spotted Skipper). 

Pyrrhocales antiqua jamaicensis (Schaus). One specimen of this strik- 
ingly marked Skipper was found on the hotel veranda. (Identified 
by Mr. R. P. Bengry.) 

*Nyctelius nyctelius nyctelius (Latreille) (Nyctelius Skipper). One 
specimen. 

*Perichares philetes philetes (Gmelin) (Dolores’ Skipper). One specimen. 

Two other kinds of butterfly were seen but not caught. One, the same 
size as P. sennae, was yellow with heavy orange markings. The other was 

a very large russet butterfly of extremely powerful flight seen crossing 

a large clearing in the forest. I was informed by Mr. Bengry that this 

was probably Historis odia (Fab.), which Holland calls ‘The Great Nymph’. 


Isle of Canna. 


unin Lepidoptera in 1962 
By R. FaIRCLOUGH 


There could not have been a greater contrast than between 1961 and 
1962. Instead of mild weather with many early emergences in March, we 
had the coldest March for seventy years. Moreover, as much of the rest of 
the year was colder than usual, moths continued to emerge late through- 
out the season. At no time was there a hot spell to encourage the kind of 
recovery to normal dates that takes place after any period of inclement 
weather in most years. 

On 20th April my son and I left Lancaster for the Spey Valley having 
seen our first Gonopteryx rhamni L. the previous day near Carnforth. 
En route we found a few fresh Poecilopsis lapponaria Biosd. on the road- 
side posts near Tummel Bridge, but could see none at Struan where we 
had found them almost over in early April 1961. 

This year we stayed at Dulnain Bridge, on the Inverness-shire side of 
the border, and the trap was a great success for we had a week which 
warmed up considerably. The catches varied between 80 and 250 per 
night. On the first night, Achlya flavicornis L. (just emerging) and 
Colostygia multistrigaria Haw. were in big numbers with one Xylena 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1962 Me 


vetusta Hubn. The night of the 22nd produced an X. exsoleta L. with the 
first Lycia hirtaria Clerk. On the following four nights, two male and 
one female Endromis versicolora L. came with four more vetusta and five 
more exsoleta. These were kept alive, but only the second species paired 
and laid. The resultant larvae developed a virus disease when I was 
away at Whitsuntide, and though a few pupated, the pupae died. 


By the end of the week, hirtaria was the commonest species with 
Orthosia gothica L. (including many gothicina), while the flavicornis 
were past their best. One motn we saw in small numbers, about one 
per night, was Acleris niveana F., a species I had hoped for the previous 
Easter. 

We spent the first day exploring for sallow blossom, and smoking for 
hikernated microlepidoptera, without much success, for the sallow was 
out hardly anywhere. We tried a few near Aviemore on more than one 
occasion without seeing anything but an odd Orthosia or two. Results 
from smoking were thin too. The generator was taken to Aviemore on 
the 21st and 23rd, on both occasions with quite good results. We were 
pleased to take a few Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp., about in the same 
condition as early April last year, and the females of Chlorochlista 
miata L. from which we bred a fine series in July. 

One evening spent searching bog myrtle was a waste of time, there 
being no sign of any larvae, but we noted the first Lampropteryx 
suffumata Schiff. 

The daytime collecting, as ever in this area, was most interesting. On 
the 22nd we went to the small pines near Loch an Eilein where we had 
collected Petrova resinella L. galls in 1961. Here, in the sunshine, 
Rhyacionia logaea Durr. was just out, and on the rough ground Alan 
proved by far the better with the net. Some of the old galls were col- 
lected and a few Laspeyresia cosmophorana Treits. were bred in May. 
Here too, we at last saw some Crested Tits, having good views of them 
on the pines by the loch through the glasses. 

On the 23rd (Easter Monday) we went up to the Banff-Aberdeen 
border, beyond Tomintoul, but we found too much snow. We returned 
to Abernethy Forest where we smoked the heather taking Acleris 
maccana Treits., Plutella incarnatella Steud. and P. maculipennis Curt. 
Cowberry was then searched, a few Coleophora cases being found (one 
C. glitzella Hofn. was bred later). Spinnings of Rhopobota ustomaculana 
Curt. were commoner. We saw our first bird migrant of the year, a 
Wheatear. 

By the 24th we noted that logaea was much more worn in condition, 
showing how quickly these small species are over; they emerge usually 
en masse, and disappear, if the weather is suitable for flight, fairly 
quickly. On Granish Moor, we collected larvae (and a few pupae) of 
Olethreutes arbutella L. and O. mygindana Schiff. These emerged well 
about a month later, the second species slightly ahead of the first. 

On the following day we went to Findhorn. We were so struck by a 
large male sallow flowering by the roadside that we measured its girth, 
finding it 8 feet at a yard from the ground. This may not be any record, 
but it certainly looked unusally big. At Findhorn we found more signs 
of spring, the birches looking green, and two A. urticae L. A large flock 
of wild geese was flying along the coast, and a seal lazing in the estuary 
waters, disappeared promptly when a fisherman appeared with a rifle. 
On our way back, in Darnaway Forest, we heard the first Willow 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/I1I/1963 


Warbler, and saw a solitary Swallow flying over Lochindorb, travelling 
south. We had neither seen nor heard any of the summer visitors in 
Surrey before we left on the 18th, another late record. 

After spending part of the morning of the 26th working sallows, in the 
hope of finding Epinotia crenana Hiibn., we climbed Cairngorm, if one 
can call using the ski road and lift climbing. We were disappointed in 
not seeing any ptarmigan, but the warm sunshine and good views were 
adequate compensation. 

We had another glorious day for our return to Lancaster on the 27th, 
seeing Sand Martins and a Ring Ouzel in the Sma’ Glen, and a number 
of Nymphalis io L. on the sallows, which were much more in bloom, 
near Crieff. Afterwards, we remembered this week as being the only 
good one of the spring. 

May, in Surrey, can be passed over quickly, there being one good 
night on the 4th when, though the temperature was 45° F. falling to 40°, 
sixteen Eupithecia irriguata Hiibn. came to’ the m.v. lamp at Chidding- 
fold, and a female Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. As the ova from this 
produced pupae, there is a hope of retrieving previous failures in 
breeding this species. 

Back in Scotland on 9th June, Ron Parfitt and I, having travelled 
overnight to Perth, set off for Dulnain Bridge via Braemar, thinking we 
might search for Zygaena exulans Hoh. larvae. In Glen Clunie we 
spotted a Common Gull sitting on a nest on a small island in the river. 
We then spent six hours on the Burnet quest in cold, windy, though 
fortunately dry, weather. Both larvae and pupae were found, the first 
either on crowberry, or sitting on rocks, and the cocoons low down, 
usually under heather shoots. At the same time I collected a lot of 
Lithocolletis junoniella Zell. mines in the bearberry. The only moths 
seen were two Anarta melanopa Thunb., a few Ortholitha scotica Cock., 
and quite a lot of Eupithecia vuigata Haw. 

Having arrived at our destination at seven-thirty, we had trouble . 
with our traps, Somewhere near a quarter of a mile of fiex being used. 
When we retired after midnight, only one trap was going. 

Sunday the tenth was another windy, cold day. Having spent part of 
the morning putting the traps in order, we went to Aviemore. In a 
brief sunny period we saw arbutella and a few other species (one 
Grapholita dorsana F.) at Granish, then went into the valley by the 
Burma Road hoping for Hydriomena ruberata Freyer. Moths were very 
scarce, two only of the Highflier being taken, but I was lucky enough 
to catch a good var., albocrenata Curtis, of Electrophaes corylata Thunb. 
L. and we took the first Ancylis myrtillana Treits., the small upward 
projection of the dark dorsal patch on the forewings serving to distin- 
guish it from A. badiana Schiff. (lundana F.) which we also saw in 
Moray while we were there. 

When we switched on the traps that evening, we found that a calf 
hai chewed through the wire which we had carefully laid along the top 
of a barbed wire boundary fence. We had no daylight left to do any- 
thing that night, but we sugared, taking only five moths. However, one 
was Hyppa rectilinea Esp., a species we wanted. Walking round small 
bushes in the wood with handlamps, proved most profitable, for by this 
means we took Parornix scotinella Staint., Argyresthia conjugella Zell. 
and Atemelia torquatella Zell. 

The fiex for the traps was hoisted the next morning, Whit Monday, 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1962 79 


into the birches so that it was out of reach of the cattle, the lichen with 
which they are so well covered, making the job somewhat dusty. As we 
werked we considered our ignorance of the law in respect of electro- 
cuted calves, and were thankful that this one chose the daylight hours 
for its wire-chewing. 

After all this, trapping turned out to be just as poor as it had been 
good at Easter, most of the moths that came being rather worn, and 
some like miata and Odontosia carmelita Esp. being old age pensioners. 
Rusina tenebrosa Hubn. was fresh, in rather blackish forms, and a 
number of Eupithecia intricata came from the junipers. It was disap- 
pointing that no rectilinea appeared and only one Hadena contigua Schiff. 

We drove to Loch Morlich later on, and tried the ground there for 
microlepidoptera. Even Neofaculata belulea Haw. was not common on 
the heather, but we were pleased to see odd specimens of Lita longicornis 
Cart., Pseudococcyx turionella L. and P. posticana Zett. 

Passing on to the Cairngorm car park we climbed the mountain side, 
finding no insects except two Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw. (politana 
Haw.). 

One of our objectives was Eupithecia pini Retz., and on the 11th we 
visited an area of spruce to the north of Grantown-on-Spey working by 
the main roadside to Forres. The light was a failure, but two rectilinea 
and one Apatele menyanthidis View. came to sugar. We were astounded 
by the quietness of the road, only four vehicles passing in two hours. 
The driver of one, a lorry, was equally surprised by our light, for he 
halted and asked could he be of any help to us. Our other night, at 
Aviemore on the 12th was equally poor, but I sugared a long stretch of 
posts and had about a hundred moths. Six rectilinea, including females, 
were the best catch, others being menyanthidis, tenebrosa, Euplexia 
lucipera L., Apamea crentata Hiibn. (rurea F.), Hada nana Hufn., Hadena 
thalassina Hufn., and Tethen duplaris L. The moths did not start ap- 
pearing on the sugar until about midnight. From the rectilinea some 
specimens were bred between August and October, the other larvae 
following what I thought was their normal habit of hibernating. 


One of our main reasons for being in the area was that we wanted to 
search for Amathes alpicola Zett. pupae. We hoped early in the week 
that the weather would settle down, but when Wednesday came, with only 
two days left, we climbed the Burma Road, despite the ciouds from which 
we had drizzle in the late afternoon. Having searched the plateau, and 
found a suitable looking area, R.P., in his usual efficient manner, proved 
we were right by turning up a pupa immediately. We were fortunate to 
have hit a year when they were not uncommon. 

Remembering the previous year’s experiences, I had assured my com- 
panion that such moths as Apatele euphorbiae Schiff. and menyanthidis 
were always to be found on posts, but we found none throughout the 
week. On top, we saw no flying insects except two Olethreutes 
schulziana F. These were a surprise being out so early in such a back- 
ward year and at such an altitude. We came across three out of the 
four Nemophora species during the week, swammerdamella L., pilella F., 
and swartziella Zell. 

There was so much wind that night that sugar did very badly. The 
14th was worse, with a gale blowing. Wandering round the wood in the 
morning produced nothing, there being no shelter, while the sight of 
large pines in the plantation, whipping and bending was disconcerting. 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/III/1963 


After Junch we decided to brave the wind, as there was nothing else to 
be done, and returned again to the a'picola hunt. We found some more, 
and had good views, as there was much sunshine, but the wind was 
unpleasant. On our way down we followed the stream, but even there, 
the wind blew and no moths were put up. 

One of the noticeable features of the week had been the untouched 
state of the tree leaves. In 1961, larvae of Erranis marginaria F. dropped 
from every birch. 

We followed the main A.9 route to Perth the next day with the gale 
still blowing, so that stops near Aviemore to search aspens for Leucoptera 
susinella H-S. were as useless as we had expected. However, searching 
for larvae of Entephria flavicinctata Hiibn. when we came across some 
yellow mountain saxifrage was successful, but we could find no sign of 
the Zellaria which also feeds on this plant. Perhaps the altitude was 
wrong. 

Local expeditions in June-July were not of any interest, but I had a 
long day in the Breck on 30th June, arriving there before 10 a.m. I had 
determined to make as thorough an exploration and search as I could for 
Emmelia trabealis Scop. It was a pleasant day but trabealis was not to 
be found, nor were the other Breck specialities except for one Anepia 
irregularis Hufn. which I found resting on its foodplant. With the smaller 
fry there was a better result, for working round conifers produced 
Oenerostoma piniariella Zell., Cedestis farinatella Dup., C. gysseleniella 
Dup., Blastotere laevigatella H-S., Epinotia rubiginosana H-S., and a 
bright Argyresthia caught near Tuddenham which proved to be cornella F. 


In the evening I met Stuart Coxey, and we put on our m.v. lamps 
near Barton Mills. I was hoping for Euschesis orbona Hufn. in particular, 
but we did not see this species, though I heard later that some were taken 
that night a few miles away. Altogether, we saw over fifty species, with 
moths like Agrotes vestigialis Hufn. Hadena bicolorata Hufn. (serena 
Schiff.), Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn., and H. reticulata Vill. well repre-. 
sented as usual in that area, but only one poor Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. 
(dipsacea L.) and one Lithostege griseata Schiff. of the more local species. 

The event of the year was the taking of a Trisateles emortualis Schiff. 
in July on the Chilterns. This was one of five specimens taken on three 
successive nights, but although the hunt went on for further nights, no 
more were seen. A moth not recorded for over a century, as in this 
case, is as exciting as a new species, but the details of the capture must be 
left for another occasion. 

As I have never collected in Devon, it was with great expectations 
that I drove to Croyde on the north coast on 28th July. We arrived in 
close, hazy weather about mid-day, having beaten the traffic jams by 
making an early start. The garden where we stayed was ideal for the 
trap, having grass walks and shrubberies, and being well sheltered. The 
Croyde sandhills were about six hundred yards to the west. 

Alan and I took the generator to the cliffs that evening and had one of 
those perfect nights that happen so rarely on the coast. It was still 
hazy, and the temperature remained above 55° F. As soon as we 
started at ten o’ clock, moths began to pour in, and inside half-an-hour 
we had already taken two of the species on our list, Eilema caniola Hiibn. 
and Leucania putrescens Hiibn. With them were Agrotis trux Hiibn., 
Cryphia muralis Forst. and an Ammogrotis lucernea L. which we were 
also glad to see. The late season meant that the putrescens were fresh, 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1962 81 


and we saw about twenty of these by midnight, at which time we packed 
u» having had a twenty-one hour day. Dolicharthia punctalis Schiff. 
came to the light, and a Batia lambdella Don. was netted over the low 
gorse. 

The following morning the trap had been too successful, showers of 
scales falling through the drainage holes when it was lifted. Moreover, 
to add to the milling mass of moths there was a sparrow. This was a 
surprise, for birds unused to traps do not usually make themselves a 
nuisance on the first night. In this garden I had to rise at dawn each 
day to beat them. By so doing, I was able to see the moths sitting about 
each morning, and I recorded (altogether) one hundred and sixteen 
species (macrolepidoptera) in the first week, but only three additional 
ones in the second week, owing to the poor weather. The commonest 
species were Eilema lurideola Zinck (over 100 were sat about one night) 
and Apamea monoglypha Hufn. The last is always a likely winner in a 
numbers competition, but I have never found lurideola in large numbers 
before. We had caniola in singles throughout, trux commonly, a few 
muralis at the beginning, a few Unca triplasia L. but more tripartita 
Hufn., a few Cleorodes lichenearia Hufn. and odd specimens of Leucania 
litoralis Curt. and Agrotis vertigialis Hufn., albicolon, Apamea scolo- 
pacina Esp., Cucullia absinthia L., Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. The 
only migrant species was Laphyma exigua Hubn., of which two turned 
up (this moth was widespread in 1962). Nothing exceptional among the 
microlepidoptera was seen, but conditions were not good after the first 
night. It was interesting to note that putrescens did not fly the neces- 
sary half mile from the shore to the trap. 

On the 29th, in sunshine, we walked over the cliffs to Baggy Point, 
seeing autumnal squills in the turf, and kaffir figs on the cliff faces, but 
very few butterflies. The evening turned out to be cool, windy, and use- 
less when we tried the cliffs again with m.v. light. 

Thereafter, the weather deteriorated. Although we had odd sunny 
days on the 31st, the 2nd, 4th and 5th August, conditions became cooler 
with a northerly wind. Finallly, about two inches of rain fell on Bank 
Holiday Monday, and the rest of the week remained cold and mainly wet. 

During most of the time we continued to try to collect. As we were 
looking for Lygephila craccae Schiff. any of the foodplant we found was 
shaken and smoked without any trace of the moth being seen. We also 
tried the m.v. light. On 2nd August we carried down the engine to the 
shore at Bucks Mills. Although craccae was not there, an Alcis jubata 
Thunb. and a dark form of hadena conspersa Schiff., were consolations, 
while the site, with the sea on one side and the tree-covered cliffs be- 
hind us stretching to the twinkling lights of Clovelly, was a pleasant one. 

Having found more wood vetch on the cliffs east of Ilfracombe, in a 
place to which it was possible to drive, the place was tried on the nights 
of 4th and 8th August. On the first occasion, the most interesting sight 
was a Dioryctria splendidella H-S., while odd caniola, lucernea and 
Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. appeared. The 8th produced about forty- 
five species, but nothing out of the ordinary. 

A few hours spent on Braunton Burrows on the 5th gave us swarms 
of Caryocolum marmoreum Haw. and Bryotrepha desertella Dougl. by 
smcking the dunes, while odd specimens of Pammene spiniana Dup. (this 
sat on the car bonnet) and Stomopteryx taeniolella Zell. were caught. In 
a damp area where numbers of marsh helliborines gerw,, Melanargia 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/III/1963 


galathea L., Argynnis aglaia L., io, and Lycaena phloeas L. were noted, 
the other butterflies seen, being Pieris rapae L., P. napi L., Maniola 
jurtina L., tithonus L., Eumenis semele L., Polyommatus icarnus Rott., 
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. Male Lasiocampa quercus L. quartering the 
burrows were commoner than any butterflies. 

That night on Saunton Down, very little came to the light, and there 
was plenty of time to gaze at the light-houses at Hartland, Lundy and 
the Burrows. There is something special about collecting on the coast, 
with the views at night of vast distances lit by passing ships and warning 
beacons, which give some compensation even on a poor night for moths, 

After the wet Bank Holiday, we set off on the 7th to the south coast 
hoping to disturb some Eupiagia quadripunctaria Poda from the hedges. 
It was late in that day when the rain, which had continued in a lighter 
form, ceased. Nothing was seen except one Phthorrimoea maculea. Even 
under these cold, miserable conditions, we thought we ought to have seen 
an odd tiger, but concluded we were too early. I have since heard that 
the species was indeed not out. 

There was a little sunshine on the morning of the 9th, so we tried 
smoking on sheltered parts of the cliffs. Here we disturbed Agonopteryx 
flavella Hiibn. (liturella Schiff.), Acleris asperana Hubn., Stenodes 
straminea Haw. One muralis was found on a rock, and two larvae of the 
Eupithecia, which was known as jasioneata Crewe. on sheep’s-bit. This 
is, I believe, now regarded as a mere form of E. denotata Hubn., larvae of 
which are common enough in nettle-leaved bellflower. The Devon larvae 
were lost from lack of their proper foodplant in Surrey, for they could 
nct eat the belifiower which they were offered when the sheep’s-bit ran 
out. 

As rain set in about noon, and looked like going on for the next day 
as well, we packed and left earlier than we had intended, feeling that 
Devon had not been as interesting as Suffolk in the previous year. 

In the following week, short trips were made from home to collect - 
microlepidoptera. At Higham, Kent, on the 12th, Cochylis hybridella 
Hiibn., Eucosina tripoliana Barr., Dichrorampha simpliciana Haw., D. 
petiverella L., Epiblema farfarae Fletch and Evergestis extimalis Scop. 
were taken. Larvae of Caloptilia populetorum Zell. were collected at 
Ockham, Surrey, on the 16th, while smoking grass on the salt-marsh at 
Camber on the 18th in a half gale which put up smoker fuel consump- 
tion to a few minutes per roll against the usual fifteen minutes, gave us 
two Pedesia aridellus Thunb. (salinellus Tutt.) a moth which cannot be 
disturbed by day in the usual manner. 

On the 19th, on the Chilterns with Tony Harman, I had the best 
night of the year from a number of species point of view, recording 
eighty-six, apart from microlepidoptera of which Microscardia boleti F. 
and Batachedra praeangusta Haw. were very welcome. Worn Discoloxia 
blomeri Curt. were still about, and Abraxes sylvata Scop., while others 
of interest were Lophopteryx cucullana Schiff., Cosymbia annulata 
Schulzens, C. trilinearia Borkh., Drepana cultraria F., Philereme trans- 
versata Hufn. (rhamnata Schiff.) Ocasis viretata Hiibn. Euchoeca nebulata 
Scop., Eilema deplana Esp., Deileptenia ribeata Clerck., (abietaria Schiff.), 
Stauropus fagi L. (very fresh), Apatele leporina L., dark, Colocasia 
coryli L., Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. and Eupithecia inturbata Hubn. 

At Tony Harman’s light, on our return about 1.30 a.m., we found 
even more species,, E. inturbata was common, there was a female 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1962 83 


quercinaria for which I had hoped, and the pale summer form of Acleris 
boscana F. 

An expedition with Mr. S. Wakely on the 26th was made to the 
Darenth area. We searched the bush vetch for Lithocolletis nigrescen- 
tella Log. finding a lot of mines in one small area only. Some Enicostoma 
lobella Schiff. and Etainia sericopeza Zell., larvae were collected also, 
the latter emerging from the cocoons they had spun on the maple seed 
wings shortly afterwards. 

Pupae of Nonagria geminipuncta Haw. were still to be found in the 
Ouse Valley south of Lewes on the 27th. 

On the next night, a visit to Balcombe gave masses of crane-flies at 
the light, moths being outnumbered. A worn Rheumaptera undulata L. 
gave a few ova, but some species like Miltochrista miniata Forst., Lyman- 
tria monacha L., Eilema griseola Htibn., Tethea duplaris L., Amathes 
ditrapezium Schiff. were still fresh. Common Tortrices such as Epinotia 
nisella Clerck, E. solandriana L., Apatomis turbidana Hiibn. (picana Frol.) 
were unusually abundant. 

September visits to Balcombe with the m.v. merely emphasised how 
late moths were still appearing. 

A female quercinaria was beaten from beech on Hackhurst Downs on 
the 15th, this being the first time I had come across the species in Surrey. 
Fresh jurtina were seen, but on the whole, few insects were about. 

Having never been on Bookham Common, I joined the South London 
Society’s Field Meeting there on 22nd, and was interested to see the 
mines of Stigmella acetosae Staint., as many as ten and more in one 
sorrell leaf, Epermenia testaceela Htibn. (chaerophullella Goze) and 
Gracillaria stigmatella Fabr. 


The following day, a warm, sunny one, we were at Loxwood where 
the first flush of blackberries were at their best, weeks late. From 
among the hawthorns and o!d apple trees, Acleris rhombana Schiff. 
(Contaminana Hiibn.) in many forms, and two A. cristana Schiff. were 
disturbed. More interesting forms of cristana were taken on the Downs 
near Reigate in October. 

LarVae of Eucosma maritima Westw. were found fairly plentifully on 
the sea wormwood at Camber on the 29th. We went to Dungeness for a 
night on the shingle. As it was very windy, the failure of the engine to 
start was not very serious, and as I had sugared the posts I hoped some- 
thing unusual would catch the scent. However, the constant traffic up 
and down to the Nuclear Power Station had an adverse effect as the 
headlamp beams swept many of the posts, and it was only where this was 
not so that moths came. Phlogophora meticulosa L. was the commonest 
species, as it was often this autumn, and apart from one each of 
Apopholyla australis Boisd. and Caradrina ambigua Schiff., the others 
were the usual segetum ypsilon mob. 

An unexpected moth at Abinger on 10th October was Diarsia dahlii 
Hubn., among good numbers of Asphalia diluta Schiff. Anchoscelis helvola 
L., Tiliacea aurago Schiff., meticulosa, Cirrhia lutea Stroem., C. icteritia 
Hiibn., Dryobotodes eremita F. (protea Schiff.). 

What was planned as the highlight of the autumn, a week-end at 
Swanage, turned out to be a flop. We arrived on the evening of the 19th 
and put out a trap on the cliffs, finding Messrs. Austin-Richardson, Baker 
and Homer in the area already. 

On the 20th, the trap contained little, one exigua being the only 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/11I/1963 


migrant. We went to Portland Bill where Alan and I worked with the 
smoker for Agdidis staticis Mill. but saw nothing except an odd Udea 
ferrugalis Hiibn. Back at Durlston Head, I sugared half a mile of posts 
to the west of the lighthouse. The wind, which had been easterly all the 
time, now strengthened, and became unpleasant for the moths on the 
sugar. Fourteen species were noted, including one worn male Leucania 
vitellina Hubn., a Lithophane semibrunnea Haw., some Aporophyla lunula 
Stroem. (nigra Haw.) and swarms of meticulosa. The trap next morning 
had few moths inside, two Eumichtis lichenea Hubn. being the only other 
coastal species seen. 

Some hunting in the New Forest on the way home on the Sunday 
was equally barren, but cotton grass heads were collected, and have been 
sleeved outside, in the hopes of Glyphipteryx haworthana Steph. in May 
1963. 

The season ends with, or without, Ptilophora plumigera Schiff., in most 
years the latter, but this year I had the exciting experience of seeing 
more of this unpredictable beast on one night than I had seen in all my 
previous experience. I had gone to the Abinger Downs on 9th November 
to see if it was out, as I was hoping to have Mr. Wakely with me the next 
week-end. Four fresh males came to the m.v. between six-fifty and seven 
twenty-five, accompanied by odd Oporinia dilutata Schiff., Poecilocanpa 
populi L., Conistra vaccinii L. meticulosa, Agrachola macilenta Hibn., 
and a Diumea phryganella Hubn., the first of which I had caught in sun- 
shine on Ranmore ten days before. 

A cold fortnight followed, and our joint visit was postponed. As Mr. 
Wakely could not come till Sunday, and as Saturday night, the 24th, 
seemed a good one, I went on my own, being pleased to find Geoff. Cole 
and Peter Crow running their light not far away. The evening was 
cloudy with some drizzle, very little wind, and the temperature at about 
48° F. As soon as I lit a pressure lamp at 6.15, a plumigera came to it, 
and before the m.v. bulb had assumed its total brilliance, they were ap- 
pearing on the sheet, twelve of them by 6.45. Two more came by 7.5, 
and then the flight ceased. All were males. At the other light, nine had 
been taken, including one female. 

Having for years thought that somewhere between 6 and 8 p.m. was 
the flight time of this moth, I had recently wondered if the female per- 
haps flew late in the night, although odd ones are taken in the evening. 
It seemed a good night to test the matter, so I returned again about 
10.30 and started up the engine once more. The temperature was still 
47- F. and the other conditions as before. After seventy minutes, a 
male flew in, followed about twenty minutes later, at nidnight, by a 
female. Another came to the light by which my wife was reading in the 
car. No more being seen, we left at one o’clock. There was no difficulty 
in obtaining ova from the two females. 


The following night seemed, in every respect, the same meteorologi- 
cally, when I arrived with Mr. Wakely. We ran the light for 33 hours, 
but we had only one plumigera, a male, at 7.5. How does one account 
for such a difference? It may be that after a long, adverse spell, the 
first good flight night is actively used by the moths, and that there is not 
the same necessity for all to fly on subsequent nights. 

With this good week-end in late November, collecting came to a close. 
We must now all be wondering what effect the severe weather we are 
experiencing this winter will have on the 1963 insect population. 


A NEW FORM OF PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA L. 85 


A New Form of Phlogophora meticulosa L. 
By Air Marshal SIR ROBERT SAUNDBY 


On the morning of September 23rd, 1962, I found in my light trap 
here a pale yellowish form of Phlogophora meticulosa L. It was perfectly 
fresh, and very different from the normal form. I showed it at the Annual 
Exhibition at Burlington House of the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society, held on October 27th. The specimen was seen by 
a number of experienced lepidopterists, including Messrs E. W. Classey, 
R. L. E. Ford, A. L. Goodson, and A. J. Wightman, who all said they had 
seen no similar form and did not think that it had previously been 
described. Mr. Goodson kindly undertook to look up descriptions of 
varieties of this species, and also to examine the various forms of it in the 
National Collection at Tring. He could find nothing like it, and later I 
took the specimen to Tring and satisfied myself that no form similar to it 
is to be found there. 

I therefore think that a description of it shouid be recorded. 


Phlogophora meticulosa L. ab. flavescens, ab. nov. 


Forewings: Ground colour pale yellowish white, usual markings pre- 
sent but pale clear yellowish-green instead of the usual pinkish- or olive- 
brown. Outer margin and short bar below reniform stigma dark grey, 
almost black, in sharp contrast with the other markings. 

Hindwings: Paler than normal with usual markings showing up more 
clearly. 

Thorax and Abdomen: Pale yellowish-white, the same as the ground 
colour of the forewings. 

Burghclere, nr. Newbury, Berks. 


Crane-flies in Derbyshire and East Norfolk 
By R. M. PAYNE 


At the end of May 1962 I spent a few days at Edale, Derbyshire, a 
convenient centre for exploring both the plateau of the High Peak to the 
north and the very different limestone country to the south. March, April 
and May had all been unusually cold, and the season generally was late, 
so that fewer insects were about than might have been expected. 

On the desolate moorland plateau above Edale (alt. 2,000 ft.) the 
attractive powder-blue males of Tipula subnodicornis Zett. were flying 
up from the ground every few yards among the peat-hags, but no females 
were seen, and no other Tipulids were on the wing. I caught a single 
male of the same species at 900 ft. in a Sphagnum bog by the edge of 
Howden Reservoir. 

I spent some hours at Combs Reservoir, west of Chapel-en-le-Frith, 
where L. N. Kidd recorded 18 Tipulids on 6th June 1954 (J. Soc. Brit. Ent., 
5: 86-7). Over the marsh vegetation surrounding this small lake I took 
nine species: the earlier date in a late season, and possibly increased 
disturbance from boating, may account for some of the shortfall in my 
captures, though I am sure the greater expertise of Mr. Kidd and his 
companion, the late W. D. Hincks, must have had something to do with 
it! By far the most numerous fly in May 1962 was the ubiquitous Tipula 
oleracea L., which was specially abundant amongst the tufts of Juncus at 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/111/1963 


the south-east end of the lake; the other species I took were males of 
Tipula variipennis Mg. and T. hortulana Mg., only a single male T. luna 
Westhoff (though this had been the commonest Tipula in June 1954), 
Limonia nubeculosa Mg., Ormosia hederae (Curtis), Erioptera trivialis Mg., 
E. lutea v. taenionota Mg. and Cheilotrichia cinerascens (Mg.). Two of 
these species—T. hortulana and E, trivialis—were not seen by Mr. Kidd. 
I also took the Wood Gnat Anisopus punctatus (Fab.) on tree-trunks a few 
yards from the edge of Combs Reservoir. 


For a complete change of scenery and habitat I spent a day in the 
limestone dales farther south. Here, my main quest was the rare fern 
Moonwort, but I had the net with me and was pleased to take a single 
male of the very local Dactylolabis sexmaculata (Macquart), which as its 
name suggests has a distinctive pattern of spots on the wings. This was 
resting on a large vertical slab of limestone by the stream in Monks 
Dale. In the woods in both Monks and Monsal Dales I took C. cinerascens, 
and Monsal Dale also produced T. hortulana, the common black and 
yellow fly Nephrotoma maculata (Mg.) and Dicranomyia mitis (Mg.). 
Amongst Butterbur in Millers Dale were a number of the hairy-winged 
Ormosia hederae. Although R. L. Coe, in his R.E.S. key, gives T. hortulana 
as a common and generally distributed species, I have not so far taken it 
in the Home Counties, and I am wondering if it is more frequent in the 
north. 


During the second half of August 1962 we were staying on the coast 
of Norfolk, and amongst the pleasures and duties of a family holiday I 
managed to spend some hours in the pursuit of Diptera. It was interesting 
to find a few Tipulids almost on the shore at Overstrand. Both sexes of 
Dicranomyia chorea (Mg.), characteristically bobbing up and down with 
their long legs splayed out, were often to be found on the vertical chalk 
cliffs only two or three feet above the sandy beach, which in this spot was 
littered with fallen chalk and flints. In the same position I also saw a 
male Tipula rufina Mg., a species easily identified in the field by the 
horizontal black stripe on the side of the thorax. Close by these chalk 
cliffs are stretches of crumbling clay under-cliff, with tiny streams 
trickling down to the shore every few yards, and these flies may well 
breed in the damp soil of this habitat. Sea Buckthorn covers the more 
stable parts of this under-cliff, and there were extensive patches of 
Coltsfoot leaves. Here Symplecta hybrida (Mg.) was flying, with three 
of the large crane-flies, T. oleracea, T. paludosa Mg. and T. lateralis Mg. 
S. hybrida, a small crane-fly with distinctively marked wings, is closely 
allied to S. stictica (Mg.), which is a common fly on the salt-marshes of 
the Essex coast. 

A hot afternoon on the marshes behind the shingle bank at Salthouse, 
well known to ornithologists, produced only a pair of Erioptera trivialis 
from a reedy dyke. A visit later in the day might have been more produc- 
tive. 

One day an expedition was made to Catfield Common, a fen area on 
the western edge of Hickling Broad. Here in a lush vegetation dominated 
by Phragmites and Juncus subnodulosus Schrank I took Prionocera turcica 
(Fab.)—mostly females—T. oleracea, T. paludosa, T. luteipennis Mg., 
Nephrotoma flavipalpis (Mg.) and Dicranomyia autumnalis (Stager). It is 
perhaps curious that this alkaline peat fen supports two flies which are 
also characteristic of the highly acid bogs of Epping Forest—P. turcica and 
the yellow-bodied T. luteipennis. But I did not see any T. melanoceros 


THE EARLY HISTORY OF EMUS HIRTUS (L.) IN BRITAIN 87 


Schummel, another yellow species which is plentiful in the Epping Forest 
bogs at the same time of year. 


The Prionocera was abundant in the similar East Ruston Mown Fen, 
here accompanied by the striking emerald-green bush cricket Conocephalus 
dorsalis (Latreille). 


Wielding the net round the margins of the Alder carr on Bryants 
Heath, west of North Walsham, produced the handsome Tipula fulvipennis 
Degeer, outstanding amongst this family for its rapid flight and consequent 
difficulty of capture, T. lateralis, T. oleracea, Austrolimnophila ochracea 
(Mg.) and Pseudolimnophila sepium Verrall, whilst a pair of the tiny 
yellow Molophilus medius de Meij. was taken flying in cop. over a stream 
in the densest part of the carr. 


In a dry oakwood on Beacon Hill, near West Runton, where Bracken 
was the dominant undergrowth, Tipula cava Riedel, N. flavipalpis and 
Austrolimnophila were on the wing. 


One day we stopped beside the slow-flowing river at Gimingham. 
Among the Flags and other aquatic vegetation were innumerable males of 
the glossy-black Phantom Crane-fly Ptychoptera contaminata (L.), and a 
very few Pilaria discicollis (Mg.) and T. lateralis. 


The Early History of Emus hirtus (L.) in Britain 
By S. C. S. Brown, F.R.E.S. 


Mr. A. A. Allen (Ent. Rec., 74: 219-221), gives us a general account of 
the history, distribution and habits of this strange Staphlinid. In his 
concluding paragraph he asks for any unpublished records. Through the > 
kindness of Prof. G. C. Varley, I have in recent years been permitted 
to make a detailed examination of the J. C. Dale collections, diaries and 
letters, which are preserved in the Hope Department of Zoology, 
University Museum, Oxford. The following notes on Emus hirtus are 
partly drawn from that source. In order to discuss the early history of 
any British insect it is essential to consult the works of John Curtis and 
James Francis Stephens, for their publications form the basis of any 
Entomological library. The former figured and described this species in 
his British Entomology, 1824-1840. The plate is No. 534 and is dated 1835. 
In the text he says: “In the author’s and other cabinets”. After stating 
that E. hirtus lives in dead animals, he continues: “This is considered a 
rare insect in Britain, although a few good cabinets are without it: for the 
specimen figured I am indebted to Capt. Blomer, who found it on Cow- 
dung in the New Forest on the 8th of April; Mr. L. Rudd observed it in 
the same neighbourhood in July, and Mr. Inkpen states that it has been 
found in dead animals in the same locality: Mr. Dale met with it on 
Parley Heath the 16th May; the late Mr. Scales took it at Beachamwell in 
Norfolk, and it has occurred in the neighbourhood of Guildford”. He 
quotes Donovan as saying: “It inhabits sandy places and is also found 
among moss concealed or lying under stones. Mr. Comyns has met with 
it in Devonshire’”’. 

It is obvious that hirtus was at this time being confused with the 
carrion-feeding species Leistotrophus nebulosus (F.). Capt. Blomer of 
Teignmouth, Devon, was an old friend of Dale and wrote 52 letters to him. 
The first one was dated 20.1.1826 and the last 27.4.1835. In 1832 Capt. 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/III/1963 


Blomer went to stay at Brockenhurst. He was there for five months. 
Here he took the hirtus which he gave to Curtis to figure. The exact 
locality was most probably Black Knowl, an area of common land just 
north of the village. Weaver was also there at this time, and between 
them they took ten Cicadetta montana (Scopoli). There is no doubt about 
the authenticity of the Parley Heath record. The specimen is in the 
Dale Collection at the Hope Department. It is a male. There are two 
data labels attached, one in J. C. Dale’s handwriting says: “May 16th, 
1821”, another, in that of his son, C. W. Dale bears: “Parley Heath (O. 
Vine), May 16th, 1821”. Vine, the captor, was a labourer employed on the 
Dale farm at Hurn, on the edge of the Heath. He was a Peninsular War 
veteran, and was somewhat of a character. The initial ‘“O” does not refer 
to a christian name, but to his nickname, “Old Vine’’. 

Parley Heath lies on the Hants and Dorset border, and is separated 
from the New Forest only by the valley of the river Avon. There is 
another E. hirtus in the Dale Collection. It is a female with a label 
attached bearing in J. C. Dale’s handwriting: ‘Dr. Leach’. Dr. Leach was 
born in Plymouth in 1790. In 1813 he was appointed Curator of the 
Natural History Department of the British Museum. He retired from 
this post in 1821, when he went to live near Ashburton, Devon. He died 
of cholera in Italy in 1836. Dr. Leach was one of Dale’s earliest corres- 
pondents. He wrote 17 letters to Dale. The first was dated 21.6.1814 and 
the last 20.3.1820. It is probable that Dale received the hirtus while Dr. 
Leach was at the British Museum, for it will be noted that no corres- 
pondence passed between them after 1820. Stephens, Illustrations of 
British Entomology, 1832, V, pp. 203-204, says: “Usually found on heaths 
and extensive open places, but very rare. I possess specimens from the 
neighbourhood of Guildford, and it has been found in other parts of the 
country. “Devonshire”—Dr. Leach. “New Forest”—A. Cooper, Esq. 
“Parley Heath’—J. C. Dale, Esq. Cooper was a correspondent of Dale, 
but his entomological status could not have been particularly high. Dale 
sent him a large number of insects at different times, but according to a 
note written by Dale on the margin of one of the letters, he received only 
3 grouse-lice in return! Concerning the other collectors mentioned by 
Curtis and Stephens who were said to have taken Emus hirtus, the 
Rev. T. Rudd and P. Inkpen were well known coleopterists of that time, 
but of Mr. Scales and Mr. Comyns I have no information, and what 
reliance can be placed on their records after such a long lapse of time 
is difficult to say. 

454 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. 12.i.63. 


Notes and Observations 


MELITAEA ATHALIA ROTT. (HEATH FRITILLARY) IN ESSEx.—Does Melitaea 
athalia Rott. still occur in Essex? I found it in abundance in a wood near 
Hadleigh in June 1952 and was content to take three specimens as it is a 
very local species. In June 1962 I revisited the wood on two occasions 
but did not see any. The wood itself has not changed, it is copsed regularly 
and cow wheat grows everywhere in the clearings. 

Has any other collector met with this interesting butterfly recently in 
Essex? I believe it died out once before and was re-introduced to Essex. 
—RAYMOND Cook, 164 Collier Row Lane, Romford. 28.xii.1962. 


k 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 89 


RE-APPEARANCE IN YORKSHIRE OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA (LINN.) VAR. 
AB. VARLEYATA (PORRITT) IN THE WiLD StateE.—In the Yorks. Naturalists’ 
Union card indexed lepidoptera records compiled by former recorder Mr. 
Frank Hewson, are some 50 cards dealing with A. grossulariata and its 
Vars. i 

To quote part of one from a report of Mr. G. T. Porritt, in which he 
writes: “I well remember the mild sensation created among lepidopterists 
when figures were published in the Naturalist of some of the eleven 
specimens of A. grossulariata var. varleyata, bred by the late Mr. James 
Varley in 1864 from two pints of caterpillars taken from the smokiest 
part of Huddersfield”. 

In the late 19th century and up to 1914 there are a great many records 
of this var. mainly from Huddersfield and Bradford from wild larvae. 
During the latter part of this period other varieties were discovered in the 
gooseberry gardens of the West Riding where Magpie larvae often 
abound. A great deal of breeding, selective and otherwise, was done, and 
exhibits of the many aberations figured largely in the local Lepidoptera 
Section Meetings. With the coming of the First World War reports of 
these vars. ceased. 

There are no records of varleyata from wild stock after the war, until 
1952, when in August a boy named Tony Smith showed me three of this 
var. pinned. These he said had emerged in late July from pupae taken 
from heavily defoliated Gooseberry bushes some 500 yards from my 
garden. M.V. light trap, collecting larvae, and searching my own Goose- 
berry and Black Currant bushes in subsequent years yielded no variation 
of note until 1962, when the larvae had been unusually scarce, but 
imagines at M.V. light in record numbers. 

On 25th July, about 6.30 p.m. B.s.T., another boy (David Appleyard) 
told me he had seen a black moth with a white stripe, on my Gooseberry 
bushes. Being very busy at the moment, I gave him a pillbox for its 
capture. He was soon back with a very fine female grossulariata ab. 
varleyata, and on returning to the scene of capture I immediately found 
another one in perfect condition. A few type males were secured, but no 
signs of pairing was observed. 

Large numbers of eggs were deposited on the sides of the cage and on 
the foodplant, but for some reason only two larvae hatched on 21st 
August and two more two days later from a batch of ova I had given to a 
German friend. Only one larva survives in hibernation. 

I have no doubt that this spectacular var., and others, still exist in 
practically the same location as they did in G. T. Porritts’ day, when 
most of the local collectors vied each other in finding or breeding a new 
var.—J. Brices, 15 Frimley Drive, Little Horton, Bradford 5, Yorkshire. 


SPAELOTIS RAVIDA SCHIFF. IN LEICESTERSHIRE DURING 1962.—In the article 
on the history and status of Spaelotis ravida Schiff. written by Mr. 
Bretherton (1957 Ent. Gaz., 8 (1): 3-19) and supplementary note (1957 
Ent. Gaz., 8 (4): 195-198) reference is made to four Leicestershire localities 
in which the insect was taken in or around 1904. These localities, Quorn, 
Wigston, Gumley and Kibworth are mentioned in the Victoria County 
History list of 1907. Since this date there appears to be no known record 
in the county. On examining the garden m.v. trap’s contents on the 
morning of 29th August 1962 I was pleased to find a female of this species. 
Two further specimens arrived on lst September to be followed by a 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/I11/1963 


fourth the following night. The female was kept for ova which were 
duly laid and, at the time, appeared to be fertile as they eventually 
changed to a slate grey colour. They did not however hatch but, from 
an examination just made, they still appear to be healthy—there is no sign 
of shrinkage and from a squashed ova it was possible to detect slight 
evidence of moisture—presumably the contents of the unhatched larva. 
It will be interesting to see if the ova do eventually hatch. Has, I wonder, 
ravida turned up at other traps this season and, if so, in what numbers? 
Any additional information which may be forthcoming would help to 
establish if the season just passed has been one of the “good” years for this 
species which Mr. Bretherton refers to as an “unhappy resident”. In 
addition, I should add that a single specimen of this moth was taken at 
sugar at Castor Hanglands, Northhamptonshire, on 30th June 1962.—M. J. 
LEEcu, The Cottage, Hallgates, Cropston, Leicestershire. 4.xii.62. 


MIGRANTS IN 1962 — In answer to Mr. French’s appeal, here are my 
records: (all single specimens except where shown otherwise) 

Laphygma exigua Hubn (9) 18th and 22nd June, Leigh, Surrey; 14th 
July, Marlow, Bucks.; 31st July and 1st August, Croyde, Devon; 7th and 
14th September and 6th October, Leigh, and 19th October, Swanage, 
Dorset. 

Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. (2) 11th July and 18th August, Leigh. 

Caradrina ambigua Schiff. (8) 6th, 14th and 25th (6) September, 6th 
October, Leigh. 

Leucania vitellina Hiibn (4) 6th October (3, First record here) Leigh; 
10th October, Swanage.—R. FarRcLouGH, Bencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, 
or. Reigate. 


MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN WEST SUSSEX 1962.—The season has been one 
of the best of recent years for captures of moths at m.v. light at Arundel 
and there has been an unusually high proportion of migrant species both 
in species and numbers. Plusia gamma has been with us most of the 
summer with numbers reaching a peak in September, when Amathes c. 
nigrum also became very abundant. One worn male Plusia ni appeared 
on 27th July. Agrotis ipsilon became numerous in July and remained a 
regular visitor during September and October. Peridroma saucia put in 
a fitful attendance during September with stragglers also in October. One 
male Lithosia quadra on 3rd August. Caradrina ambigua is still far less 
pientiful as a rule in West Sussex than in some other stations in south-east 
England but this year we have had it in sustained plenty from late August 
into October. Laphygma exigua began in July and continued to appear 
each time the trap was worked until early October, with six and seven 
moths each night during September. Of the Leucania species I was 
pleased to record L. l-album for the first time for West Sussex, a male at 
Arundel on 26th July and a female there on 5th October: L. vitellina ap- 
peared at Pulborough on 23rd June, 3th September and 11th October (A. 
J. Wightman) and one at Arundel on 5th October: L. albipuncta began in 
mid-September and continued for a month, with five moths on one night, 
and including a sprinkling of paired females. Curiously the Pulborough 
trap which was operated during the same period failed to produce this 
species or L. exigua. 

Amongst the micros, N. noctuella was with us from July to October, and 
H. ferrugalis oddly during early October.—G. HaGcEtt. 12.11.62. 


NOTES AND OKSERVATIONS' - 91 


LARVA OF BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB.—Mr. Symes’ note on this species 
(ante p. 211) prompts me to record that I have found the larva both by 
night and by beating it from bilberry by day. I agree that its colour is a 
much deeper and more velvety green than H. proboscidalis but it is better 
distinguished by its large and globular head capsule which appears dis- 
proportionately large for its body, and which in H. proboscidalis is 
flattened in front.—G. HaGcett. 10.11.1962. 


HERSE CONVOLVULI L. AND ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN 1962.—With reference 
to Mr. J. H. Redfern’s note about Herse convolvuli L. in the December 
Record, two larvae were brought to me in September 1950 at Wells on 
Sea and two more were brought to the Norwich Museum about the same 
time. All produced moths, and it was a convolvuli year as I took nine 
moths at flowers and light; no doubt, the progeny of June immigrants. 
1950 was also an atropos year, as a friend and I obtained over 100 pupae 
from potato diggers. In September 1956 I took 19 atropos and six 
convolvuli in my trap here; 14 atropos and five convolvuli in one night. 
A pair mated and remained in cop. for two and a half hours. The female 
was placed in a large tea-chest, with some potato haulm, but no ova 
resulted. I took a male convolvuli here in my trap in September 1962.— 
R. GEOFFREY Topp, Irfon, West Runton, Cromer, Norfolk. 12.11.1963. 


LaTtE EMERGENCE OF LYSANDRA CORIDON Popa.—Referring to the note 
under this heading by Major General C. G. Lipscomb (antea, p. 31) the 
Chalk-hill Blue was similarly late here. Although scattered specimens 
were observed on the downs from 3rd August, the main emergence in the 
best locality commenced on list September when large numbers appeared. 
They continued to emerge in decreasing numbers until about 18th 
September. The specimens were remarkably typical, the only variety 
found being a well marked ab. arcuata. 

In one locality, Maniola jurtina L. was flying in large numbers with 
coridon during early September, and it was showing considerable varia- 
tion. The specimens, however, were mostly worn so that none of the 
aberrations captured were worth keeping. In contrast, the butterfly was 
seen in fair numbers on Brading Down in freshly emerged condition as 
late as 18th October.—T. D. FEARNEHOUGH, 26 Green Lane, Shanklin, I.O.W. 
30.i1.1963. 


LaTE FEEDING LARVA OF HYLOICUS PINASTRI—A fully-grown larva of the 
Pine Hawk moth was brought to me in the New Forest on 14th November 
1962, and at the time of writing it is still lying up unchanged.—G. HaGGETT. 
16.12.1962. 


SNOWDON PROPOSED NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE 

Snowdon and its immediate surroundings are of outstanding importance, 
not only as the heart of the Snowdonia National Park, but also for 
conservation and scientific study. It is one of the last refuges in southern 
Britain of a number of alpine and northern plants and animals. For 
research it offers an almost unique combination in a small area of sharply 
contrasting rainfalls, altitudes, exposures and different types of rock, 
soils and vegetation. The Nature Conservancy’s scientists at Bangor, 
working from one of the most modern and best equipped research labora- 
tories in this field of study, are relying increasingly on experimental 
plots and observations on the slopes of Snowdon. 

All recent experience points to the need of wardening services in such 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/I1II/1963 


circumstances, and these can only be provided following some formal 
step, such as a Nature Reserve declaration or Access Agreements between 
the National Park Authorities and the owners. The Nature Conservancy 
have opened discussions with the landowners and the National Park 
Authorities with a view to exploring possibilities of a mutually satisfac- 
tory arrangement. The aim is to seek a solution on a basis of voluntary 
agreements negotiated with the fullest safeguards for the interests of 
landowners and tenants, the National Park Authorities, public access, 
and the Nature Conservancy. 

The Nature Conservancy feel confident from preliminary soundings 
that some form of generally satisfactory agreement is attainable. As 
soon as they have received the reactions of other responsible bodies, who 
are being informally consulted, they will make a full statement of their 
proposals before taking any irrevocable decision as they are most anxious 
that in a matter of such general concern public opinion should have an 
opportunity to express itself. 


Dear Sir, 


I was delighted with the response to my letter published in the 
December 1961 issue of “The Record” advocating a Field Guide to the 
Butterflies of Europe. Apart from the published letters of support, I re- 
ceived a number of private letters, some of them offering practical help. 

I duly submitted a proposal and plan for the Field Guide to Messrs. 
Collins, the publishers of the bird Field Guide which has done so well, 
through the good offices of Dr. Bruce Campbell, the ornithologist, who is 
well-known to the firm. I also sent a copy of the proposal to Mr. James 
Fisher, Editor of Collin’s New Naturalist series, who strongly sae ee the 
idea. 

On 2nd August, I received a letter from Mr. Michael Walter of Collins 
thanking me for the proposal and agreeing that there is a need for such a 
book. They had apparently been investigating the possibility since March 
1954. However, they felt they were unable to proceed with my proposals’ 
as they were opposed to the idea of an editorial team. In the words of Mr. 
Walter: “Their (the Field Guides) preparation is fraught with difficulties 
even where the subject is one which can be adequately tackled by one 
man: where no one author has a specialist knowledge of the subject, we 
have even thought it better for the series to have no Guide at all’. 

In my reply, I maintained that such a work as envisaged was really 
beyond the capabilities of one man unless he had considerable time at his 
disposal. It was “unreasonable to expect one man to compile a guide to 
the butterflies of Europe, with all the research and studying of the foreign 
literature which that involves, and imagine it will be accurate and reason- 
ably complete.” 

On 29th August, Mr. Walter wrote again to say that he had just heard 
that a European Guide by Langer was shortly going to press with the 
Danish firm of Munksgaard. 

I therefore decided to let the matter rest there, at least until it is pos- 
sible to evaluate the worth of Langer’s book. I understand that there is 
the possibility of an English edition and I certainly hope that it will meet 
the need for a guide to European butterflies adequately. 

In conclusion, I should like to thank those who supported my suggestion. 
I have written individually to all those who wrote to me privately.—I am, 
Sir, Yours faithfully, Joun Burton. B.B.C., Whiteladies Road, Bristol, 8. 


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EXCHANGES AND WANTS 


Wanted.—Specimens of the Genus Ornithoptera. Can anyone help ?—Dr. F. H. N. 
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Wanted.—DEVONSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. Records of all species recorded by visitors to 
the County in recent years are required so as to bring the record books of 
the Devonshire Association (Entomological Section) up to date. It would 
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Lepidoptera of the Isle of Wight.—I am preparing a new County list using a 
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CONTENTS 


EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA IN BRITAIN. AUSTIN RICHAE 
acate : ; : ‘ ee NT 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED. RALPH COE. 


BUTTERFLIES ene MOTHS IN see NBIGHEOURHOOT 


COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1962. R. FAIRCLOUGH 


A NEW FORM OF PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA L. 
ROBERT SAUNDBY 


CRANE-FLIES IN DERBYSHIRE END EAST NORFOLK. R 


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Butterflies in Corsica, 1962 


By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., and C. G. DE Worms, Ph.D., 
F.R.E.S., with an additional note by Major General Sir GEORGE JOHNSON, 
KOVi0.46.B. CBE; 4D.8.0, 


Ever since Rambur published his “Catalogue des lépidoptéres de Vile 
de Corse” in 1832 the extraordinary fauna, which the island shares with 
Sardinia and very largely also with Elba, has been an object of curiosity 
to entomologists. For the butterflies, its characteristics can be summarised 
as paucity of species combined with a very high proportion of indigenous 
specific or sub-specific forms. Though Corsica has mountains nearly 
9,000 feet high, Alpine species are entirely lacking, and there are no 
Erebias, Melitaeas, or Apollos. And, though its coastal lowlands are very 
hot, only three or four of the warmth-loving species characteristic of 
Provence or Liguria occur there. On the other hand, of the 56 species 
which are certainly known to exist in Corsica, at least fifteen are good 
species or well-defined sub-species peculiar to it and the adjacent islands. 
Whether these are the result of evolution during prolonged isolation, or 
whether they represent primitive types which have disappeared from 
the Continent, is still a subject of controversy. A dozen are migratory 
species which could clearly have established themselves in Corsica in 
recent times and which are probably still reinforced by immigration. 
Most of the remainder occur to-day on all the coasts surrounding the 
Tyrrhenian Sea, and they may either have existed in Corsica before it 
became an island or have reached it by migration or accidental intro- 
duction later. Some of them have, however, minor peculiarities of form, 
habitat or food-plant in Corsica, which suggest that they may have been 
there for a long time. 


As no up-to-date list of Corsican butterflies seems to be readily 
available, we have compiled one, which is attached to this article. We 
have distinguished sharply between the 56 species for which the evidence 
seems conclusive, and a score more which have been reported from 
Corsica at some time or other, but whose occurrence needs to be con- 
firmed. The definitive list is probably not complete. At no period does 
anything seem to have been published by resident collectors and, though 
there have been and still are plenty of visitors, particularly from England 
and Germany, most of them seem from their accounts to have concen- 
trated their collecting on a few well-known localities, mostly in the 
mountains. Until recently, collectors had to rely for transport on the 
scanty railways, a few ’buses, or their own feet. But now facilities for 
hiring “self-drive” cars are good, and it should be easy to work great 
areas of remote mountains in the north, and of the coastal plain and 
the limestone belt in the south, which were hardly scratched even by the 
energetic Austrian collectors in the Thirties. Even in well-known places 
discoveries are still possible, as witness the finding of a colony of typical 
Spialia sertorius Hoffmannsegg (not the endemic Corsican S. therapne) 
near Evisa in 1954. And among the moths a portable mercury vapour 
lamp and generator might work wonders. 


We ourselves did not fully realise these possibilities and followed the 
beaten track. On 21st July, after spending a most interesting morning 
under the kindly guidance of M. Francois Djardin on the hills behind 
Nice, we flew thence to Ajaccio. Towards the end of the flight the ’plane 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


followed the wild west coast of Corsica, and there was a magnificent 
vista of brilliant blue sea, red rocks, and the snow-clad summit of Monte 
Cinto (8,891 feet) towering behind, before we circled to land at the 
airport on the Campo dell’Oro, which provides the only considerable 
stretch of level ground in this part of the island. We had arranged for 
a car to meet us and, after a short detour into Ajaccio, we were driven 
38 miles up the splendid mountain road to our hotel at Vizzavona. This 
is a group of villas and rather old-fashioned hotels 3,000 feet up at the 
northern end of the tunnel which takes the narrow-gauge railway 
through the central mountain spine of Corsica. We made this our base 
until we left the island on the morning of 3rd August, after profiting 
greatly from the information about its entomological resources which 
had been kindly given to us by Mr. B. C. S. Warren from his visit there 
in 1926. 


Vizzavona itself is in the middle of a fine forest, mainly of Corsican 
pines but with some beech and sweet chestnut. Clearings in this forest 
gave good collecting. Indeed, the station yard immediately below the 
hotel was bordered by masses of aromatic weeds such as Achillea and 
Helichrysum and clumps of sickly sweet Ground Elder (Sambucus ebulus) 
which were usually covered with Blues, Fritillaries and Commas, with 
a few day-fiying moths like Heliothis peltigera and even a single Clear- 
wing, Aegeria chrysidiformis. Lower down towards the stream, in which 
we found an excellent secluded bathing pool, clumps of bramble blossom 
were the chief attraction, especially for Argynnis paphia immaculata and 
f. valesina: up to fifty of these butterflies could be watched feeding at a 
single patch, though to catch them without ruining one’s net was another 
matter! The road and the railway track gave good collecting nearly 
all the way in their two mile descent to Tattone; and the station there 
was enlivened by a colony of several hundred splendid black and white 
Kanetisa circe. Below that there were fields and more open ground until 
the main valley was joined, at about 2,100 feet, by a richly wooded side . 
glen coming in from the south-east. Here a flowery bank above a grove 
of sweet chestnuts provided the richest assemblage of butterflies we saw 
anywhere, Iphiclides podalirius, Pandoriana maja and Hipparchia 
aristaeus being especially prominent. We made two expeditions, mostly 
on foot, to the head of this valley, at over 4,000 feet, and on both 
occasions, 26th July and 1st August, did extremely well. But up there 
the ground was rough and the sun extremely hot, and we certainly earned 
the pints of water which we drank from the roadside fountain half-way 
down. 


Behind Vizzavona several paths and the main road rise steeply to the 
Col de Vizzavona, 23 miles to the south, where the forest is replaced by 
steep slopes covered with grass and heather with the grim, bare rocks of 
the Monte d’Oro (7,845 feet) towering above them. This was also good 
ground. In openings in the forest we caught a few of the curious Pieris 
napi dubiosa and many Gonepteryx cleopatra and G. rhamni, which 
flew together in about equal numbers. Opposite the Hotel Monte d’Oro 
below the pass a growth of Sambucus ebulus was a focus for the butter- 
flies both of the forest and the hill, and the slopes themselves were alive 
with Plebejus argus corsica, with their smudged undersides and brilliant 
blue females. But higher still the population thinned out rapidly: the ridge 
on which stands the ruined Genoese fort was a parade ground for a few 


BUTTERFLIES IN CORSICA, 1962 95 


Pandoriana maja, Hipparchia neomiris and Pararge tigelius, but the soil 
was too parched and bare to nourish many insects. Rather lower down, 
however, the sun-baked gorge which contains the Cascade des Anglais 
gave shelter to many kinds. 

On 27th July we visited Corte, going in by the morning train and 
returning in the late afternoon. Our choice of day was dictated by the 
habits of the local bank, which opens only once a week. But it turned out 
to be the hottest day we had in Corsica, and the old town, clustered 
under its 17th Century citadel, was like an oven. So after doing our 
business we sought what we hoped would be cooler ground in the nearby 
Restonica Valley, down which a splendid stream tumbled from the still 
snow-covered summit of Monte Rotondo. But we found that most of the 
inhabitants of Corte, as well as the soldiers of the Foreign Legion recently 
removed thither from Algeria, had had the same thought: the rough track 
was full of cars, and the pools of people, whom modesty forbade us to join 
since we had left our bathing trunks at Vizzavona. Nor were the 
butterflies very profitable. We saw one new species, Limenitis rivularis, 
of which a few small second brood examples flew at the entrance to the 
valley, some Pandoriana maja and Hipparchis aristaeus, and a crowd of 
Pyronia tithonus at mint blossoms in a wet ditch; but fewer of everything 
else than at Vizzavona. It was, indeed, clear that at this lower level—about 
1,300 feet—the vegetation was already desiccated and the peak of the 
season well past. This was disappointing, as Cooke, Warren, and other 
collectors in earlier years had found Corte a very good centre. 


We went to Ajaccio on 30th July. Having arrived by the train at 
9.30, we made our way to the slopes of the Monte Salario behind the 
town, where a slight breeze from the sea tempered the heat. Most of 
the ground was bare and dried up, but we found a field overgrown with 
thistles and fennel which proved to carry a dense population of Pyronia 
cecilia, P. tithonus and Polyommatus icarus, with a few Iphiclides 
podalirius and Papilio machaon. But it was noticeable that all these 
butterflies shunned the full heat of the sun and frequented the shady 
side of trees and bushes. We noticed the same thing even at 10 a.m. 
during a cursory inspection of the Campo dell’Oro a few days later, 
while we were waiting for our return plane to Nice. Just as we were 
leaving this field, thoroughly cooked by the sun, we caught our one and 
only Skipper, Spialia therapne, and as we walked down the road we 
added Pontia daplidice to our list. After a late and leisurely lunch in the 
main square of Ajaccio we visited Napoleon’s birthplace in the simple 
Bonaparte family house nearby, and then enjoyed a prolonged bathe 
in the sea until the time to seek our train back to Vizzavona. 


Apart from our two expeditions to Corte and Ajaccio, all our collecting 
in Corsica was done between 2,200 and 4,300 feet, bracketing the forest 
zone. There we undoubtedly hit the peak of the butterfly season in a 
rather late year. We were also more fortunate in our weather than some 
of our predecessors in other years. Only the first day was cloudy, with 
some drizzle. Otherwise, each morning dawned clear and hot, and the 
butterflies became active by 8 a.m. and remained so until the early 
afternoon, when on some days clouds gathered round the Monte d’Oro 
and there was a little thundery rain before the great bulk of the mountain 
caused a premature sunset at Vizzavona at about 6 p.m. Except for the 
first, the nights were cool and clear. Perhaps our strongest impression of 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


the butterflies was of the enormous local abundance of many species, 
including some of the specialities. Polyommatus icarus flavocinctata, the 
commonest of all, could be seen in hundreds in the space of a few yards 
where there were plenty of flowers. The attraction of the bramble 
patches and ground elder for the Fritillaries has already been mentioned, 
and on stony slopes, especially beyond Tattone, Fabriciana elisa and 
Hipparchia neomiris swarmed by the end of our stay. In suitable spots 
a dozen Plebejus argus corsica or Chortobius corinna could be covered by 
the net at one time. But these aggregations were certainly local, often 
separated by long stretches of apparently suitable ground where few 
insects were to be seen. And some species were scarce: of Papilio 
hospiton we saw less than a score in its special haunt, and Colias australis, 
Aglais ichnusa, Vanessa atalanta, Nymphalis polychloros, Inachis io, 
Lampides boeticus and Thecla quercus we counted only in single figures, 
in some cases no doubt because they were between broods or over. 
Although most Corsican species range from sea-level to high in the 
mountains, their emergence periods at any one level seem to be short. 


Notes on the more interesting butterflies seen are given below, and a 
list of the moths. We had not come equipped for night collecting, but 
we took those species which we came across by day and we sampled the 
very considerable selection which flew to the electric lights on the balcony 
outside the hotel and in our bedrooms. Lithosia quadra and Thaumetopaea 
pityocampa were very abundant—up to twenty in a single night. We had 
several examples of the beautiful green Geometer Ellopia pinicolaria, 
which is lacking in the British Museum collections, and we took one 
specimen of Eublemma elychrysi Rambui. Few larvae were seen. The most 
striking was a large Cucullia, which was stripping plants of Achillea: 
its precise identification must await the emergence of the moth. 


Papilio hospiton Gené. One fresh specimen was seen on 24th July 
beside the road from Vizzavona to Tattone. Otherwise we only found the 
species on a rocky, south-facing mountain side at over 4,000 feet, where . 
there were many clumps of the fine Corsican fennel, Peucedanum pani- 
culatum, which is probably its preferred foodplant. It was not common, 
and was clearly going over, only two of the dozen specimens captured 
being really fresh. They flew very strongly over difficult ground, and 
we found that to pursue them in the blazing sunshine was both exhausting 
and unprofitable: it was better to wait until they settled on thistles, 
usually of the tall, pink kind, but occasionally of the low, yellow variety. 
They looked very much darker than P. machaon, a few of which were 
flying on the same ground, and were readily distinguishable from it on the 
wing. Considerable search of the fennel for larvae of P. hospiton was 
vain, both here and on another promising hillside at a lower level. We 
saw P. machaon in many other places, including the hill behind Ajaccio; 
and the third Swallow-tail, Iphiclides podalirius L., was fairly common 
in flowery places. 


Pieris (napi) dubiosa Rober. As we found it at Vizzavona, this is a 
striking insect. The forewings in both sexes are much broader and 
rounder than in ordinary P. napi, the black markings on the upper side are 
enlarged, but there is a complete absence of black veining on the underside 
of the hindwings. It is a woodland butterfly: we saw it only, in small 
numbers and mostly worn, in the forest behind the hotel at Vizzavona and 
in the side-valley above Vivario. These may have represented the second 


BUTTERFLIES IN CORSICA, 1962 97 


generation of the year; but we have not been able to find any specimens 
or accounts of a spring generation at Vizzavona. However, Mr. B. C. S. 
Warren has examined a male which was taken by Brig. General Cooke at 
Corte in May 1928. He reports that, though this looks rather like P. napi, 
it shows differences in the androconial scales parallel to those shown by 
the dubiosa males from Vizzavona; and he thinks that a species distinct 
from P. napi is involved. It now seems important both to breed dubiosa 
and to ascertain whether ordinary napi also occurs in Corsica. Rober, 
who described and figured dubiosa in Seitz (1907), thought it was either a 
form of P. rapae or a distinct species. Verity (“Farfalle diurne d'Italia”, 
3: 199) dismissed it as an extreme form of P. napi meridionalis Heyne 
occurring in South Italy. It has also been found in Spain. Certainly at 
Vizzavona it is a constant type; and it has nothing to do with P. rapae, 
which was flying with it, though some of the females of these have the 
black markings upperside enlarged and even confluent. 

Fabriciana elisa Godart. In Corsica this brilliant Fritillary takes the 
place of F. adippe L., F. niobe L. and Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw., which 
do not occur there. It was just beginning to emerge at Vizzavona on 
22nd July and soon became fairly common in the forest and very 
abundant on higher, stony ground. In the forest it fed at the flowers of 
Sambucus ebulus, but elsewhere was greatly attracted by the small yellow 
thistles, and was then easy to catch. Males were beginning to decline in 
numbers by 2nd August, though the larger and paler females were still 
abundant. Very constant in colour and markings, but varies a good deal 
in size, from 48 mm. to 62 mm. for the largest females. 

Argynnis paphia immaculata Bellier. Became very common in the 
forest from early in our stay, both sexes feeding continuously on bramble 
blossom and Sambucus. The “silver wash’ on the underside of the hind- 
wings is often absent in the males and much reduced in the females, and 
many of both sexes have traces of a delicate lilac border to the outer 
hind margin. In one magnificent aberration this takes the form of a 
broad band, while on the upperside all the black spots are heavily rayed 
and confluent. From several counts we judged that from 5 to 8 per cent 
of the females were f. valesina Esp., though counting was complicated by 
the fact that their habits seemed to differ from those of the typical 
females: they fed more warily, settled more often on mossy stones, and 
paid more frequent visits to the branches of the beech trees which served 
both sexes as dormitories at night and in cloudy weather. 

Pandoriana maja cyrnea Schawerda. This is also characterised by 
reduction of the silver markings on the underside of the hindwings, as 
well as by their rich green ground colour. Verity says that it is the 
smallest race of the species; but our series, ranging from 72 mm. to 80 mm. 
in expanse, is distinctly larger on average than specimens from south- 
western France. It was not common round Vizzavona, but was fairly 
numerous on 27th July in the Restonica Valley near Corte and later on 
high ground above Tattone. It despised bramble blossom, but came to 
red and yellow thistles; otherwise, its powerful, gliding flight made it 
difficult to catch. 

Polygonia c-album L. Common in the forest, though many were worn. 
The females had very pale, almost uniform undersides, and the dark 
markings on the upperside were reduced (much more than in British f. 
hutchinsoni Robson), so that they resembled P. egea Cramer. These may 
be racial characters in Corsica. 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


Aglais (urticae) ichnusa Hiibner. Only two seen: a perfect specimen 
in the station yard at Vizzavona on 23rd July, and one very worn high 
up on 26th July. We were probably between broods, though search of 
many patches of nettles failed to yield any larvae or pupae. 


Lasiomata (megera) paramegaera Hubner = tigelius Bonelli. Wide- 
spread in small numbers on stony ground; but most were chipped, 
probably because of their rapid, jerky flight among plants and bushes. 
Much smaller than P. megera, and looking very different on the wing. 

Pararge aegeria sardoa Verity. Common in the forest: Worn at first, 
but a fresh brood appeared later. The spots on the upperside are large 
and rich brown, but the race seems very like that of southern France. 


Hipparchia (semele) algirica Obth. = aristaeus Bonelli. First seen 
above Vivario on 26th July; common at Corte next day; became later 
abundant on open ground round Vizzavona and Tattone. It is more 


showy and richer in colour than H. semele, particularly the female; and we 
noticed that when resting on the ground it always sits bolt upright and 
not with the wings inclined at an angle, as H. semele does. 

H. neomiris Godart. Just beginning at Vizzavona on 22nd July, it then 
became common there and very abundant on the higher ground, though we 
saw very few females. It preferred stony places, but also occurred in the 
forest, where it settled, perfectly camouflaged, on pine trunks. The males 
vary considerably in the amount of black suffusion of the upperside: in 
extreme examples this covers almost the whole of the forewings. It has 
the most distinctive appearance of all the special Corsican butterflies. 


Chortobius corinna Hubner. Abundant almost everywhere round 
Vizzavona, being addicted to all sorts of flowers and also sitting much on 
hot bare ground. Variable in the width of the black border on the upper- 
side in the male and in the number of spots beneath. One pale straw- 
coloured specimen was taken. 

Pyronia cecilia Vallentin = ida Esp. Only seen in a dried-up field on 
Monte Salario, behind Ajaccia, on 30th July, flying with P. tithonus L. 
Females, almost all fresh, were in hundreds, but we saw only a handfui ot 
tattered males, though both sexes of P. tithonus were in good condition 
there, as elsewhere. 

Plebejus argus corsica Bellier. Only seen on the slopes above the Col 
de Vizzavona, but there abundant among heather and bracken and feeding 
on flowers of Sambucus. This is a most distinctive sub-species. In the 
females the basal half of the upperside of all wings is bright blue, while 
on the underside both the ground-colour and spots have a thick powdering 
of dark scales, thus having a smudged appearance. This smudging of the 
underside is present in most of the males also, but in varying degree: ina 
few it is altogether absent leaving the ground colour pale whitish blue. 
Both sexes are also considerably larger than in most other forms of P. 
argus. 

Lycaeides idas bellieri Obth. Very local near the railway above 
Tattone, and higher up in a side valley: already going over on the lower 
ground. Also a fine sub-species, with females purple-blue on the upper- 
side and thus much resembling those of the previous species, though both 
colour and spotting on the underside are very different. 

Aricia agestis calida Verity. Here and there in openings in the forest, 
among much greater numbers of Polyommatus icarus Rott.; also at Ajaccio. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CORSICA, 1962 99 


With its brilliant orange markings on the upperside and the warm brown 
ground colour beneath, it much resembles A. cramera Esch. from Spain 
and Portugal. 

Polyommatus icarus flavocinctata Rowland Brown. By far the com- 
monest butterfly in all the places we visited, and a striking race. The 
males are brilliant clear blue, and the females are rich brown, without 
trace of blue scaling and with the orange lunules bright and enlarged, so 
that they are easily mistaken for the previous species on the wing. Very 
constant except in size: a diminutive female measures only 18 mm., 
against 36 mm. for the largest. 

Spialia (sertorius) therapne Rambur. One male only of this minute 
species, presumably a fore-runner of the second brood, on Monte Salario, 
Ajaccio, on 30th July. 

Beside these we also saw (in the Vizzavona area unless otherwise 
stated) Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., Pontia daplidice L. (two at 
Ajaccio), Leptidea sinapis L., Colias croceus Fourc., with several f. helice 
Hb., C. australis Vty. (few), Gonepteryx rhamni, G. cleopatra L., Limenitis 
rivularis Scop. (only at Corte), Vanessa cardui L., V. atalanta (few), 
Nymphalis io (two only), N. polychloros L. (one worn on 25th July, one 
fresh on 30th), Issoria lathonia L. (common), Kanetisa circe F. (widespread, 
and in hundreds at Tattone station), Maniola jurtina hispulla Esp. (fairly 
common), Pyronia tithonus L. (at Corte and Ajaccio as well as round 
Vizzavona), Chortobius pamphilus lyllus Esp. (widespread, but not 
numerous), Lycaena phlaeas aestivus Zell. (common: dark and brilliant), 
Lampides boeticus L. (one very worn on 24th July), Lycaenopsis argiolus 
L. (fairly common on the edges of the forest), Thecla quercus L. (two only, 
on bramble and Sambucus). In all 42 species were seen, out of the island’s 
list of 56. 


The Heterocera noticed included:—Celerio livornica Esp. (one at 
flowers by day, one at light), Hyloicus pinastri L. (common at light), 
Macroglossa stellatarum L. (few), Stauropus fagi L., Phalera bucephala 
L., Lymantria monacha L., Arctornis l-nigrum Mill. (one only), 
Dendrolimus pini L., Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. (abundant at 
light), Arctia caja L., Lithosia quadra L. (abundant at light and flying by 
day), L. complana L., Heliothis peltigera Schiff., Noctua pronuba L., 
Euchesis comes Hb., Ammogrotis lucernea insulicola Turati, Lycophotia 
erythrina Guen., Lampra fimbriata Schreber, Trachea furva Schiff., 
Apamea monoglypha Hfl., Caradrina selinoides Bell., Tarache lucida Hfl. 
(one by day at Corte), Eublemma elychrysi Rbr. (one at light), Rusina 
tenebrosa Hb., Plusia gamma L., Lygephila craccae F., Ellopia pinicolaria 
Bell. (four at light), Campaea margaritata L., Ennomos quercinaria Hfl., 
Ourapteryx sambucaria L., Semiothis alternaria Hb., Boarmia selenaria 
Hb., Cleora lichenaria Hb., Mannia codetaria Obth. (one at light), Gnophos 
obscurata Schiff. (abundant), Lyncometra ocellata L., Thera firmata Hb., 
Nycterosea obstipata F., Colostygia pectinitaria Knoch., Epirrhoe 
timozzaria Constant, Cataclysme dissimulata Rbr., Eupithecia icterata de 
Vill, E. vulgata cyrneata Schaw., Gymnoscelis pumilata Hb., Scopula 
marginepunctata Goeze, S. imitaria Hb., Sterrha fuscovenosa Goeze, S. 
ostrinaria Hb., S. obliquaria Bell., S. inornata Haw., S. aversata L., 
Cosymbia linearia Hb., C. puppillaria Hb., Microloxia herbaria Hb., 
Aegeria chrysidiformis Esp., Zeuzera pyrina L., Acrobasis porphyrella 
Dup., Dioryctria splendidella H-S., Crambus corsicellus Dup., Scoparia 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


truncicolella St., S. laetella Zell., Palpita unionalis Schiff., Hallula undalis 
F., Endotricha flammealis Schiff., Nomophila noctuella Schiff., Pyurausta 
martialis Guen., Aphomia sociella L., Thiodia major Rebel., Laspeyresia 
grossana Haw., Ethmia bipunctella F., Metasia ophialis Tr. 

For valuable advice and encouragement we are much indebted to Mr. 
B. C. S. Warren and Lt. Col. H. C. Bridges, and for help with identifica- 
tions of the more obscure Heterocera to Mr. W. H. Tams, Mr. D. S. 
Fletcher, Mr. P. E. S. Whalley, Mr. M. Shaffer, Mr. S. Bleszynski, and Mr. 
W. G. Tremewan. 


ADDITIONAL NOTE BY MAJOR GENERAL SIR GEORGE JOHNSON. 


I was in Corsica from 31st July to 14th August 1962, but in a different 
area, being based on the small village of Porto, on the west coast 82 kms. 
northwards by road from Ajaccio. I explored the neighbourhood of the 
coast road from Partinello, 13 kms. north of Porto, to Cargese 31 kms. 
south. I also made two trips into the mountains behind Evisa, one to the 
Col de Vergio (4,200 feet) through the magnificent Foret d’Aitone, mostly 
of Corsican Pine, and the other to the Col de Servi (3,300 feet). 

I took most of the species observed by Bretherton and De Worms, with 
the notable exception of Papilio hospiton. The only fennel I found on the 
coast and, though P. machaon was common, there were no P. hospiton. 
If it occurs so low down it must have been over. I also did not see 
Gonepteryx cleopatra, Nymphalis polychloros, Aglais ichnusa, Pyronia 
cecilia, Lampides boeticus or Plebejus argus corsica. 


On the species which we all recorded I have the following comments :— 


Pieris napi dubiosa. I took one female in the forest country near Evisa, 
and two other specimens on the coast: a male at Porto on Ist 
August, and a female in a hayfield near Cargese on 10th August. 
All were in fresh condition. 

Fabriciana elisa. Common on the bare hillside at Col de Vergio and in 
the pine forest below. Not seen below 3,000 feet. 

Pandoriana maja cyrnea. Commonest on the coastal road 9 kms. south 
of Porto at about 2,000 feet, where it was not difficult to catch on 
yellow thistles. Seen down to sea-level. 

Pararge paramegaera. Scarce, 9 kms. south of Porto on the roadside and 
on the Col de Servi. 

Hipparchia algirica. Common on the coast road south of Porto. 

H. neomiris. Common in many places from Col de Vergio to sea-level. 
Fond of sitting on yellow thistles. 

Chortobius corinna. Abundant on the Col de Vergio and at shore level 
north of Porto. Noticed in many places. 

Kanetisa circe. Only seen on the Col de Servi, in small numbers. 

Spialia therapne. Two only, at Evisa at 2,500 feet and on the shore 5 kms. 
north of Porto. 


I obtained the following species not recorded by Bretherton and de 
Worms :— 


Charaxes jasius. This fine insect, though seldom visible, was common 
around Porto wherever Arbutus unedo grew. This was one of the 
common shrubs of the maquis from shore level to at least 2,000 feet, 
along the coast road. I worked four traps for it in various places, 
eventually finding a south-facing slope about 6 kms. north of Porto 


BUTTERFLIES IN CORSICA, 1962 101 


the best. At first I caught only a few worn specimens, but on 6th 
August got a freshly emerged male. Fresh specimens then became 
increasingly numerous. In all I trapped over 70 specimens, mostly 
males. The trap was a sleeve of black butterfly net 15 inches in 
diameter and about 34 feet long, kept extended by rings of copper 
wire at top and bottom, and hung from any convenient branch. 
From the bottom wire a round platform of thin three-ply wood was 
suspended: on it was a shoe-polish tin lid holding the bait—over- 
ripe banana, raisins and brown sugar with a pinch of yeast to help 
fermentation. A gap of about 14 inches between platform and net 
allowed the butterflies to crawl in to the bait, and a small ladies’ 
zip-fastener in the side of the net eased their subsequent extraction. 
The efficiency of the trap is due to the fact that all Charexes fly 
upwards when they are alarmed and do not try to escape sideways 
through the gap by which they entered. 


Syntarucus pirithous. Two or three, very worn, were taken along the 
hedge of a lucerne field on the coast 5 kms. north of Cargese on 
11th August. 


Philotes baton. One, rather worn, on 11th August in the same place. 


Pyrgus armoricanus rufosatura. Abundant in fresh condition in a patch 
of uncut hay near the same place, 5 kms. north of Cargese, on 
10th August. 


A LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF CORSICA. 


To compile a satisfactory list of Corsican butterflies is not easy. The 
existing early lists contain many doubtful entries. Rambur in 1832, 
besides describing several new forms, listed 55 species which he had 
collected during a stay of sixteen months in the island. But four of these 
have never been reported again, and the identity of three more is open 
to doubt. Josef Mann published a list of 61 species which he claimed to 
have seen during a collecting trip to Corsica from mid-April to late 
July, 1855. But for eleven of these we can find no independent evidence, 
and four more are doubtful. Mann was an experienced and very 
energetic collector, but a close study of his article shows that many of 
the species he mentions were identified from larvae, or were “met with”, 
or were “seen flying’; and in some cases his failure to note common 
Corsican species, which resemble those which he does record, points to 
mistakes in identification. Kolimorgen in 1899 set out to produce a com- 
prehensive catalogue, based not only on his own experiences during two 
summers in Corsica, but also upon specimens in collections and earlier 
records. He records 71 species. But this total includes most of the 
Rambur and Mann records, and unfortunately he does not always show 
clearly whether he is simply following earlier authors, or has fresh 
evidence. Finally, Verity, in his great work on the Butterflies of Italy 
(1940-1953), covers Corsica along with the other Tyrrhenian islands. But 
he comments on the unreliability of many of the Corsican records, 
particularly those of Mann, and upon the paucity of specimens in Italian 
collections. 


There has, of course, been much collecting in Corsica since these lists 
were produced. But nothing seems to have been published by residents, 
and the visitors have for the most part concentrated on the Corsican 
specialities and have clearly not looked for or recorded species which they 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


regarded as “common” on the Continent. Moreover, systematic work by 
the Austrian collectors, notably Schawerda, from 1925 to 1931, was mainly 
concerned with moths in the mountain areas and added little to our 
knowledge of the butterflies. Among the English collectors, at least eight 
wrote interesting accounts of visits to Corsica between 1893 and 1914, 
and Cooke in particular published a very useful article in 1929, but their 
researches were limited both in time and area. 


Because of these difficulties, we have included in the first part of the 
attached list only those species, 56 in all, whose occurrence in Corsica 
within the present century seems to be beyond doubt. In the second part 
we have listed a score of other species which have been reported in 
Corsica at one time or another, and have commented on their status. Most 
are clearly based on errors or on confusions of identity. But a few may 
be capable of confirmation, and there are good possibilities of fresh 
discoveries, especially in the lowland parts of the island. 


Part I: Species certainly occurring since 1900 


(species and races endemic to Corsica, or to Corsica and other Tyrrhenian 
islands, are printed in capital letters) 


Papilio machaon L. 

P. HOSPITON Gené 

Iphiclides podalirius L. 

Leptidea sinapis L. 

Anthocaris cardamines L. 

Euchloe ausonia INSULARIS Stder. 


Pontia daplidice L. 

Pieris napi DUBIOSA Rober 
P)rapae ls: 

P. brassicae L. 

Colias australis Verity 
Gonepteryx cleopatra L. 

G. rhamni L. 

C. crocea Fourc. 

Charaxes jasius L. 


Limenitis rivularis Scop. 
Issoria lathonia L. 
Fabriciana ELISA Godart 


Argynnis IMMACULATA 
Bell. 


Pandoriana maja CYRNEA Schaw. 


Vanessa cardui L. 
V. atalanta L. 


Polygonia egea Cramer 

P. c-album L. 

Nymphatis polychloros L. 
Inachis io L. 

Aglais (urticae) ICHNUSA Hb. 
Libythea celtis Laich. in Fuess. 
Pararge aegeria SARDOA Vty. 


paphia 


P. (megera) PARAMEGAERA Hb. = 
TIGELIUS Bonelli 

Chortobius CORINNA Hb. 

C. pamphilus lyllus Esp. 

Pyronia cecilia Vallentin 

P. tithonus L. 

Maniola jurtina hispulla Esp. 

Kanetisa circe hispanica Spuler 

Hipparchia (semele) ALGIRICA 
Obth. = ARISTAEUS Bonelli 

H. neomiris Godart 

Lycaena phlaeas aestivus Zell. 

Syntarucus pirithous L. 

Lampides boeticus L. 

Lycaenopsis argiolus L. 

Everes alcetas Hoftmsg. 

Philotes baton Bergstr. 

Glaucopsyche alexis Poda 

Maculinea arion ligurica Wagner 

Lycaeides idas BELLIERI Obth. 

Plebejus argus CORSICA Bell. 

Aricia agestis CALIDA Verity 

Polyommatus icarus FLAVOCINC- 
TATA Rowl. Brown. 

Thecla quercus L. 

Chrysophanus rubi L. 

Carcharodus alceae Esp. 

Pyrgus armoricanus RUFOSATURA 
Vty. 

Spialia sertorius Hoffmsg. 

S. (sertorius) THERAPNE Rambur 


BUTTERFLIES IN CORSICA, 1962 103 


Part II: Species doubtfully recorded. 


Zerynthia hypsipyle Schulze. Only recorded by Freyer (1833). 

Anthocaris euphenoides Stdgr. Mann (1855) as eupheno L. “Larvae found, 
which I still have as pupae’”’. 

Pieris mannii Mayer. Verity quotes Canari, but says there is no con- 


firmation. 
Nymphalis antiopa L. Mann: “in April at Ajaccio flying singly along a 
hedge; in July seen flying in olive-groves near Bastia”. (Were 


they C. jasius, which Mann does not mention?) 

Melanargia galathea L. Mann, as Hipparchia procida Hbst. “Flying 
singly in July on the slopes of Pozzo di Borgo and on the hills 
above Monte Lazaretto”’. Omitted by Kollmorgen. 

Maniola NURAG Ghiliani. Lang (1884) gives Corsica, and he has been 
followed by many other authors. But both Kollmorgen and 
Oberthur said they could find no evidence, and we know of none 
since. It is very locally common in Sardinia. 

Hipparchia fagi Scop. Mann, as Satyrus hermione L.: “Met with in mid- 
July on Monte Pozzo di Borgo’. Probably a mistake for Kanetisa 
circe Spuler, which Mann does not mention. 

Hipparchia statilinus Hgl., H. fidia L., Satyrus actaea Esp. Rambur only. 
The inclusion in his list of these three adjacent species may have 
been a copying error. Earlier in his article he says that there are 
only three Satyrs (presumably H. aristaeus, H. neomiris and K. 
circe), and no ‘“‘Négres”. 

Chortobius arcania L. Mann: “appearing singly on slopes near Ajaccio 
and Cauro”’. Perhaps they were large C. corinna Hb. 

Heodes dorilis Hfn. Mann: “met with in mid-June near San Antonio and 
Alata on hillsides and meadows”. 

Everes argiades Pall. Mann: “met with singly in May near Cauro”’. 
Also reported by Powell about 1909 in July near Corte. These 
were almost certainly E. alcetas Hoffmsg., which was not then 
specifically distinguished, as were a series taken by Cooke at Corte 
in late May 1928, which are now in the Oxford University Museum. 


Scolitantides orion Pall. Mann, under battus S.V.: “early May in the 
valleys of Campo di Loro and Prunelli, in July met with on Pozzo 
di Borgo and on the hills round Bastia”. These were probably 
females of P. baton, some of which are of great size in Corsica. 

-Glaucopsyche melanops Bdv. Verity says that there are two from the 
Elwes Collection, labelled “Corsica” in the British Museum. 

Maculinea alcon D. & S. Mann: “caught singly in June near Cauro, and 
on Monte Lazaretto, seems to be rare’’. 

Cyaniris semiargus Rott. Mann, under acis S.V.: “May on the slopes of 
Pozzo di Borgo and near Iles Sanguinaires”. Mabille (1866) men- 
tions it among lepidoptera observed near Corte 29.vii/8.viii.1866. 
Lang (1899) says ‘‘a few at Nice and one in Corsica”. 


Lysandra bellargus Rott. Coleby (1893) reports it near Ajaccio, but his 
note contains obvious inaccuracies on other points. 

Pyrgus malvae L. Rambur (1832). Mann, under alveolus Hb.: “caught 
singly in April... ”; P. onopordi Rbr.: Verity says that one, from 
the Chapman collection, is very doubtful; P. serratulae Rbr.: re- 
corded by Gurney at Tattone in late June, 1913; P. carthami: 
Mabille mentions it at Corte in 1866; P. fritillum Hb.: Rambur, 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


Mann, Kollmorgen, ete. It is most probable that all these records of 
Pyrgus sp. really refer to P. armoricanus Obth., whose specific 
identity was only established by Reverdin in 1912. 

Carcharodus altheae Hb. Rambur only. No doubt a mistake for C. 
alceae Esp. 

Erynnis tages L. Mann: “met with not rarely in May and July on roads 
and in damp places, also seen near Bastia”. Kollmorgen: “May and 
July, not rare on the east coast”. 

Adopaea sylvestris Poda. Rambur only, as venula Hb.; A. lineola Ochs.: 
Kollmorgen: “not rare in fields and meadows. June”. Ochlodes 
venata B. & G. Only Mann: “in June on the slopes of Pozzo di 
Borgo and near San Antonio”; Hesperia comma L. Mann: “not rare 
in June on blossoms in sandy places in the Gravone Valley’’. 
Kollmorgen: “June and August, widespread in valleys’. All this 
suggests that at least one species of brown Skipper exists, or has 
existed, in Corsica, but leaves it uncertain which. 


REFERENCES 


Rambur, P. Catalogue des Lépidopteres de Vile de Corse... Ann. Soc. ent. 
Fr., 1832 : 245-295, 1833 : 5-59. 

Mann, Josef. Die Lepidopteren gesammelt auf einer entomologischen Reise in 
Corsika. Verh. zool. bot. Ver. Wien, VW (41855) : 529-572. 

Mabille, P. Notices sur les Lépidopteéres de la Corse. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 1866: 
545-564. 

Standen, R. S. Amongst the Butterflies in Corsica. Entom., 26 (1893) : 236-238, 
259-263, 318. 

Walsingham, Lord. Notes on a visit to Corsica. Ent. mon. Mag., 23 (1896): 
246-248. 

Coleby, R. Notes. Entom., 26 (1893) : 298. 

Kollmorgen, F. Versuch einer Macrolepidopteren Fauna von Corsica. Jris, 12 
(1899) : 307-328, 13 (1900) : 189-204. 

Lang, H. C. Butterflies collected in the South of France and in Corsica. Entom., 
33 (1900) : 104-108. 

Rosa, A. F. An abbreviated list of Rutterflies . . . from Corsica. Entom., 38 
(4905) : 49-52. 

Sheldon, W. G. Notes on the Diurni of South France and Corsica. Entom., 40 
(1907) : 75- 

Fountaine, Miss M. E. Notes on some of the Corsican Butterflies. Entom., 40 
(1907) : 100-103. 

Muschamp, P. A. H. A Tramp across Corsica. Ent. Rec., 22 (1910): 141-146. 

Gurney, G. H. An entomological trip to Corsica. Entom., 47 (1914): 147-151, 
173-177. 

Bubacek, Otto. Sammelausbeute aus Korsika. Verh. zool. bot. Ver. Wien, 72 
(1923) : 28-34. 

De Joannis, J. Histoire du Peuplement de la Corse: les Lépidopteres. Societé 
de Biogéographie, Paris, 1926. 

Reisser, H. and Kautz, H. Bericht uber eine Sammelreise nach Corsica. Verh. 
zool. bot. Ver. Wien, 7§ (1927) : 1-25. 

Goodman, O. R. Further Notes on the larva of Papilio hospiton. Entom., 60 
(1927) : 251-253. 

Leigh, J. H. Papilio hospiton in Corsica. Entom., 60 (1927) : 185-186. 

Schawerda, Karl. Kreuz under Quer durch die schone Insel Korsika. Iris, 41 
(1927) : 205-235. Meine dritte Lepidopterensausbeute aus dem Hochgebirge 
Korsikas, and later articles. Zeit der Ost. Ent. Ver. Wien, 13 (1928), 14 
(1929), 15 (1930), 16 (1931), 17 (1932), 18 (1933). 

Cooke, Brig. Gen. B. H. Spring Collecting in Corsica. Entom., 62 (1929): 79-83. 

Verity, R. Le Farfalle diurne d’ Italia, I-V, 1940-1953. 

Smith, Dennis. Butterflies in Corsica. Entom., 83 (1950) : 207-208. 

Kauffmann. Spialia sertorius en Corse. Rev. fr. de Lep., 15 (1955) : 38. 

Kettlewell, H. B. D. The Natural History of Papilio hospiton in Corsica. 
Entom., $8 (1955) : 280-283. 

Fonteneau, J-M. Aout en Corse? Pourquoi pas? Alexanor, 2 (1962) : 226-228. 


COLLECTING NOTES FROM 1962 FROM BUCKS. 105 


Collecting Notes for 1962 from Bucks and further 
| afield 


T. W. HaRMaNn 


These notes are those of a collector comparitively new to the sport. 
After a collecting revival in June, 1961, when I met Mr. R. Fairclough 
using a mercury vapour light in a local beechwood, I have been using 
a similar light here ever since. The past year has therefore been the 
first full one in which I have used m.v., and consequently it has meant 
setting a huge number of new species which I had not seen some ten 
years previously when collecting with inferior equipment. In addition to 
collecting in the garden, I have been fortunate enough to make several 
trips to collect certain species. On these occasions some ‘bonus’ species 
turned up to swell the numbers. 

Although the weather during the year was distinctly unfavourable to 
moths and entomologists alike, I have had a very rewarding and enjoyable 
year. By running an m.v. light here every night while in residence, it 
has been possible to make use of many good evenings. The garden is 
situated on a spur of the Chiltern dip slope which juts out into the Thames 
Valley. On the opposite side of the minor road which runs past the 
garden is a large area of woodland, predominantly beech, with other 
species such as oak, birch, ash and sycamore around its perimeter, and, 
in some cases, interspersing it. Also around the edges of the wood is 
some excellent field maple which has a valuable effect on the lepidoptera. 
Within a hundred yards of the garden is some low meadowland with 
several small tributaries of the Thames which also affects greatly the 
species of moths occurring here. 

To date it has been possible to identify 312 species in the garden by 
using the method of collecting described below. This method is a modifica- 
tion of the sheet and tripod as used in the field. Instead of a trap, a 
125 watt m.v. bulb is fixed to a wooden base which is in turn stood upon 
an inverted drum some two feet in height. The whole is placed about 
two feet from the south-facing wall of the house. On the wall is hung 
a white sheet and another is placed on the concrete terrace under the 
drum. Egg trays are placed around the drum and along the base of the 
wall. This method means rising before dawn each morning to inspect 
the catch and turn out the light before the birds become active. The 
inconvenience caused by early rising has been compensated by good 
results, both in numbers of insects and species observed. More 
geometers are recorded than when using a trap and species which do 
not readily go into a trap, but which tend to sit some distance away 
from it are also recorded by the above method. 

The year began with snow and low temperatures generally. The first 
moths were one specimen each of Operophtera brumata L. and Erannis 
defolaria Clerck. on 17th January. Things warmed up on 26th January 
when six species, all common, were recorded. Early February produced 
nothing and it was not until 20th February that six species were again 
recorded, almost the same six as those of 26th January! Another blank 
period caused by bad weather lasted until 9th March when, again, six 
species were seen. On 10th March my first specimen of Apocheima 
hispidaria Schiff. appeared, the only one so far. 18th March saw the 
first of the true spring moths, Orthosia incerta Hufn. Its relations fol- 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


lowed before the end of March and included Orthosia stabilis Schiff., 
O. gothica L., O. cruda Schiff. and O. munda Schiff. Because of the late- 
ness of the season, the sallows were very backward and were not visited 
until 7th April when eight common species were taken. Achlya flavicornis 
L. appeared on 4th April and a few came on later nights, mostly singly. 
After taking a freshly emerged Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. on a lone 
sallow bush in the wood near here, I decided to make a short trip on 
Easter Sunday, 22nd April, to the Chiltern valley where I used to live, six 
miles from here. Shaking sallows produced 30 specimens, all in bred 
condition and showing quite remarkable variation in markings. As many 
as four fell from one bush. I returned on 26th April to try for some for 
breeding purposes. Eighteen specimens were collected between 9.30 and 
10.30 p.m. Eggs were obtained and the resulting pupae now wait in an 
emergence tank. Panolis flammea Schiff. and Polyploca ridens F. ap- 
peared on 25th April, together with seventeen other species. 


May opened with a frosty night and no moths, but on 2nd May when 
the temperature dropped to 38°F. a female Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. 
and my first Orthosia advena Schiff. decided to risk frostbite! On the 
following night I was very pleased to see a single Odontosia carmelita 
Esp. at the light while 6th May produced four specimens of Laphygma 
exigua Hiion. The first of these came in at 2 a.m. when it was quite windy. 
This specimen was set immediately and on return to the light two more 
had arrived. When the light was turned off at 4.30 a.m., a further specimen, 
the largest and finest-marked female I have seen, was waiting in the trays. 
A single specimen of O. carmelita Esp. came on the same night witn a 
further L. exigua Hiibn. on 14th May and on several occasion later in the 
season. 15th May was another red-letter night, a single specimen of Eupith- 
ecia insigniata Hiibn. being found sitting on the wall of the house, with a 
further specimen on 22nd May. That evening also raised a single Cucullia 
verbasci L., the only one of the year. On 29th May a worn Agrotis 
denticulatus Haw. showed up, the only one taken here. 


On 2nd June, with Mr. T. J. G. Homer, I made one of several trips 
this year, into the Chilterns on this occasion. It produced the first 
Drepana cultraria F. of the year. This species was later frequent in the 
garden here. The return home from a field trip is always full of hope 
as the permanent light here may still yield something worthwhile. This 
particular night was no exception for there, on the light cable, was 
specimen of Hyloicus pinastri L., a new species to me. It was 6th June 
before Stauropus fagi L. put in an appearance, but it had quite a long 
season after this. Being a schoolmaster, Whitsun means a short holiday, 
this year a trip was made to Worth, near Sandwich in Kent. The 
intention was to make it a base for operations at Dungeness, some 30 
miles away. Besides being a base it provided some new species to me 
including Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn. on 9th June and Hadena nana 
Hufn., Spilosoma urticae Esp. and Clostera curtula L. on 11th June. 


On 12th June I wended my way by motor cycle to Dungeness with 
an extra load of 200 yards of cable for plug-in purposes. I made the 
acquaintance of Mr. R. E. Scott at the Bird Observatory who kindly 
helped with preparations for the night’s work. After several failures in: 
joints, those of the cabie not our own, we got the light going out near 
the old railway, quite a trudge over the shingle after switching on. 
Within half an hour I had the species I had come for, Calophasia lunula 


COLLECTING NOTES FROM 1962 FROM BUCKS. 107 


Hufn. and Hadena albimacula Borkh. Also new to me on that night 
were Hadena lepida Esp., Epirrhoe galiata Schiff. and Eupithecia linariata 
Schiff. Before dusk we kicked up several specimens of Eustrotia uncula 
Clerck. from damp grass areas. The following evening, 13th June, we 
disturbed Cosymbia punctaria L. and Orthonama lignata Hitibn. from 
herbage before dusk. Among 41 species at light that night were Arctia 
villica L. and Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. Because of the success of 12th June, 
I moved base from Worth to the Bird Observatory and spent three nights 
there, my mother-in-law seemed to accept the sudden move quite 
amicably! The last night of the three was rather a poor one with a 
steady temperature drop and clear moon. However, my introductory 
visit to Dungeness was most enjoyable, if a little sleepless. 


The return to Medmenham was made on 15th June and the light here 
was busy again the same evening, producing Plusia festucae L., a surprise 
after seeing it in Kent only a few days previously. The following night, 
16th June, brought out another nice species, Selenia lunaria Schiff., the 
only one for the year. 17th June resulted in the diary comment of being 
“almost perfect’, with a temperature of 66°F. at 10 p.m. and a slight 
south-westerly breeze. The result was 72 species, unfortunately, none 
of them new! The end of June produced some fairly good nights, and 
during the last three among over 80 species noted were: P. umbra Hufn., 
Cucullia lychnitis Ramb., Laspeyrina flexula Schiff., Euphyia cuculata 
Hufn., Eupithecia venosata F., Hadena w-latinum Hufn., H. bicolorata 
Hufn., S. fagi L., Plagodis dolabraria L., Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb., 
Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. and Dypterygia scabriuscula L. 


The first night of July was a good one with Comibaena pustulata Hufn. 
and Comacla senex Hubn. as new species and Lophopteryx cucullina 
Schiff. turning up for the first time in the year. 5th July produced the 
first Xanthorhoe quadrifasciata Clerck. which shows quite a variety of 
forms here. On 7th July I visited my old valley home again to try 
sweeping long grass growing on a chalk slope. It was evening and 
resulted in no insects, but I caught a splendid specimen of a young badger 
in the net. By placing the ring of the net in front of its head it ran 
straight in. Luckily, the netting was new and the badger did not struggle 
much so no damage was done. After considering the possibility of keep- 
ing it as a pet, I decided that its freedom was the best policy and on 
release it quite calmly shuffled into a nearby thicket. The night after, 
8th July, we had the first occasion of the year when the temperature 
rose during the night. It went up by 7°F. between midnight and 1.30 a.m.; 
from 52° to 59°F. This produced startling results in the form of 96 
species, including ten new ones for the year. 


The most memorable night of the year will long remain as the one of 
12th July. While on a field trip with Mr. T. J. G. Homer and Mr. M. W. F. 
Tweedie, I had a stroke of luck which every collector hopes for and which 
a collector of my short experience can hardly deserve. After great 
difficulty in getting Mr. Tweedie’s generator to function, I was talking 
to him from the opposite side of the sheet when I saw an unfamiliar- 
looking moth on the sheet edge close to me. I boxed it and passed it over 
for expert opinion. There was a loud exclamation followed by the word 
“emortualis”. He then insisted that I had the insect and I have since 
never failed to appreciate his generosity. How many collectors would 
give a friend such a prize from his own sheet? It was the first specimen 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 . 


of Trisateles emortualis Schiff. taken for one-hundred-and-three years. 
Within ten minutes Mr. Homer had another and subsequently three more 
specimens were taken. One each went to the four collectors involved and 
one was presented to the National Collection at Tring Museum. 

This moth rather overshadowed the rest of the month’s catch, except 
in numbers. 

Messrs Homer, B. R. Baker and I made the trip to Pamber Forest 
on 27th July when among fifty species, I took five new to me, wonderful 
what 2 change of habitat produces. The light at home resulted in record 
‘bags’ for the next few evenings. Numbers of species noted were: 28th 
July—104, 31st July—101, and 1st August—lll. On each of these nights 
the temperature did not drop below the upper 50’s F. L. exigua Hubn. 
was present frequently and Oria musculosa Hubn. was among those on 
31st July, in my opinion, breeding within a mile of here. Ennomos 
quercinaria Hufn., which occurs fairly commonly here, put in its first 
appearance on 2nd August, along with specimens of L. cucullina Schiff. 
and S. fagi L. 

On 10th August my family and I took a holiday on a friend’s farm 
in Lincolnshire. The m.v. gear was, of course, taken along and the tripod 
and sheet used in the farmyard. On the second night the tripod was knocked 
over by some kittens which were chasing moths around the sheet. This 
broke the outer glass of the m.v. bulb, but it was still alight. As no 
spare was available, I decided to keep it going, being careful to shield 
my eyes when working near it. When I switched on during the following 
evening, the filament failed to produce even a glimmer. This was over- 
come by heating the filament tube over a red-hot electric ring for a few 
minutes, rushing into the farmyard to plug in, shouting to a friend to 
switch on, and hoping for the best. The second attempt produced the 
desired effect. This lasted for two more days, the light becoming less 
intense as time went on. However, some suspicious, drab-looking 
noctuids liked the look of this contraption. They turned out to be 
Spaelotis ravida Schiff. and with two taken at bedroom window lights, I . 
managed a series of seven specimens in good condition. Euxoa tritici L. 
also occurred there, it obviously pays never to go anywhere without m.v. 
equipment! 

17th August again saw me with Messrs. Baker and Homer, at Wool- 
hampton. It was a pretty grim night and we found the flowers of hemp 
agrimony much more rewarding than light. Mr R. Fairclough visited 
me on 19th August and we went into the hills to try our luck. This came 
in the form of three new species to me, single specimens of Euchnreca 
nebulata Scop. and Deileptenia ribeata Clerck. and a fair series of Eilema 
deplana Esp. with both light and dark forms included. When we returned 
home a single H. pinastri L. was waiting at the light. 

Pupae of Nonagria geminipuncta Haw. taken in reed beds at Wool- 
hampton on 16th August began hatching on 20th August. Out of about 
40 pupae only one resulted in an ichneumon fly. Things then looked 
rather dull until 24th August when Messrs Baker, Homer and I again 
visited Pamber Forest. I had recently acquired a generator and this 
was its maiden run. At about 10 p.m. a large moth dived on to the 
sheet and then danced wildly into nearby grass. When netted it was seen 
to be Catocala promissa Schiff., another lucky night for me. August 25th 
and 26th yielded single specimens of L. exigua Htibn., possibly the results 
of the spring migration. 


COLLECTING NOTES FROM 1962 FROM BUCKS. 109 


Another visit to Kent was made on 28th August. That evening the 
generator was used at Sandwich Bay. Very few species were seen, but a 
nice series of Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. came in. At Worth, on the night 
of 29th August, no less than a dozen specimens of L. exigua Hubn. came 
to light. On 30th August I went to Dungeness. In fairly good conditions 
I took five new species, Lasiocampa trifoli Schiff., Euproctis chrusorrhoea 
L., Nonagria dissoluta Treits., Dasychira fascelina L. and Arenostola 
phragmitidis Hiibn. From the ponds there I collected about 30 pupae of 
Nonagria typhae Thunb. which duly produced a fine series of moths. 


Back at Medmenham on 3rd September the autumn species began 
to emerge in force and that evening the first Catocala nupta L. came to 
light. 

Rather indifferent weather attracted few species until 6th September 
when what must have been a very late H. pinastri L. turned up. This was 
followed on 9th September by a lovely fresh, pale specimen of Leucania 
vitellina Hiibn. which must have lost its way somewhere! Aporophyla 
lutulenta Schiff. put in its first appearance of the year on 13th September, 
Aporophyla nigra Stroem. on 14th September and Antitype flavicincta 
Schiff. on 20th September, rather fewer specimens of the latter being seen 
than in 1961. October opened with freezing nights, but on the 5th, while 
at my parents’ house in the Chilterns, I took my first Anchoscelis helvola 
L., together with Griposia aprilina L. The rest of the month was dis- 
appointing with regard to migrants that I had hoped to see. A large 
patch of Nicotiana affinis bloomed, withered and died without a sign of 
convolvuli! Numbers of insects seen were small on most occasions. The 
first of a dozen specimens of L. semibrunnea Haw. appeared on 11th 
October. In 1961 I saw none at all. 19th October resulted in the annual 
specimen of Chesias legatella Schiff. Fewer Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. 
were seen than in 1961, the first of these was on Ist November. The 
local wood provides maple trees right down to the garden hedge and with 
it comes Ptilophora plumigera Schiff., this year number one was on 6th 
November as compared with 8th November 1961. Fewer were seen 
though, due, I think, to poor weather conditions for flight. It is not often 
we take new species as late as 9th November, but it happened this year. 
The surprise consisted of a fresh specimen of Hypena rostralis L. sitting 
on the wall about five feet from the light. The same night brought in 
the largest number of P. plumigera Schiff. seen this year, five specimens 
as compared with eight on its best night in 1961, that eight included two 
females. Anticyclonic weather then predominated and moths remained 
in retirement. 


Mr. S. Coxey came all the way from Bolton to collect P. plumigera 
Schiff. on the nights of 27th and 28th November, without luck, except for 
two specimens of L. semibrunnea Haw. This social occasion more or less 
closed the year, the beginning of December being the coldest here for 
years. 

As I hinted at the beginning of these notes, it has been an exciting 
year for me and probably the one I shall most remember in the future. 
It is said that the first impression lasts longest. My impressions are not 
only of a great many new moths seen, but also of a large number of new 
friends made, all of whom have given me every assistance with my 
collecting. 


3 Lodge Farm Cottages, Medmenham, nr. Marlow, Bucks. 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1IV/1963 


Summer 1962 in the New Forest 
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. Retd., F.R.E.S. 


A variety of family considerations all indicated a change of habitat 
from the Highlands of Scotland to the South of England for the Summer of 
1962. I was indeed fortunate to be able to secure a furnished flat in Lynd- 
hurst, so that a desire of very old standing to collect Lepidoptera in per- 
haps the most famous of all British localities was satisfied at last. 
Although such a well worked and recorded area was unlikely to yield any 
very interesting discoveries, local populations of insects are very unstable 
over the years, and many recent reports in the Record on the New Forest 
have been very depressing, recording the adverse effects of our modern 
civilization, so-called, on the habitats. So I thought that perhaps a few 
factual notes from my diary and observations, quite unaffected by any 
previous experience of the district, might be of interest to readers of the 
Record. 

I would like at this point to express my sincere thanks to two New 
Forest resident Lepidopterists for their unfailing kindness, help and 
companionship during my visit, as well as invaluable help and advice in 
preparation; Mr. L. W. Siggs of Minstead, and Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm of 
Brockenhurst. They warned me that the legal owner of the collecting 
grounds was now the Forestry Commission, and that a permit to collect 
was necessary. This was duly obtained in advance after filling in a 
questionnaire and, for some inscrutable reason, paying a fee! 

The previous Winter in the Scottish Highlands was the longest, drear- 
iest, and consistenly coldest of the eleven I have spent there since 1951. It 
started with snow and frost at the end of October 1961, and was also dis- 
tinguished by 40 degrees of frost (—8°F.) on New Year’s Eve at 
Newtonmore. The continuous cold only let up for a couple of weeks at the 
end of April and in early May, which month ended in gales, frost, heavy 
snow, and the birches only half-way in leaf, and not a moth to be seen! 
However, by the 4th June a near miracle occurred, warm sun and a 
massive emergence of Pieris napi L., Anthocaris cardemines L., and 
Argynnis euphrosyne L., a joy to behold, conjuring up memories of the 
glorious hot Summer which followed the “Shinwell” Winter of 1946-47. 
So on 5th June we came South on the car ferry train full of optimism and 
visions of lepidopterous plenty. 

We arrived at Lyndhurst in cloudless sunshine on 6th June, which 
continued over the Whitsun holiday, but actual temperatures were not 
high, and the whole Summer proved to be very cool, well below average 
every month. Furthermore, from July the weather steadily deteriorated, 
August being one of the wettest and coldest I have ever experienced; most 
disappointing. However, the Lepidoptera fought back gallantly as usual, 
and by virtue of late appearance and widely spread emergence from their 
pupae made the best of it. 

I spent the first few days exploring and finding my way about, and the 
only very common butterfly was Gonepteryx rhamni L. which was a 
delight to the eye everywhere, as were the larvae later on the Buckthorn 
bushes in the enclosures. A. euphrosyne was, to me, surprisingly local and 
in small numbers at that; it was about three weeks late, for it was in 
excellent condition. I did not see a single specimen of either brood of 
Celastrina argiolus L., but Argynnis selene Schf. was locally not un- 
common in a few of the enclosures, late in the month. At the same time 


SUMMER 1962 IN THE NEW FOREST 111 


worn immigrant specimens of Vanessa cardui L. began to appear 
commonly in gardens and also at Hods Hill in Dorset which I visited on a 
fine sunny day, the 19th June. This was a rare pleasure for I found 
butterflies in abundance, especially Lysandra bellargus Rott. with some 
very blue females, and a few worn Euphydryas aurinia Rott. were still about 
on the top of the hill. 

As the Summer progressed, back in the New Forest area proper I was 
able to assess several facts and factors in relation to the butterfly population, 
which I eventually reported to Mr. W. A. Cadman the Deputy Surveyor of 
the New Forest who showed a very kindly and sympathetic interest 
throughout my visit, and largely agreed with my conclusions. The first 
is that the total numbers of most species in general are surprisingly small 
for so large and richly wooded an area, and this lends strong support to the 
pessimistic reports of the older generation of New Forest col- 
lectors. The causes can only be surmised, but I suggest that the conifer 
planting policy of the Forestry Commission must take a big share of the 
blame. The climatic factor is also probably a big one, and Mr. Cadman 
thinks that the recent series of cool sunless summers and the water-logged 
winter of 1961 are largely responsible. The second fact I noticed par- 
ticularly is the almost complete lack of roadside and open woodland 
Butterflies which are confined to suitable parts only of some of the 
enclosures; I had fully expected to find the roadsides alive with at least 
the commoner species. I put this remarkable fact down mainly to the very 
over-grazed state of all the grass and low plants of the open woods ond 
verges by the large number of forest ponies existing to-day. The 
enclosures are fenced against their depredations, and where the state ot 
forest development permits a suitable ecology to occur, good colonies of 
such species as the Argynnids and Satyrids are to be found. Curiously, 
only one enclosure I found to be outstandingly good for nearly all groups, 
and the only one where Argynnis paphia L. f. valesina was to be seen, 
and appearing to be dominant over the type females; a most delightful first 
experience for me! These magnificent insects appear later than the type, 
and this year were emerging as late as the last week in July. Earlier 
A. selene and A. cydippe L. were also abundant here, together with a few 
Limenitis camilla L., and after prolonged search elsewhere, a fine colony 
of Sterrha muricata Hufn. also in the enclosure, surprisingly. This 
enclosure, Mr. Cadman confirmed, was clearly in ideal condition for 
Butterflies this year, and agrees that in say ten years time may weli 
deteriorate again, while others improve, we hope! The third most 
noticeable fact was the almost complete absence of good quantities of 
bramble blossom which used to provide such spectacular nourishment for 
Butterflies; now they are compelled to patronize thistles and other scat- 
tered blossoms. Part at least of the cause of this seems to be the Forestry 
Commission’s technique of “cleaning” the edges of the rides and tracks in 
the interest presumably of easy timber haulage. 

Daylight operations on the many large and small heathy areas in the 
Forest were interesting, but not very productive. In June a good num- 
ber of Macrothylacia rubi L. were to be seen careering about, as were sur- 
prisingly few Lasiocampa quercus L., later on in July and August. Anarta 
myrtilli L. was abundant especially around the apparent assembling flight 
time of 6.00 p.m., but most disapointingly I was unable to sight a single 
Heliothis maritima Grasl. ssp. septentrionalis Hoff. In my whole stay I 
only achieved one specimen at m.v. light near Beaulieu Road Station, and 


1a2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/IV/1963 


later in September I completely failed to emulate Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell’s 
admirable example in finding larvae. Perhaps it was having a bad year in 
addition to-my lack of skill! I think the fine iocal red form of Orthosia 
gracilis Schf. also was having a bad season, for prolonged search of many 
areas of Bog Myrtle revealed only a few larvae, all but one of which were 
stung and died young. Of the heathland Butterflies however, Satyrus 
semele L. was fairly common, but Plebeius argus L. was in splendid 
abundance; I have never before seen such quantities of this lovely little 
Butterfly, which did not emerge in numbers until the middle of July, and 
continued until the end of August. Other heath insects were in good 
numbers, including Sterrha sylvestraria Hb., while a considerable influx 
of small pale and worn immigrant Plusia gamma L. and Nomophila 
noctueella Schf. arrived in July. 

Nocturnal operations naturally produced a wider spread of interesting 
species, including several new to me, but as by day, they were remarkably 
patchy. I sugared persistenly though not very frequently due to the large 
number of cold nights, throughout the season, with uniformly dreadful 
results; my largest catch was seven moths, mostly pronuba and mono- 
glypha! I have given up trying to speculate on the reasons for the failure 
of this ancient craft in woodland localities in recent years, but many 
agree that this is so. On the other hand portable m.v. light in the 
enclosures and on the heaths was surprisingly productive, particularly in 
June and July, while, as always, perambulating with a hand paraffin lamp 
gives the greatest pleasure, enabling one to watch the habits of insects un- 
disturbed by powerful lures. 

Early June m.v. indicated the late season, Nctodonta anceps, Goze 
being still common, and Drymonia trimacula Esp. very fresh and only just 
beginning. The two hawkmoths Smerinthus ocellata L. and Laothoé 
populi L. also were just beginning, while Hyloicus pinastri L. became soon 
quite a nuisance on the sheet, and continued emerging throughout the whole 
Summer. In addition to all the usual common species which came to m.v. 
light in Parkhill enclosure this month were fresh Apatele alni L. on the © 
15th, and many Eilema sororcula Hufn. but a really exciting capture was a 
female, rather worn Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. obviously the end of 
the Spring brood; this inspired me to search for the colony during the 
second brood with my paraffin lamp which I successfully accomplished on 
28th August when this interesting species was well out in both sexes and 
considerable numbers in one of the rides. Many hunts for Moma alpium 
Osbeck in June were unavailing, as also were several daylight explorations 
of the railway line near Brockenhurst in the ancient haunts of Zygaena 
meliloti Esp. A very few Z. trifolii Esp. only were seen, and I could find 
no really likely ground due to heavy grazing and afforestation. On the 
other hand, a night operation among the reeds of Beaulieu River with the 
direct object of finding Leucania obsoleta Hb. was very successful, a good 
number being found, though past their best. A fresh Chilodes maritima 
Tausch, was also taken there. 

July opened with cold Northerly winds, but some sunshine; it was a 
surprise in this late season therefore, on a short visit to Whiteparish wood 
to see a fine male Apatura iris L. as early as the 2nd. This lovely species 
was not seen again until the 23rd in the same place early in the morning 
in dramatic circumstances. I had just parked my car off the road when 
Captain Jackson and Brigadier Simpson arrived independently, and we 
were gossiping when a fine male A. iris swept down off an oak over our 


SUMMER 1962 IN THE NEW FOREST Ti 


heads and settled on the windscreen pillar of my car. The Brigadier. 
being nearest made a skilful approach and capture! I saw another a 
little later, but he was not so obliging! On 5th July I succeeded in beating 
a few larvae of Bapta distinctata H.-S. and Thecla betulae L. from slce 
bushes near Brockenhurst, and the latter produced fine imagines in late 
August. Night operations kept me very busy with quite large numbers 
of common species considering that only rarely was there a tolerably warm 
night. Among them were a number of nice species, several new to me. 
On 9th, among the usual horde of Agrotis exclamationis L. was one female 
A. clavis Hufn. but no more were seen the whole Summer. This is a 
species which nas always evaded me, though most of my friends seem to 
regard it as both comon and widespread. On 11th. perambulating over 
Beaulieu Heath with my paraffin lamp revealed another uncommon 
singleton, Chlorissa viridata L., while my portable m.v. light did the same 
by producing my only H. maritima. On 16th, whilst working portable 
m.v. light and sheet also on Beaulieu Heath I experienced a great thrill. 
Among a cloud of common things I suddenly saw a quite unknown moth 
fluorescing a brilliant deep golden colour in the ultra-violet radiation from 
the lamp, which settled on my arm. This proved to be a fine male Apoda 
avellana L. and only a minute later the much larger female of the same 
species apeared flying round the lamp. This interesting moth is usually 
associated with Oaks, so I cannot imagine what this pair was doing abouta 
mile from the nearest Oak wood! During the last two weeks of the 
month the weather steadily got colder and wetter, but moths continued to 
emerge including three fine species new to me, several splendid male 
Lithosia quadra 1. (the females eluded me), Nola strigula Schf., and, by 
‘dint of careful examination of all the smallest creatures on the sheet, a 
few Heterogenea asella Schf., which incidentally do not fluoresce as does 
its near relative A. avellana. Also, near Emery Down a very late 
specimen of M. alpium at last appeared which clue enabled me in Septem- 
ber to beat three beautiful larvae of this superb species. 


August began, in the very early hours of Ist, with the first Alcis jubata 
Thun. at m.v. light, in Parkhill, but only two were seen, and it seems to 
have been scarce this year. On 2nd, the eagerly anticipated crimsons 
began with a lovely Catocola promissa Schf. at m.v. light, and this fine 
moth was not uncommon up to early September, no less than eleven 
coming to m.v. light, but not one to sugar. Its handsome and rarer 
relative, C. sponsa L. emerges two or three weeks later, but I had almost 
given up hope of seeing it at all when one appeared in Parkhill at m.v. 
light on 25th September. This was the only one I saw, and the much 
commoner C. nupta L. was equally rare in the New Forest this year. 
During the second week of August several fresh Mormo maura L. entered 
my flat at late dusk each evening, and I had the pleasure of actually 
watching this curious negatively phototropic habit on two occasions wnen 
the moths flew up to an open window from the garden and then straight in; 
after a circuit or two of the dark room at waist height they sought out and 
settled behind a velvet pelmet. What the object of this curious behaviour 
so soon after becoming active may be I cannot imagine; it would not seem 
to help them with the serious business of feeding and mating! I was 
pleased to find Triphaena interjecta Hb. not uncommon at m.v. light, but 
I failed to observe its well known afternoon flight, due perhaps to the 
atrociously cold and cloudy weather. Later in the month I found 
Caradrina ambigua Schf. abundant and fresh at Keyhaven, but was unable 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


to find Nonagria dissoluta Tr. among the reeds there, which I had quite 
expected! The 29th was a rare sunny day, so a visit to Hod Hill was 
undertaken. Here, the second brood of L. bellargus was beginning, and 
the top of the hill, as well as gardens everywhere were alive with the 
fresh G. rhamni actively feeding up prior to their hibernation—a lovely 
sight. I noticed during this drive that the harvesting of wheat was only 
just beginning, so I decided it might not be too late to hunt for Oria 
musculosa Hb. Accordingly Mr. F. W. Gardner of Brockenhurst and I 
drove over to Tilshead on the downs north-west of Salisbury on a fine 
but cool evening, 30th August. Along the edge of a fine wheat, field we 
had plenty of O. musculosa to portable m.v., and also many Eremobia 
ochroleuca Schf. which the new Wiltshire List states is rare in that county. 
Both were rather past their best. The second broods of all the common 
moths, as well as L. otregiata referred to earlier, were well in evidence 
during the month, as well as early autumn species such as the sallows 
and thorns. 

September became colder and more showery than ever, and was a 
very disappointing month except for my single C. sponsa and only a few 
immigrants such as Leucania vitellina Hb. which I recorded in Ent. Rec. 
74, II; together with earlier ones, but a single specimen of a male 
Volucella zonaria, that fine Syrphid, was inadvertently omitted there; it 
was taken on 21st July in the glass enclosed verandah of my flat. Another 
interesting find was that of several large adults of the Stag beetle, Lucanus 
cervus L., crawling on a garden path close to the house in early July. I 
have not seen this fine insect since my extreme youth. 

As October came in, we found that Scotland and home were calling 
more and more insistently, and I operated my portable m.v. light for the 
last time in the New Forest on 5th. Among the few common Autumn 
species and a number of fresh P. gamma was a fine fresh male Orgyia 
antiqua L. which I had never before seen active at night. I also never saw 
any flying by day which used to be one of the very commonest autumnal 
pleasures not so many years ago. I wonder if this moth is declining in 
England as it certainly has done in Scotland, where it is now definitely 
very scarce. Thus ended a very interesting season for me in the South. 
Back in the Highlands the whole of the rest of October passed uneventfully 
with splendid calm autumnal weather, breaking into snow and frost on the 
very last day, an early harbinger of worse to come! 

Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 21.i.63. 


Notes on some South European and 
Mediterranean Ants 


By C. A. COLLINGWOOD 


I have had the opportunity of working through various rather 
miscellaneous collections of ants from South Europe and the Mediterranean 
perimeter. These have included material collected by Professor I. H. 
Franz of Vienna from Greece, Austria, Italy and Spanish Morocco, some 
ants from Jugoslavia kindly sent through Ser. C. Baroni Urbani and a 
number of specimens from the Middle East and Sicily sent for identifica- 
tion by Dr. E. Kjellander from the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stock- 
holm. I give a list of those species which I have been able to identify 
since, while the majority are well known and previously recorded, there 
are a few from each country worth special comment. 


SOUTH EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ANTS 115 


THE SPECIES 

Dorylus (Typhlopone) fulvus Westwood Egypt; Gall (S.) 

Anochetus ghiliani Spin. Morocco (Xauen) (F.) 

Ponera coarctata Latr. Austria (F.) 

Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. Austria; Italy (F.) 

. rubra L. Jugoslavia (C.) 

. sulcinodis Nyl. Italy (Toscana) (F.) 

. aloba Forel Morocco (Ost Rif) (F.) 

. scabrinodis Nyl. Austria (S. F.) 

. sabuleti Mein. Greece (Parnassus) (F.) 

. lobicornis Nyl. Austria (F.) 

Manica rubida L. Italy (Toscana) (F.) 

Myrmecina graminicola Latr. Austria (S.); Italy; Greece (Parnis) (F.) 

Aphaenogaster (Attomyrma) gibbosa Latr. Morocco (Xauen); Greece 
(Likovrici) (F.) 

A. subterranea Latr. Austria (Leopoldsberg); Greece (Athens) (F.) 

A. obsidiana Mayr Greece (Likovrici) (F.) 

A. (Aphaenogaster) testaceopilosa Lucas Morocco (Laraches, Bedmar- 

A 

A 


SSSRSES 


Fodar) (F.) 
. semipolita Nyl. Sicily (S.) 
. sardoa Mayr Morocco (Tanger) (F.) 

Messor arenarius Fab. Arabia (S.) 

M. structor L. Greece (C.F.); Gall (S.); Jugoslavia (C.) 

M. rufitarsis Fab.? Turkey (Bosphorus) (S.) 

M. barbarus L. Sicily (S.) 

M. capitatus Latr. Morocco (F.) 

M. sancta Forel Sicily (S.) 

M. sancta (bouvieri Bond.?) Italy (Latium) (F.); Greece (Delphi) (C.); 
Morocco (Bedmar-Fodar) (F.) 

M. minor Andre Italy (Roma) (F.) 

Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) schmidti For. Greece (Parnassus) (F.) 

C. scutellaris Ol. Morocco (F.) 

C. auberti Em. Morocco (Xauen) (F.) 

C. (Orthocrema) sordidula Nyl. Morocco (Xauen); Italy (Latium) (F.); 
Sicily (S.) 

Leptothorax acervorum Fab. Italy (Toscana) (F.) 

L. nylanderi Foerst. Italy (Susa, Toscana) (F.) 

L. unifasciatus Latr. Italy (Susa); Austria (F.) 

L. tebessae Forel Morocco (Xauen) (F.) 

Temnothorax recedens Nyl. Morocco (Xauen, Tanger) (F.) 

Pheidole arenarum Em. Greece (Likovrico) (F.) 

P. pallidula Nyl. Gall (S.) 

P. sinaitica Mayr Egypt (S.) 

Stenamma westwoodii West. Italy (Susa) (F.) 

Monomorium (Xeromyrmex) salomonis L. Morocco (F.) 

M. subopacum Smith Morocco (F.) 

Solenopsis fairchildi Wheeler Morocco (F.) 

Tetramorium caespitum L. Greece (Parnassus); Austria (F.); Jugoslavia 
(C.) 

T. hungarica Rozsler Austria (Modling) (F.) 

T. meridionale Em. Morocco (F.) 

T. semilaevis Andre Italy (Toscana) (F.) 

T. diomedea Em. Morocco (Xauen) (F.) 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


Strongylognathus testaceus Sch. Jugoslavia (Lacjavas) (C.) 
Strumigenys baudueri Forel Morocco (Xenex) (F.) 
Liometopum microcephalum Panz. Sicily (S.) 

Tapinoma simrothi Krausse Sicily (S.) 


A 


cantholepis frauenfeldi Mayr Sicily (S.); Greece (Korinth) (F.) 


Plagiolepis barbara Santschi Morocco (Xauen, Xenex) (F.) 


Lasius niger L. Jugoslavia (C.); Morocco (Xauen) (F.) 


te oepi talaga [te 


L 
L 
L 


. alienus Foerst. Austria (F.) 

. brunneus Latr. Austria (F.) 

. emarginatus Ol. Jugoslavia (Lacjavas) (C.) 

. (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus Latr. Jugoslavia (C.) 

. (Chthonolasius) umbratus Nyl. Jugoslavia (Logarska, Dolina, Kokarjai) 


U Gs) 


. mixtus Nyl. Jugoslavia (Kokarjai) (C.) 


. bicornis Foerst. Italy (Castelnuova del Carfagnaga) (F.) 


. (Cautolasius) flavus Fab. Austria (F.) 


Camponotus fallax Nyl. Greece (Pelopones); Morocco (Xauen) (F.) 


g 
Cc 
6; 
€ 


CS G1 Sle Sip eel Ge Cre 


. vagus Schr. Austria; Italy (F.) 


. ligniperdus Latr. Austria (F.) 
. herculeanus L. Austria (F.) 


. (Tanaemyrmex) aethiops Latr. Gall (F.) 

aethiops marginata Mayr Austria (F.); Sicily (S.) 
nylanderi Em. (pallens Nyl.?) Sicily (S.); Morocco (F.) 
samius Forel Greece (Parnassus) (F.) 

thoracicus F. Cyprus (S.) 

alii Forel Morocco (F.) 

maculatus Fab. Egypt (S.) 

fellah Em. Egypt (C.) 

(Myrmosericus) cruentatus Latr. Morocco (F.) 

. micans Nyl. Sicily (S.) 

. (Myrmentoma) lateralis Ol. Italy (Latium) (F.) 

. merula Los. Italy (Toscana) (F.) 

ataglyphis bicolor Fab.) Egypt (S.) 

. laevior Stitz Syria (Jabul) (S.) 

. diehli Palestine (C.) 

. (Monocambus) cursor Fonsce. Sicily (S.) 


Formica fusca L. Austria; Italy (F.) 


Pda Py yy Paty Pap ty yy 


. sp.? Italy (Toscana) (F.) 


sp.? Greece (Parnassus) (F.) 


. lemani Bond. Italy (Toscana); Austria (F.) 
. cunicularia Latr. Jugoslavia (Lacjavas) (C.) 


rufibarbis Fab. Austria (F.) 

cinerea Mayr Austria (F.) 

transkaucasica Nas. Italy (Toscana-Mt. Cimone) (F.) 

sanguinea Latr. Austria; Italy (F.) 

exsecta Nyl. Austria (F.) 

rufa L. Austria (F.); Jugoslavia (Lacjavas, Logarska Dolina) (C.) 
polyctena Foerst. Austria (Honigkirchen) (F.) 

aquilonia Yarrow Austria (Klauswald) (F.) 


. lugubris Zett. Austria (Honigkirchen, Rosenhof) (F.) 
. nigricans Em. Austria (Pernitz, Vornau) (F.) 
. truncorum Fab. Austria (Pernitz, Klauswald) (F.) 


SOUTH EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ANTS 7, 


NOTES ON THE SPECIES 


Myrmica aloba Forel is the only Myrmica sp. known to occur in Africa 
where it is restricted to the mountain areas of Morocco, Tunis and Algeria. 
The single specimen from Morocco in the Franz collection compares 
closely with other examples from Spain and also a queen and worker from 
the Balearic Islands. Menozzi (1926) included M. rolandi Bondroit in a 
list of species he identified from these islands but I suspect that two names 
have been used to refer to the same ant. Bondroit (1918) confused two 
species in his original description of M. rolandi and later (1919) separated 
them into M. pilosiscapus, a synonym for the more deeply sculptured forms 
of M. scabrinodis and M. rolandi of which the description reads exactly 
like that for M. aloba Forel (1909), an earlier name which should have 
priority. In the literature M. aloba and M. rolandi have the same distribu- 
tion in the Iberian peninsula and are not found elsewhere in Europe. 
Santschi (1931) examined series of both ‘species’ and concluded that 
rolandi was a trivial variation of M. scabrinodis. He described the male 
of M. aloba as having the antennal scape equal in length to the following 
four or five funiculus segments.as in M. sabuleti. The female castes of 
M. aloba are in some respects midway between M. sulcinodis and M. 
scabrinodis, having a sharply curved but not angled scape and coarsely 
striated frontal triangle reminiscent of M. sulcinodis and the alitrunk 
profile including epinotal spines and petiole similar to M. scabrinodis. 
It is interesting to have the record of M. sabuleti for Greece which is 
probably near the southern limit of its range; the specimens are quite 
typical. 

Manica rubida, common enough in the Alps and in Central Europe, 
does not apparently occur in the Pyrenees. It is of interest to note its 
occurrence so far south in Italy in the Appenines. 

Messor rufitarsis is regarded by Bernard (1954) as distinct from M. 
structor which he considers is more or less restricted to areas west of 
the Rhone valley, giving place to M. rufitarsis in the east. I have not 
been able to distinguish between various series from Spain, France, Italy, 
Greece, and Jugoslavia but I have provisionally identified a single queen 
from Bosphorus as M. rufitarsis as it appears to have a slightly wider 
head than M. structor queens from Italy and West Europe. Unfortunately, 
Bernard (1954) does not provide a sufficient distinguishing key and pre- 
vious authors, such as Kutter (1927) and Miiller (1923), have been dubious 
of attempts to divide the common M. structor into more than one race 
(e.g., tyrrhena Em., mutica Em., etc.). 

Another problem in nomenclature relates to Messor sancta. Bondroit 
distinguished the uniformly black European species as bouvieri Bond. 
The workers from Sicily as well as some others I have seen from North 
Africa are distinctly reddish but not otherwise distinguishable from 
uniformly black samples from Morocco, Spain, France, Italy and Greece. 


Tetramorium hungarica if correctly identified may be a first record 
for Austria. The single available worker conforms to the description 
given in Stitz (1939). It is of small size, dark brown and highly polished 
with weak sinuate striae confined to the front of the head and widely 
spaced over the thorax. T. diomedea from Spanish Morocco appears to be 
typical, with the colour pale red, the head characteristically smooth in 
two bands along each side, and the petiole node wider relative to the 
postpetiole than in T. caespitum and its closer relatives. 

The examples of Strongylognathus testaceus from Jugoslavia consist 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


of a male and alate queen. They differ from English specimens in their 
smaller size, weaker sculpture and much more numerous long femora 
hairs. S. testaceus queens from England have the striae running 
longitudinally over the whole thoracic dorsum, while in the Jugoslav 
example the striae are lateral on the epinotum. 

Tapinoma simrothi appears to be a new record for Sicily according to 
Kutter (1927) who listed all the species known to occur on the island to 
that date. According to Bernard (1958), this ant has spread into the 
Mediterranean area from the Middle East. He attributes the apparent 
absence of the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr, from North 
Africa to the local abundance there of T. simrothi, one of the few species 
that successfully resists the encroachment of that notorious pest. 

It is useful to have a fresh record for the sparsely distributed Lasius 
bicornis. Confirmed records include Holland, Belgium, Sweden, France, 
Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. Despite this rather wide range 
through Europe, actual numbers of records are very few. The two 
workers from Italy in the Franz collection are quite typical with the 
characteristic high tapering petiole scale with its semicircular indenta- 
tion, flattened antennal scape, long, sparse body hairs and absence of 
tibial, scape and genal hairs. 

The examples of C. aethiops from Austria and Sicily differ from those 
I have from France and Spain in having the appendages brown as 
described for Mayr’s variety marginata instead of black as in the type 
species. This is hardly sufficient to distinguish the two forms taxonomically 
but it would be interesting to follow this through with examples from 
other parts of the range of this South European species. The pale 
Camponotus from Sicily and Morocco key to C. pallens Nyl. according to 
Emery (1908) but Kutter (1927) corrects this name to C. nylanderi Em. in 
his review of the ants of Sicily. Ser. C. Baroni Urbani kindly sent me a 
named example of C. nylanderi which appears to be the same ant as C. 
pallens sensu Emery (1908). 

Cataglyphis laevior is evidently a new record for Syria. Santschi . 
(1929) recorded it only from Oran and Algiers. This species is charac- 
terised by its shining gaster and erect hairs on scapes and tibiae. 

Formica transkaucasica (picea auctt.) is an interesting record for the 
Appenines. I have also taken this species in the Pyrénées Orientales but 
it appears to be uncommon outside the Alps and the forest bogs of North 
Europe. It is also recorded from the Caucasus but I doubt records from 
the Himalayas as the described habitat there of dry stony pasture suggests 
that another species has been confused with it. 


Confirmation of the two wood ant species F. aquilonia and F. polyctena 
among others in Austria is useful. Confirmed records for F. polyctena 
now include Dalmatia (Miiller, 1923), Belgium, Holland, Germany 
(Betrem, 1960), Finland (Hdélldobler, 1960), Norway, Sweden (Collingwood, 
1959), Italy (Pavan, 1956) and Switzerland (Kutter, 1960). On present 
evidence the range of this species is more restricted than most of the 
others of this group. F. aquilonia ranges much further northward and 
will probably be found throughout the mountain forests of Eastern 
Europe. 

The Austrian examples of F. cinerea are reddish by comparison with 
series I have from West Europe and Scandinavia but have the same 
pattern of body hairs which become sparse on the epinotum and scale. 
Finally there are two F. fusca group species to which I hesitate to assign 


IN DEFENCE OF THE NEW FOREST 119 


names without examining further material. Two workers from Mt. 
Cimone in the Appenines are like F. fusca in general appearance but have 
the frontal ridges much reduced; the frons is more pubescent with a 
bluish iridescence. This ant does not conform with the description of any 
of Bondroit’s species from the Pyrenees or to actual specimens from that 
area. The second species consists of a series of six workers from Greece. 
They are uniformly black but differ from F. fusca by the fine dense body 
pubescence which gives a characteristic opaque appearance. The nearest 
West European equivalent is F. pyrenaea Bondroit which however has 
rather less dense pubescence. It may perhaps be a western version of the 
Asiatic F. japonica. All these forms share with F. fusca the complete 
absence of thoracic bristles except in occasional aberrant specimens. 
Evidently there is scope for much further collecting of this species group 
especially in the European fringe countries. It is worth noting here that 
already the four palearctic species in this group known up to the early 
years of this century, namely F. fusca, F. rufibarbis, F. cinerea and F. 
gagates have increased to at least 18 recognisably distinct forms most of 
which are certainly good species. 


REFERENCES. 

Bernard, F. 1954. Fourmis moissoneuses nouvelles ou peu connues_ des 
montagnes d’Algerie et revision des Messor du groupe structor (Latr.). 
Bull. Soc, Hist. Nat. Afr. Nd., 85: 354-365. 

. 1958 Resultats de la concurrence naturelle chez les fourmis terricoles 
de France et d'Afrique du Nord. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nd., 89: 
302-356. 

Betrem, J. G. 1960 Uber die Systematik der Furmica rufa—gruppe. Tijdsch. 

Ent. Deel., 103: 51-81. 

Bondroit, J. 1918. Les fourmis de France et Belgique. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 
87: 1-174. 

. 1919. Supplement aux fourmis de France et Belgique. Ann. Soc. ent. 
Fr., 88: 299-305, 

Collingwood, C. A. 1959. Scandinavian ants. Ent. Rec., 71: 77-83. 

Emery, C. 1908. Beitrage zur Monographie der Formiciden des Palearktischen 

Faunengebeit. Deutsch. ent. Z., 165-205. 

Holldobler, K. 1960. Uber die Ameisenfauna in Finnland-Lappland. Wald- 
hygiene, $3: 229-239. 

Kutter, H. 1927. Ein myrmecologischer Streifung durch  Sixilien. Fol. 

Mymecol. et. Termitol., 7/8: 94-104, 135-136. 

. 1960. Bericht uber die Sammelaktion schweizerischen Waldameisen. 
Schweiz. Zeitschr. Forstwesen, 12: 789-797. 

Menozzie, C. 1926. Zur Kenntniss der Ameisenfauna der Balearen. Zool. Anz., 

66: 180-182. 

Muller, C. 1923. Le formiche della Venezia Giula e della Dalmazia. Boll. 
Soc. Adriat. Sci. Nat., 28: 11-180. 

Pavan, M. 1956. La lotte biologica con Formica rufa L. contre gli insetti 
dannosi alle foreste. Collona verde 3 Ministeri dell’’Agriculture e della 
Foreste, 50 S., 29 Abb. 

Santschi, F. 1929. Revision des Cataglyphis. Rev. Suisse de Zool., 38: 25-70. 

——. 1931 Notes sur le genre Myrmica Latreille. Rev, Suisse de Zool., 40: 
335-355. 

Stitz, H. 1939. Das Tierwelt Deutschlands—Hym. Formicidae. Jena. 


In Defence of the New Forest 
By L. W. Siecs 


In recent years a number of articles have appeared in the entomological 
journals deploring the shortage of lepidoptera in the New Forest. I am 
in no position to dispute the fact that there are far fewer than there were 
years ago: indeed butterflies seem to be progressively disappearing. My 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


experiences of moth-collecting during 1962, however, make me feel that 
the shortage of moths may have been overstressed. 

I came to live at Minstead, which is in the northern part of the Forest 
about 14 miles from Lyndhurst, in July 1958 and have run an 80 watt m.v. 
trap on most suitable nights since then. Until July 1961, I used a home- 
made Rothamsted type, but since then have used the Robinson trap. It is 
situated on the lawn on the North side of the house, some five yards from 
a four feet quickset hedge, beyond which is the open Forest—partly 
“lawn” with a variety of grasses, sedges and other low growing plants with 
gorse, bracken and some bramble, and partly woodland with oak, beech, 
birch, sallow, holly and sloe as the principal trees, with conifers a quarter 
of a mile away. To the northwest and southwest are private parks with 
farmland in and around them. Half a mile to the south is a pond with a 
good assortment of aquatic plants. 

During 1962, I took in the trap 30 species which I had not previously 
taken at Minstead, bringing my total trap records here for macrolepidop- 
tera—heterocera to 377 species, including 320 in 1962 . 

The 30 species are as follows. The number of specimens taken is 
shown in brackets where it was more than one. Many of these species are, 
of course, not uncommon generally, but some were surprising in this 


locality. 

Mimas tiliae Linn. Apateie alni Linn. (4) 
Macroglossum stellatarum Linn. Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. 
Cossus cossus Linn. Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. 
Euxoa nigricans Linn. (3) Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. (3) 
Euxoa tritici Linn. Xylena vetusta Hutibn. 

Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. (4) 
Naenia typica Linn. Conistra ligula Esp. (4) 
Heliothis maritima Graslin Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl (7) 
Polia hepatica Clerck (2) Episema caeruleocephala Linn. (2) 
Hadena bicruris Hufn. Cosymbia porata Linn. (3) 
Leucania favicolor Barr. Scopula promutata Guen. (2) 
Nonagria typhae Thunb. Chesias legatella Schiff. 
Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (37) Eupithecia denotata Hiibn. 
Apamea infesta Ochs. (ssp. jasioneata Crewe) 
Apamea ypsillon Schiff. Ematurga atomaria Linn. 


Mormo maura Linn. 


During 1962 I was also fortunate in being invited by Commander G. W. 
Harper, who was staying nearby, to accompany him on a number of occa- 
sions when he was working his portable generator in the Forest. In this 
way I was able to add the following new species to my collection. 


Atolmis rubricollis Linn. Moma alpium Osbeck. 
Hadena suasa Schiff. Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. 
Nonagria geminipuncta Haw. 


Another species new to my collection was Deileptenia ribeata Clerck, of 
which I took a female about a mile from here when accompanying Mr. 
Colin Vardy who was looking for woodwasps. (She laid a few eggs which 
hatched, but unfortunately the larvae died in the first instar.) 

Some other selected records for my Minstead m.v. trap during the past 
41 years may be of interest. 

Hyloicus pinastri Linn. (1958 (1), 1959 (11), 1960 (11), 1961 (14), 
1962 (33)). 


IN DEFENCE OF THE NEW FOREST 121 


Stauropus fagi Linn. (1958 (3), 1959 (7), 1960 (5), 1961 (9), 1962 (48)). 

Notodonta trepida Esp. (1959 (47), 1960 (33), 1961 (18), 1962 (64)). 

Odontosia carmelita Esp. (1959 (1), 1961 (4), 1962 (2)). 

Tethea ocularis Linn. (1961 (1), 1962 (6)). 

Polyploca ridens Fabr. (1959 (1), 1960 (4), 1961 (7), 1962 (12)). 

Dasychira fascelina Linn. (1960 (1), 1961 (4), 1962 (4)). 

Lymantria monacha Linn. (1958 (9), 1959 (6), 1960 (8), 1961 (14), 
1962 (30)). 

Gastropacha quercifolia Linn. (1958 (2), 1959 (1), 1960 (2), 1961 (1), 
1962 (7)). 

Nola strigula Schiff. (1960 (1), 1962 (2)). 

Nola albula Htibn. (1959 (2)), 1962 (1)). 

Celenia confusalis H.-S. (1961 (1)). 

Lithosia quadra Linn. (1958 (3), 1959 (1), 1960 (1), 1962 (10)). 

Eilema deplana Esp. (1961 (2), 1962 (8)). 

Eilema griseola Hiibn (1959 (4), 1961 (2), 1962 (1)). 

Eilema sororcula Hufn. (1959 (2), 1960 (1), 1961 (2), 1962 (3)). 

Agrotis clavis Hufn. (1960 (2), 1962 (1)). 

Amathes glareosa Esp. (1959 (2), 1961 (4), 1962 (5)). 

Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (1961 (1)). 

Hadena contigua Vill. (1958 (3), 1959 (1), 1960 (8). 1962 (17)). 

Orthosia miniosa Fabr. (1959 (1), 1960 (2), 1961 (2), 1962 (1). 

Orthosia advena Schiff. (1960 (1)). 

Leucania vitellina Hubn. (1961 (3)). 

Leucania albipuncta Fabr. (1961 (1)). 

Stilbia anomala Haw. (1961 (1)). 

Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. (1958 (1), 1961 (2), 1962 (4)). 

Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn. (1959 (3)). 

Gortyna micacea Esp. (1958 (7), 1959 (20), 1960 (2), 1961 (54), 1962 
(47)). 

Cosmia pyralina View. (1958 (1), 1960 (1), 1961 (1)). 

Apatele leporina Linn. (1960 (2), 1961 (1), 1962 (20)). 

Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn. (1960 (1)). 

Dasycampa rubiginea Fabr. (1959 (1)). 

Atethmia xerampelina Esp. (1959 (5), 1960 (1)). 

Tiliacea aurago Schiff. (1961 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Eustrotia uncula Clerck. (1959 (1), 1961 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Plusia festucae Linn. (1961 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Catocala promissa Esp. (1958 (2), 1959 (1), 1961 (4), 1962 (9)). 

Lygephila pastinum Treits. (1959 (2), 1961 (5), 1962 (3)). 

Bomolocha fontis Thunb. (1960 (1), 1961 (1), 1962 (2)). 

Chlorissa viridata Linn. (1958 (3)). 

Sterrha muricata Hufn. (1961 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Acasis viretata Hiibn. (1959 (2), 1962 (1)). 

Rhodometra sacraria Linn. (1958 (1), 1961 (2)). 

Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. (1960 (1)). 

Euphyia unangulata Haw. (1958 (2), 1959 (1), 1960 (1), 1962 (3)). 

Orthonama lignata Hiibn (1961 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Eupethecia irriguata Hiibn. (1960 (5), 1961 (1)). 

Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd. (1960 (1), 1962 (1). 

Bapta distinctata H.-S. (1960 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Ellopia fasciaria Linn. (1959 (1), 1961 (1), 1962 (10)). 

Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. (1959 (2), 1960 (1), 1962 (3)). 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


Cleora cinctaria Schiff. (1959 (2), 1960 (4), 1962 (6)). 

Alcis jubata Thunb. (1958 (1)). 

Boarmia roboraria Schiff. (1958 (7), 1959 (3), 1960 (6), 1961 (2), 1962 
(11)). 

Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. (1959 (1), 1960 (1), 1962 (1)). 

Ectropis extersaria Huibn. (1959 (1), 1960 (1)). 

Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibn. (1958 (1), 1960 (3), 1961 (3), 
1962 (1)). 

The increase in the number of specimens of many species coming to the 
trap in 1962 will be noted. This also happended in the case of many of 
the commoner species not included in the list, and was not, I think, wholly 
due to the better type of trap used from July 1961. 

The records of this one trap do not prove that there is an abundance 
of lepidoptera in the New Forest, but bearing in mind that they cover only 
a very small area, they suggest that things are perhaps not so bad as some 
might think. For myself, I was well satisfied with 1962. 


Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 


The Status of Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. 
in Wiltshire 


By Capt. R. A. JACKSON 


South states that this moth ‘occurs in the chalk districts of most 
southern English counties, and especially those of Kent and Sussex”. 

I have always been puzzled that I never saw it on the many chalk 
downs round here, on which Lysandra coridon Poda is, or has been, so 
abundant. Since 1948, when I settled here, I have had ample opportunity 
to find it, but it was not until the afternoon of 5th September 1962 that 
I netted a moth flying over knapweed that turned out to be this species. 

In “The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire’, published last summer, it is 
stated that E. ochroleuca is “generally of very rare occurrence in Wilt- 
shire’, and only two captures are noted for south Wiltshire 
one at Clarendon on 15th August 1953 (Pitman) and one at Camp 
Hill on 31st July 1957 (Cruttwell). It is also stated that Mr. Pitman had 
found larvae common at Porton, but I understand that this was very 
recently. 

On 29th August 1962, my friend Commander G. W. Harper, who was 
staying at Lyndhurst, telephoned to ask if it was too late for Oria 
musculosa, and as I had taken it newly emerged a week ago I 
was able to direct him to the locality on the Tilshead to Devizes road. I 
was unable to join him as I was leaving home for a few days, but early 
in October I was able to meet him before his return to his northern 
fastness, and I saw the musculosa he had taken, which were quite fresh 
even at that late late. In conversation, he mentioned quite casually 
that a number of ochroleuca had come to his sheet. 

To me this was a very great surprise, because nearly every year I 
sample the musculosa, which is a most variable insect, or else take visitors 
to good spots. Never yet in all these years has ochroleuca come to light. 

This report of Harper’s, my own capture of a worn specimen here on 
5th September, and Pitman’s report of larvae at Porton, about fifteen 
miles to the east suggest that the insect may have decided that this is a 


CURRENT LITERATURE 123 


nice county to live in, especially as there is now a Wiltshire Trust for 
Nature Conservation! 


I should be very grateful if any readers of the ‘Record’ would let me 
know if they have taken ochroleuca in Wiltshire in the past, when “blue- 
ing” or lamping for musculosa, and in addition, should they see any 
during the next year or so. It is not an insect one can overlook by day, 
with its head buried in the knapweed, and of course at night one looks at 
whatever comes to the sheet. 

Middle Farm House, Codford St. Mary, Warminster, Wilts. 


Current Literature 


THE INSECT Factor In Woop Decay. By Norman E. Hickin. 9” x6”, 336 pp., 
236 plain figures and photographs, 2 coloured plates. Hutchinson, 
1963. Price 50/-. 


This is, in the words of the preface, ‘“‘an account of the insects found 
boring into, or damaging, wood in the United Kingdom ... to describe 
the biological phenomenon of damage to wood by insects indoors ... for 
the ever-growing number of people whose work... is to preserve or 
conserve wood’. A preliminary chapter gives a general description of 
wood in all its aspects, a second discusses briefly the other agents of decay 
(eg., heat, fungi, and, in marine conditions, molluscs) ending with a résumé 
of insect classification, while a final two deal with such matters as assess- 
ment of damage, treatment and protection, laboratory techniques, and 
research. The other eight chapters are more strictly entomological and 
are concerned with Coleoptera, except the last two of them, which cover 
the termites and the wood-boring Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. The 
whole book is profusely and attractively illustrated ,each chapter ends 
with a full bibliography, and a detailed index completes the work. (The 
price is admittedly high, but so is the quality of the paper and the general 
production.) 


The author is weil known as an expert in his special field. The two 
great Anobiid pests of buildings, A. punctatum and X. rufovillosum, come 
in for a large share of attention, both insects being treated with exemplary 
thoroughness—structure, biology and parasites, etc. Our other Anobiids 
and most of the British and imported members of the following groups 
are dealt with in varying detail according to importance: Lyctidae, 
Bostrichidae, Buprestidae, Lymexylidae, Oedemeridae (Nacerdes only), 
Cerambycidae, Cossoninae, Scolytidae—the last, and those of the others 
not found indoors, or not attacking timber, only very shortly. Many notable 
(or perhaps we should say notorious) wholly exotic species are included 
and sometimes figured; and keys are provided. In the chapter on termites 
there are interesting notes on collecting the European species and main- 
taining cultures under experimental conditions in Britain. So far, only 
five records exist of these insects being accidentally imported alive into 
our country, but it is considered that one or two of the more primitive 
species could possibly become established here. 

Drawings of beetles are, in general, excellent and accurate, the appear- 
ance of the pubescence in particular being most successfully reproduced. 
So good are they, indeed, that it seems captious to criticise; but in the 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1V/1963 


figure of Korynetes (p. 73) the tibiae and tarsi are surely too elongate, 
as also are the elytra in several Anobiid figures (Hedobia, Ochina, 
Xestobium, Ernobius, Stegobium). The sinuation of the sides of the thorax 
in Euophryum and still more in Pentarthrum (p. 168) is exaggerated. Some- 
thing seems to have gone wrong with the figure of Leptideella (p. 206), 
or rather with the specimen from which it was drawn—the beetle itself is 
much more linear in form. In that of Phymatodes testaceus (p. 211) the 
head appears to us to have too narrow a neck and the pronotum to be too 
little rounded in front and widest too far back. 


As regards the text, the author’s touch is least sure when it comes to 
the distribution, incidence, and present-day status in Britain of those 
beetle species included in his account which are of no economic significance; 
for these he leans very heavily upon Joy’s ‘Handbook’ (1932) and is 
consequently often ‘let down’ rather badly. (We are surprised that the 
fallibility of that undoubtedly useful but sometimes exasperating work is 
not by now more widely realised.) Thus, too, assessments of frequency 
which may have been valid thirty years ago are now no longer so in a 
good many cases. 


Ernobius parvicollis, we read, “is ... found in Surrey”; actually, the 
only known British specimen was taken rather long ago in Suffolk. Our 
species of Gastrallus is still given as laevigatus Ol., and without any 
further data, although the present writer had published a note correcting 
the original misdetermination and another on the host-tree of the species 
in Britain (Ent. mon. Mag., 1953, 90: 16; 1956, 92: 42). Bostrichus capucinus 
L., the type of its family, is figured but not dealt with in the text, yet 
it has several times in the past occurred in this country; likewise nothing 
is said of four foreign species which are figured. The elytra of Trachys 
troglodytes are dark blue, not “bright green” (p. 154), as reference to any 
good collection would have shown, but again Joy is blindly followed. 
(Fowler gives the colour correctly.) Under both Agrilus laticornis and 
A. angustulus (p. 155) we find “No information concerning this species is 
available” (Joy having omitted to give data for them); it does not seem 
to have occurred to the author to consult the standard work of Fowler— 
or, better still, a present-day collector of our beetles. Rosalia alpina is 
stated to be red and black (p. 225), though in the key the ground-colour 
had been described, more correctly, as pale _ blue. The term 
‘immigrant’ is frequently used as equivalent to ‘imported species’—an 
objectionable usage, for surely it should properly denote those presumed to 
reach this country without human agency. The style of writing is some- 
times rather breathless, e.g., the first whole paragraph on p. 162 (over six 
lines without one stop!). There are a good many misprints, though per- 
haps not more than are to be expected in a work of this size. 


Whatever its weaknesses, however, Mr. Hickin has succeeded in bring- 
ing together a very large amount of specialised and not readily accessible 
information previously scattered in the technical journals, and in treating 
it in an interesting and readable manner. His book deserves to be widely 
read and used.—A. A. ALLEN. | 


It is proposed this year to issue the double number in June as 
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VOL. 75 PLATE III 


Pieris bryoniae dubiosa Rober, and notes on 


variation in the androconia of Pieris species 
By B. C. S. WarREN, F.R.E.S. 


This race described by Rober has given us a remarkable example of 
the taxonomic value of the androconial scales in the Genus Pieris. Rédber 
thought it was probably a form of P. rapae; later it was connected with 
P. napi; and sometimes it has been suggested that it was a distinct species. 
These varying views rested solely on what the insect was supposed to 
look like. 

In my first paper on the Pieris androconia (1961), dubiosa was re- 
tained as a race of P. napi, on unsatisfactory data derived from two poor 
specimens of a summer generation taken in the mountains of Corsica in 
1826. In 1962, Mr. Bretherton and Baron de Worms obtained some fresh 
specimens in the same district; later they came on three spring specimens 
in the Cooke collection taken at a lower level also in Corsica. I was 
able to examine one of the latter and found the scales of similar type to 
those of the Ist generation of P. bryoniae flavescens. Fresh dubiosa had 
been captured at La Granja, Spain, on 10th July 1928, by Haig Thomas. 
These he described (1929), and also some worn examples taken at the 
same time at a higher level on the Picos de Penalara. His descriptions 
were very good and there was no doubt that the La Granja specimens 
were typical dubiosa, and the same as the Corsican summer ones; his 
high level ones were similar to the spring Corsican specimens. Later, I 
received from the British Museum (Natural History), some other speci- 
mens from La Granja, taken on 10th September 1935. These facts show 
that there are three generations of dubiosa in the La Granja district. The 
specimens I examined were of the 3rd generation, and the scale was of 
a more specialized type than those in the Corsican, summer (mountain), 
insect, which must, therefore, be either a 2nd generation or a monogene- 
rational race; for in all Pierids, the latter is the equivalent of the former, 
and the scale type the same in both. On examining the Spanish 3rd 
generation, I found the scale was of a type I had obtained from one 
specimen of a few bryoniae flavescens bred in May 1961 from eggs laid 
by a second generation female in 1960. I illustrated this scale type in 
my first paper (1961, fig. 15). It should be noted that all references to 
figures in this paper, given under the date “1961”, refer to my paper of 
that date. At that time I concluded this specialized type of scale was 
some abnormal variation, and so figured it. It now seems probable, that 
had this specimen been bred under its normal conditions in Switzerland, 
it would have emerged in the Autumn of 1960 as a 3rd generation; but 
the change to English conditions must have checked its development, and 
it failed to emerge until the following spring. This sort of occurrence 
may well be the cause of the not infrequent contradictory statements 
concerning the features of seasonal races. The scale types of the 1st and 
3rd generations of dubiosa agree with those of the other bryoniae races; 
that of the 2nd generation differs very slightly from those of the 2nd 
in the latter. It was the appearance of this scale, fig. 8, the only one I 
knew at the time, that led me to retain dubiosa as a form of P. napi in 
1961. Recently, de Worms lent me one of his fresh, Corsican specimens, 
which gave me the accurate data needed concerning the variation of the 
type, and the knowledge that the typical bryoniae primitive type scale 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/V1/1963 


was also present. The foregoing facts leave no doubt that dubiosa Rober 
is a southern race of P. bryoniae, with greatest affinity to the low-level 
race flavescens of Central Europe. I may add that the low-level Swiss 
race I have referred to as flavescens (because Muller and Kautz did so), 
does not seem to be exactly the same as the Austrian flavescens, but 
something transitional between the latter and dubiosa. 

Spring generation dubiosa Rober. Figs. 1, 2, compare with fig. 3, 
subsp. vihorlatensis, and (1961, fig. 17, subsp. flavescens). The general 
similarity of these types is obvious, and the difference between them and 
the napi ist generation scales also unmistakable. Of the latter, fig. 5, 
though unusually short, is characteristic, with the neck at the broadest it 
seems to attain. Of the other examples I illustrated (1961, fig. 5), is 
closer the summer type (1951, fig. 6); but the neck is a little more ex- 
panded than in the latter. A normal Ist generation is shown in (1961, fig. 13). 
It may be noted that this figure was described on the plate as “Ist (or 
single) gen”. That was, of course, a mistake, it is the 2nd generation 
scale that is normal to the monogenerational race; the “or single” should 
be deleted. 

The 2nd generation dubiosa scale, figs. 7 and 8, differs from the corres- 
ponding types of subsp. bryoniae (1961, fig. 27), or subsp. flavescens 
(1961, fig. 34), by the slightly shorter neck, and in this respect it is some- 
what suggestive of subsp. pseudobryoniae of N. America (1961, fig. 32), 
though larger. The dubiosa scale varies in the basal area from a sym- 
metrical, oval form fig. 8, to a more square and angular form fig. 7; both 
forms can occur in one individual or separately. Neither variation 
causes any appreciable alteration in the length of the neck. 


The 8rd generation scale is slightly reduced in length, fig. 9, with the 
body narrower than the 2nd generation scale. It is practically in- 
distinguishable from the 3rd generation flavescens type (1961, fig. 15). 
This dubiosa scale somewhat suggests a 1st generation napi scale such as 
(1961, fig. 13), but it could not be confused with others like fig. 5. It must 
also be remembered that in the sample of scales from which fig. 5 was 
taken, there were others of the more usual napi length. I would also 
emphasize that in comparing scales one must, naturally, compare those of 
identical generations in the two species. The Ist generation napi scales 
could never be mistaken for those of bryoniae, for even fig. 5 is distin- 
guished by the great basal width and the distinct neck, in spite of the 
considerable breadth of the latter. 

In addition to these three seasonal types of dubiosa, one must not 
overlook the fact that the bryoniae primitive type scale is present in each 
generation as well; this gives us four types that prove dubiosa cannot be 
connected with P. napi, and with equal certainty connect it with P. 
bryoniae. There is no justification for separating it as a distinct species. 

The distribution of the subsp. dubiosa is far from completely known. 
All reliable records so far, are of specimens taken in Spain or Corsica. 
It has been found in the Sierra de Alfacar in southern Spain by Col. 
Manley, which suggests it may also occur in north Africa where there are 
several races supposed to be forms of napi. But these remain, as yet, 
unexamined with the exception of P. segonzaci. 

Some comment on the general variation affecting the androconial 
scales may be of use, for I gather this has puzzled some collectors. 
Failure to recognize the difference between racial types, and seasonal 
changes of types, and those varietal fluctuations that are always present, 


PIERIS BRYONIAE DUBIOSA ROBER 127 


has hindered the study of the androconia since the earliest attempts to 
do so. 

The degree of variation habitual in the androconia, coupled with the 
minute size of the scales, may cause difficulty in the recognition of types. 
It is easy to be impressed by the variation which catches the eye and 
diverts the attention from the fundamental characteristics of the type. 
Added to this, efforts to save trouble by examining the scales under too 
low a power increases the difficulty. In those species where a primitive 
type scale is present as well as the racial type, the former is readily 
recognized by its larger size and characteristic form, roughly pear-shaped 
in bryoniae as fig. 4, more rectangular in the P. narina group of species. 
In P. higginsi and P. ochsenheimeri it is somewhat similar to that in 
bryoniae but tends to be less elongated, and in ochsenheimeri in some 
cases can be almost circular. In actual fact, the degree of variation in 
these primitive types is greater than that in the racial types, for it is rare 
to come on two that are of exactly similar formation. The racial types 
on the other hand, maintain a fairly constant, characteristic formation in 
large numbers, in spite of the numerous aberrational fluctuations always 
present. These should be ignored, just as aberrations in the markings of 
the insect. If looked for, it is usually not difficult to recognize the true 
type apart from the variations. The pairs of scales I illustrated (1961, 
nine), and figs. 1 and 7 of dubiosa, give an idea of the constancy of these 
types. 

Of the racial types, those found in P. napi are perhaps the most re- 
markable, one linked to all the northern races of the species, the other to 
the southern (see descriptions and illustrations, 1961). In Europe or 
Asia these types never occur in the same race. The northern one con- 
stitutes an approach to the large primitive type of other species from 
which it has doubtless been evolved, but now excludes. The southern type 
has evolved from the northern one in Europe, in localities south of the 
Baltic. I have not, as yet, found it in any Asiatic insect. This 
characteristic of the European insects of the mild and warmer areas is 
overlooked by those who would divide the Scandinavian race according 
to the dimorphic female, uniting the white females and corresponding 
males with the race south of the Baltic, thus mixing the two scale types 
in both generations. It is important to note that the variation affecting 
these two types of scale is never of a transitional nature, as I recorded 
in mistake (1961, p. 133). A specimen sent me as “napi” was in fact the 
Ist generation of bryoniae vihorlatensis. At that time I had not recog- 
nized the characteristic type of the 1st generation scale in the bryoniae 
races, and concluded this scale must be a transition between the two 
napi types. Only recently, on looking at the slide again, I realized my 
mistake. The most remarkable phenomenon in connection with the two 
napi types is found in a North American race. In this, both types exist, 
little modified, but segregated, each restricted to a different generation. 
(Details and illustrations of this are included in another paper in course 
of publication.) 

All ordinary types of scale in every species (that is any type other 
than the primitive type), change to a greater or less extent according to 
the season. This is the most important kind of variation. The 1st and 
2nd generation scales can often differ so much, that when first seen they 
might lead one to suppose they were different species. The lst gene- 
ration scale in every species, as I described (1961), is more primitive in 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/ V1/1963 


character, i.e. the neck less defined and broader. This is especially 
marked in those bryoniae races in which a true Ist generation exists. I 
may emphasize that the first emergence of any monogenerational race, 
is the summer race, and the equivalent of the 2nd generation. All such 
races of every species have lost the power of producing a Ist generation, 
though they can produce a 3rd at times, as their second generation. 


The degree of change from the 2nd generation scale to the 3rd is 
never so marked or so important as that between the Ist and the 2nd. 
But, judging from the cases I have so far studied, it would seem that the 
3rd generation continues to become more specialized than the 2nd., just 
as the latter is more so than the Ist. In other words, specialization con- 
tinues to draw away from the most primitive stage. This process seems 
to be checked by hibernation; but not in those individuals who have 
hibernation forced on them by circumstances causing delay of emergence. 

So much cross-breeding has been done between P. napi and P. 
bryoniae, it may be well to refer to the effects produced by this. Variation 
is accentuated, and to such an extent, that all racial types seem to be 
obliterated. I gave some account of this (1961), and illustrated scales pro- 
duced in some of Bowden’s crosses. Since then, he kindly supplied me 
with a further selection of his specimens. This series started from a 
simple hybrid, napi xX bryoniae, and was carried on in a series of back- 
crosses with bryoniae in which the napi strain was reduced from one 
half to one sixteenth. No change in the scales suggestive of reversion to 
any existing bryoniae race was apparent, but, as before, continual varia- 
tion and malformation in scales of no particular type. Figs. 11 and 12 
show some of these, dozens of others could be added (compare 1961, figs. 
60-68). 

Two points of some interest were, however, noted. The primitive 
bryoniae scale is but seldom found in hybrids, and when it is, it always 
is reduced in width and rectangular in shape, the sides being parallel, 
and the scent cell atrophied, as fig. 10. This result suggests a simple in- 
ability to develop, and points to the practically complete eradication of - 
this type of scale in the napi races. The second remarkable occurrence 
was that in a specimen fairly early in the series, still retaining one 
quarter napi strain, a scale of a type unknown in either species appeared. 
This scale, fig. 6, ranges in size from about that of the ordinary bryoniae 
scale (1961, fig. 27), to somewhat larger than an average bryoniae primitive 
type scale, like (1961, fig. 29). All these scales, of which fig. 6, is a 
frequent size, were perfectly developed and uniform entirely without any 
malformation, except that the scent cell is disproportionately small for 
the size of the scale. As already noted, this type of scale is not a racial 
type in any known bryoniae race, though it resembles the primitive type. 
It is not, therefore, a reversion to an existing type, but rather a throw- 
back to some ancestral type from which both bryoniae and adalwinda 
may have arisen. Lastly, when the generation of this remarkable speci- 
men was back-crossed again with bryoniae, the result was a return to 
formations like fig. 12, showing the usual characteristics of hybrids; 1.e., 
continual diversity in shape and size accompanied by varying degrees of 
malformation. 

The continual presence of slight variation in normal types may doubt- 
less cause trouble in comparison; but in one respect it is valuable as 
indicating that instability is an integral element of living matter. This 
has been postulated in the past (Warren, 1937, p. 320; Jordan, 1958, p. 59), 


FRANCE IN OCTOBER, 1962 129 


but the presence of such a range of organic variation as exists in the 
scales of a single individual comes as definite evidence, for this variation 
must be independent of any genetical alteration. 

From the taxonomic point of view, the value of the scales is clear, in 
that once the characteristics of the types are known, it becomes possible 
to determine, not only the species and generation, but in some cases the 
race, if distinctly characterised (that is if a true subspecies rather than a 
“form” dependent on another subspecies), and also whether the specimen 
was a hybrid or a dwarf; a!l from the scales from a single wing. This 
applies also in cases where it is difficult or even impossible to identify a 
specimen of the perfect insect with certainty. Such data cannot be set 
aside even if some other features do not fully concur; the uniting of 
species indicated by distinctive scale types cannot be justified. But, as I 
noted (1961), in every case where two insects have been proved by bio- 
logical data to be distnct species, this has always accorded with the 
characteristics of the scales. 


REFERENCES. 

Jordan, K. 1958. Reminiscences of an Entomologist. Proc. Tenth Intr. Cong. 
Ent., 1: 59-60. 

Thomas, P. Haig. 1929. Two Trips to Central and Southern Spain. Ent. Rec., 
41: 27-31; 43-47. 

Warren, B. C. S. 1937. On the evolution of subspecies as demonstrated by the 
alteration of variability existing in the subspecies of the genus Erebia. 
Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., 49: 305-323. : 

———. 1961. The Androconial Scales and their Bearing on the question of 
speciation in the genus Pieris. Entomol. Tidskr., 82: 121-148. 


Explanation of Plate. 

Androconial scales in Pieris species. Magnification of original photo- 
graphs 450 diameters; reduced on plate to practically 300, so that com- 
parison with the plates in my other works on Pieris will be exact. 

1. P. bryoniae dubiosa, Corte, Corsica, Ist generation. 

P. bryoniae dubiosa, Corte, Corsica, 1st generation. 

P. bryoniae vihorlatensis, Vihorlat Mountains, lst generation. 

P. bryoniae dubiosa, Corte, Corsica. Primitive type, lst generation. 

P. napi, Lavey, Vaud. 1st generation. 

Hybrid: P. napi napi X P. bryoniae bryoniae. 

P. bryoniae dubiosa, Vizzavona, Corsica. 2nd generation, or mono- 

generational race. 

8. P. bryoniae dubiosa, Vizzavona, Corsica. 2nd generation, or mono- 
generational race. 

9. P. bryoniae dubiosa, La Granja, Spain. 3rd generation. 

10. Hybrid: P. napi napi Xx P. bryoniae bryoniae. Primitive type. 

11 and 12. Hybrids: P. bryoniae bryoniae X P. napi napi. 


Te SAS ee SP 


France in October, 1962 


By DonaLpD ROWBERRY 


Driving off the fine new car ferry, “Free Enterprise”, at Calais, in the 
early afternon of 7th October, my wife, Jocelyn, and I headed south 
without delay. 

In the outskirts of Béthune we pulled on to a cindery verge to look 
at the map. From this verge an embankment—covered with typical 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1I/1963 


wasteland vegetation—fell away to an untidy conglomeration of allot- 
ments, flanked by semi-derelict cottages. The brilliant sunshine tended 
to accentuate rather than to mitigate the drabness of the scene; and a 
liberal garnish of wastepaper and debris put the finishing touch to a 
situation I found altogether unprepossessing and would not have dreamed 
of examining entomologically had not a male Colias croceus suddenly 
appeared over the top of the embankment. 


Within seconds I had unearthed a net and was leaping down the grubby 
slope in a manner quite out of keeping with my condition. There, to my 
surprise and pleasure, I encountered a very fair number of Lepidoptera 
on the wing. Aglais urticae dominated; a lovely bright form in extremely 
fresh condition. Plusia gamma was plentiful: I netted several dozen on 
the off chance of discovering Plusia ni, but all the specimens I examined 
were gamma beyond doubt. Many whites were patrolling the embank- 
ment: all, remarkably, Pieris napi. I would have thought the environ- 
ment, with so many Brassica crops on the allotments. more congenial to 
Pieris rapae and Pieris brassicae—particularly the latter; but I was 
unable to discern a solitary example of either of these two species. Only 
two more Colias croceus showed up, neither in their prime. The locality 
also yielded Polyommatus icarus and Coenonympha pamphilus, in fair 
numbers and quite good condition. 

We spent the night at Troyes in a well-appointed room overlooking the 
bus and coach terminus, where peak activity seemed to be achieved at 
half past five in the morning. Unrested, we started south again; and 
again the sun shone brilliantly. Some ten kilometres out of the town 
we stopped to investigate a broad swathe of rough, shrub-studded grass- 
land dividing a recently-grazed lucerne crop from a great expanse of 
wheat stubble. While I was sorting out the collecting gear I explained 
to Jocelyn that this might well be an ideal spot for that prize of prizes, 
Utetheisa pulchella, mentioning that the way to get it was to drag the 
stubble with a rope. I threw the rope business into the conversation 
purely as a filler, going into no such detail as the need for at least a - 
hundred feet, two indefatigable men, and a minimum of three alert nets. 
A few minutes later, while beating through the scrub, I turned to survey 
the stubble and there saw Jocelyn, her poor little face crimson with 
exertion, trudging systematically up and down, trailing the six-foot car 
tow rope behind her after the manner of a child pulling a wheeled toy. 
Strange, at such a moment, when one should be hooting with laughter, 
an unaccountable lump arises unbidden in the throat. 


Continuing through the scrub, I soon put up a fritillary. From the 
manner of its flight and its superficial appearance on the wing I thought 
it might possibly be Melitea aurinea. Never having encountered the 
Queen of Spain in the wild, my delight knew no bounds when I saw 
the great silver medallions of Argynnis lathonia shimmering through the 
net. I discovered several more A. lathonia, for the most part rather worn, 
but I was able to take a very short series in mint condition. 


Only a short time was to elapse before we were again to encounter 
A. lathonia. Driving through that fine expanse of mixed woodland that 
straddles the northern approach road to Auxerre, we pulled aside into 
what turned out to be a collectors’ paradise At a point I judged to be 
some twelve kilometres north of Auxerre itself, the woods opened out 
into an extensive grassland clearing, part of which was covered with a 


FRANCE IN OCTOBER, 1962 131 


species of scabious in full flower. Without exaggeration, this broad belt 
of flowers was alive with butterflies. Certainly I have never seen so 
many concentrated in so small an area—three-quarters of an acre at the 
most. Nymphalis io was in such profusion that it was commonplace to 
see two or three of these fine butterflies jostling each other at the same 
flower. Polygonia c-album came a very close second, well supported by 
Vanessa cardui. Other species well in evidence were: Aglais urticae, 
Pieris rapae, Pieris navi, Polyommatus icarus, Colias croceus and Plusia 
gamma. A single Vanessa atalanta visited Jocelyn while she was engaged 
with the primus, and I saw two male Gonepteryx rhamni. 


For me, the highlight of this extraordinarily pleasant interlude was 
the capture of a single, out-of-season, male Cyaniris semiargus—another 
species I have never before seen in the wild. I was amazed at its 
similarity on the wing to P. icarus; in fact, I netted it during a routine 
examination of icarus for aberration—in the full belief that it was indeed 
ot that species. I found myself speculating on the extent to which 
semiargus must have been—-and may still be—overlooked in Britain. 


The Argynnis lathonia were discovered in a dry dyke running along 
the north face of the woodland enclosing this open space. I was interested 
to observe that they confined themselves rather strictly to the dyke itself, 
occasionally venturing a few yards into the wood, but at no time flying 
out on to the open grass; and seeming almost studiously to avoid the 
scabious belt that ran to within twenty yards of their beat. 


That night we stayed in Clermont Ferrand. Unfortunately we arrived 
too late to dine in the hotel, so we wandered around until we found what 
seemed to be rather a presentable restaurant close to the town centre. 
By way or hors d’ceuvre we ordered “Jambon de Paris au Beurre”. St 
turned out to be thin slices of canned shoulder ham, decorated with 
microscopic pats of hard butter. We followed with “Steack au Poivre”, 
which likewise proved a folly, for that which was duly presented (with 
an almost excruciating flourish, I regret to say) was demonstrably “Steack 
Cordonniére’’. 


The next morning, with the sun shining ever more brightly, we saw 
our first Colias australis. They were fiying, just south of Clamency, on 
a rough, grassy hillside arising from an area of mixed cultivation. They 
Were accompanied, in rather small numbers, by Colias croceus, 
Coenonympha pamphilus, Polyommetus icarus and a single, very worn 
male Maniola jurtina. I also saw one extremely bright Blue, its 
brilliance on the wing being exactly of the nature I have always associ- 
ated with Lysandra bellargus in England; and I assumed it to be that 
species. 

Walking in Narbonne the following day, we observed that the glorious 
weather showed signs of breaking. Sure enough, as we passed through 
Perpignan on the way to the Spanish Frontier, the rain started—and 
continued, unabated, for the next forty-eight hours. 


I feel I will be rendering a service to motoring Entomologists if I 
digress to record a warning about the road approach to Spain via 
Perpignan. The conventional route runs almost due south out of 
Perpignan, crosses the frontier at Le Perthus, and runs on to Barcelona 
via Figueras and Gerona, striking the coast just before Calella. itis 
tolerably good going. But there is an alternative: you turn left in 
Perpignan and hug the coast all the way into the Costa Brava itself. 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


Whatever you do, avoid it, for it is a diabolical road. I was too 
demoralised to take record of the altitude, but it rises to a truly terrible 
height; and once the perfunctory formalities of the Spanish frontier post 
have been negotiated, the fundamentals of road safety cease to have 
meaning. For long stretches this wretched road is but a ten-foot, unfenced 
shelf recessed into awful precipices—hazards immeasurably enhanced by 
subsidence and surface crumbling. Other sectors twist and writhe in a 
manner that would put Battersea’s Big Dipper to shame. With the added 
vicissitudes of thick mist and incessant rain, which transformed the 
occasional patches of reasonable surface into macadam skating rinks, I 
had attained a state of twittering nerves before we were again delivered 
into relatively safe conditions. The full horror of the journey was lost 
on Jocelyn, whose eyes were screwed tightly shut nearly all the way; 
in fact, she only opened them to shout “look out!” at ill-timed intervals. 


We got as far as Palamos and spent the night there—and the rain 
continued. We found an excellent hotel—and found it exceedingly 
depressing, for it turned out to be an establishment catering almost 
exclusively for the jolly English holidaymakers. Even so late in the 
season, one had only to refrain from looking out of the windows at the 
palm trees, to be right back in Eastbourne or Bournemouth. And the 
harder it rained the jollier everyone got. 

It was still raining in the morning, and Jocelyn and I made a snap 
decision to get back into France as quickly as possible. As we were 
pulling out of Palamos, we saw the only butterfly of our brief Spanish 
sojurn—a solitary P. brassicae fluttering aimlessly along a heavily- 
puddled street. 


Pausing for an hour in that fascinating port, Sete, we pushed on and 
reached Montpellier in good time to relax and look around the town. A 
trade fair of some sort was in progress and the hotels were packed. 
Eventually we got fixed up at the Hotel P.L.M. in the station square—a 
most excellent little establishment, with M. le Patron personally dis- 
charging the offices of head porter, reception clerk, barman, lift attendant 
and operator of a prehistoric switchboard. We were followed by an 
influx of people looking for beds, and poor M. le Patron—seeking to fulfil 
his many functions at one and the same time—got into the most frightful 
stew. Had I not witnessed the scene with my own eyes, I would not have 
believed it possible for anyone to get into such a mess with so few 
suitcases in so short a time. In fact, had this been a scene from a cleverly- 
produced farce (in reality it was far, far better), I should have looked for 
the direction “business with luggage” on the script. 


Panic notwithstanding, I have seldom met a man with greater natural 
charm, and he certainly saw to it that his guests received every possible 
comfort; the food was splendid, the standard of cleanliness beyond re- 
proach, and the atmosphere was charged with friendliness and goodwill. 
Only one thing marred our stay. Monsieur had picked up a little German 
as a prisoner during the war. Finding that I had a knowledge of the 
language, he insisted on brushing up his own—at the expense of what 
might have been an unrestricted exchange of ideas. 


We made an early start the following day and drove east through 
Nimes, Arles, Salon. What a charming little town; we spent an hour 
there buying refills of wine, cheese and sausage for the picnic basket), 
Aix-en-Provence and Hyéres, reaching Le Lavandou fairly late in the 


FRANCE IN OCTOBER, 1962 133 


evening. Having endured more than our fill of driving, we decided to 
stay for a few days and put up at a hotel called La Calanque, which is 
excellent in every respect. It stands on the hill overlooking Le Lavandou, 
and the private balconies command an uninterrupted view of the bay and 
the Iles d’Hyéres; the table is of the first quality, with many Provencal 
specialities; the hotel gardens, filled with beautifully-tended exotic trees 
and plants, would hold their own in Tangier or Casablanca. 

In this idyllic setting I would have surrendered cheerfully to soft 
living. But I was denied the indulgence, for the next morning a small 
company of Macroglossum stellatarum attended the bathroom window- 
boxes as I stood shaving. Within the hour we were on the road looking 
for a collecting ground. 


We found it just west of La Londe, which lies approximately half-way 
between Le Lavandou and Hyéres. It was a large field, which had 
probably been cultivated in the past, but was now lushly overgrown with 
a rich variety of plants. I noted grasses of many species, docks, fennel, 
lucerne, clovers, thistles and plantains ....to name but a few. On three 
sides the field was bounded by dry dykes, beyond which man-made 
earthen banks, thick with bamboo, rose to a height of ten feet and 
more. The fourth side was screened from the road by a riotous hedge, 
into which a small lay-by had been conveniently hacked. 


In this sheltered sun-trap we discovered a teeming insect population, 
with many species of Lepidoptera in great abundance. Without doubt 
the dominant butterfly was Colias croceus; and, as one might reasonably 
have expected in so great a concentration of this variable species, some 
good forms—including var. helice in about its right proportion—were in 
evidence. Among the croceus females, both helice and type, I found quite 
an unusual number of the excessa form, one of which is outstanding. 
In this rather fine insect the yellow excessa markings on the black 
borders are extremely pronounced; the hindwing discoidal spots are 
rayed, like double-tailed comets; and a black suffusion spreads from the 
base of each hindwing along the costal margins and down into the cells. 


Vanessa cardui and Pieris brassicae were well to the fore; and it 
seemed to me that the cardui were more than usually lively——at any rate 
I devoted a great deal of time and energy to their pursuit and ended up 
with an unrewardingly short series. 


I took, and liberated, two fine large females of Papilio machaon 
gorganus (both had lost a hindwing tail but otherwise were quite im- 
maculate), and saw one male. Several Pontia daplidice came my way, 
all, irritatingly, very fresh but slightly damaged. 

Rhodometra sacraria and Plusia gamma (again no sign of Plusia ni) 
swarmed in the long grass, and both Polyommatus icarus and Coeno- 
nympha pamphilus (a large, bright form) were fairly wel! represented. 

Syntarucus telicanus populated the dykes and the bamboo banks, 
seldom venturing out into the open field; and when I came to set my 
series of telicanus I found it contained two female Lampides boeticus. 
Some two dozen Satyrus circe presented themselves, all rather worn and 
tattered, but still a dramatic sight on the wing. I have heard it said that 
circe is hard to catch. I did not find it so. Those I observed flew lazily, 
almost casually, settling frequently; but perhaps it was because they were 
all old and tired. 

Among the “odds and ends” in this most excellent locality I would 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ V1I/1963 


record: Lycaena phleas, two; Gonepteryx cleopatra, two; Pieris napi, one; 
Vanessa atalanta, one; Pararge aegeria aegeria, one; and Pieris rapae, 
a few. 

During the second morning on the same ground another car drew 
into the lay-by, and my heart sank. In common, I think with most col- 
lectors, I do not particularly enjoy an audience while I am performing 
with the net. It sank further when the driver, having stared fixedly 
at me for several minutes, dismounted and strode purposefully in my 
direction. My French is comfortably adequate for the day-to-day business 
of living, but it does not approach the standard required for passionate 
altercation on trespass, private rights and allied tediums. A moment 
before confrontation I noticed my wife positively scuttle out of the field 
on to the public highway, where she started to stroll in the direction 
of Hyéres in a manner coldly calculated to imply that in no conceivable 
way whatsoever was she connected with me. “Bon jour”, said this young 
man, grinning tolerantly, “vous cherchez des insectes?” Filled with relief, 
I assured him that I was indeed cherching of the insectes, with particular 
reference to the papillions. I gave him a cigarette and a long pull at 
the bottle of wine that happened to be in my haversack. Then I showed 
him some specimens and congratulated him personally on the richness of 
Provencal butterfly life. He took it all with extreme gravity; then off 
he bounded, crying ‘‘“Moi-moi, je cherche des champignons!”’ I could not 
but detect an unspoken: “If you must prance about an unshaded field in 
the noonday heat, then look for something useful—edible for preference’’. 

The perfidious Jocelyn, having seen that all was goodwill and bon- 
homie, hastened back—almost falling over herself in her anxiety to be put 
in the picture. She promptly embarked on a champignon hunt of her own, 
did quite extraordinarily well, and presented her haul to the youth. 
Beaming, he delivered himself of a lengthy address of thanks (frankly, I 
think he tended to overdo it), to which Jocelyn paid enraptured attention 
(she definitely overdid it). Then, not having understood a solitary word, 
she acknowledged with extreme graciousness, throwing in her entire 
French vocabulary—merci, to rhyme with Percy. “You don’t deserve it’, 
I commented bitterly. But she missed the point and tore my best kite 
net on a bramble sp. 

It was in this fine collecting ground that I witnessed a vivid, scaled- 
down example of nature red in tooth and claw. Noting, several yards 
away, what appeared to be a specimen of Pieris brassicae in an unnatural 
posture on a flower head, I walked over to investigate. It was indeed 
P. brassicae— in the inexorable grip of a male praying mantis and being 
methodically eaten alive. Even as I watched, those terrible jaws sliced 
deep into the victim’s thorax and a severed forewing fluttered to the 
ground. But that was not all. Soon another male brassicae arrived and 
committed the fatal error of coming in close to investigate. With the 
speed and precision of a chameleon’s tongue, out shot one of those dreadful 
claws and the visitor was held as securely as a rabbit in a gin. Holding 
the new, pitifully fluttering victim at arm’s length, the Mantis continued 
to feast upon its original prey with appalling nochalance. Here I 
intervened: a futility, of course, but I could bear to watch no longer. 
The liberated butterfly flew off: a little raggedly, perhaps, but apparently 
none the worse. I found myself speculating on its future behaviour. 
Would its frightful ordeal suffice to create a crash-action conditioned 
reflex, so that it would never again visit another member of its own 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 135 


species; or would it gather no profit from the experience and continue 
questing as before, probably coming to some similar grief in the end? 
But assuredly the mantis is the very Tyrannosaurus of the insect world. 

On Monday, 15th October, we left Le Lavandou—with great reluctance 
—-and started north. I was determined to look at Digne, feeling that no 
French entomological itinerary could be complete without a visit to so 
famous a locality. We arrived in the early evening, after a pleasant 
run via Draguinan and Castellane, and put up at the Hotel Mistre, which 
must surely be known to Entomologists all over the world. They gave us 
a fine dinner of vegetable soup, truffle omelettes, assorted local fungi in a 
rich garlic-laden sauce (served as a dish in its own right), and an array 
of cheeses. A bottle of the local red wine was produced and it was quite 
outstanding. I wish I had noted the label. 

But the butterfly season at Digne seemed to be near its end, for the 
next day we covered the area thoroughly and found very little. However, 
pushing north again, we halted several times on the Digne-Gap road and 
discovered Colias hyale, Colias australis (both running true to form: hyale 
in low-lying late-flowering meadows; australis on rough hillsides), Colias 
croceus, Boloria dia, a single Thecla betulae and a solitary fritillary of 
the athalia type, which I have not yet clearly identified. 

Just south of Grenoble we made what was to be our last collecting 
stop of the tour; but it was worth while, for we found Pontia daplidice in 
very fair numbers on hilly wasteland. 

We passed through the Geneva-Lausanne corner of Switzerland. 
The sun still shone brightly, but it was becoming appreciably cooler and 
fresh winds were blowing. Lepidoptera, consequently, were little in 
evidence; in fact, we only noted odd examples of Gonepteryx rhamni and 
Pieris brassicae. 

Thereafter we pushed hard towards Calais, spending nights in Reims 
and in Calais itself, and finally got back to Woking—exhausted but 
uplifted—on 21st October. 

It is many years since I have enjoyed opportunities for collecting and 
observing on the Continent; and I found this recent experience both 
stimulating and instructive. The surprise of the journey, I thought, was 
the dire scarcity of Vanessa atalanta and Lycaena phleas—the two species 
one might have expected, with some confidence, to find in abundance. 

But the treasured memory shall be of glowing sunshine and teeming 
butterflies—at the time of year when collectors in Britain are storing 
their nets for the winter. 


Loxley House, Maybury Hill, Woking, Surrey. 
December 1962. 


Yugoslavia Revisited 
RALPH L. COE 
VII. 


THE CAVES OF POSTOJNE AND A VISIT TO LJUBLJANA 


It was raining hard one morning when I woke up, and I decided that 
it was a good day to visit the caves. After breakfast I set off through the 
village, turning right at the main square into the road leading to the 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/VI1/1963 


hamlet of Veliki Otok. At the foot of a wooded hill I reached the entrance 
to the caves, which extend for more than fourteen miles in a northerly 
direction. In front of the entrance there is a svacious terrace um which 
stands the imposing white building of the management and an adjoining 
restaurant. I joined the line of tourists outside the box office, and 
bought my admission ticket. I followed the crowd through the entrance. 
Just inside was the electric train that takes visitors for a distance of 
three miles into the caves. It is made up of several low open trolleys 
linked together. The passengers sit in pairs, with the driver in front on 
the miniature engine. 


Before I sat down I looked round for any English passengers. But 
in vain. They were mostly Yugoslavs, with a sprinkling of Germans and 
other races. The train was loaded to its full capacity of about a 
hundred people, and our journey started. All the way powerful arc-lamps 
blazed in the walls, revealing in detail the endless wonders of the strange 
subterranean world. We passed glistening curtains of stone. There were 
massive stalagmites and stalactites, many of which had joined to form 
solid columns from floor to roof. They were up to ten feet or more in 
diameter. Some were fluted, others smooth. Many were bulbous and 
grotesque. Over millions of years they had been gradually built up from 
minute particles of limestone deposited by underground rivers. 


Soon after the start we passed a place where the glistening whiteness 
of the walls and roof changed to a gloomy black. The cause of this 
phenomenon dates back to the last war. In 1944 when the Germans 
occupied Postojne, they stored a vast amount of petrol and explosives 
in this part of the caves, as a safeguard against aerial attacks. The 
Germans had the known entrance to the caves heavily guarded, but some 
Yugoslav partisans discovered a secret entrance, and crept in one night 
and blew up the lot with a time fuse. These heroes of the Resistance 
escaped alive. 

Leaving this war-time memory behind, the train went on to the vast 
lofty arena of the Grand Dome, where it stopped for a time and everyone 
got out. We followed a guide to one of the walls to see an amazing 
historical relic. It is a novel variation of a visitors’ book. Inscribed on 
the wall in four neat columns are the names of early visitors to the 
caves, with the dates of their respective visits. The first inscription bears 
the date 1213 with the initials C. M., and the last, 1676, with the initia:s 
S. I. Of the forty-eight inscriptions as many as twenty belong to the 
sixteenth century. It is curious that although the caves were known as 
early as the Middle Ages, for some unknown reason they fell into obscurity 
all through the eighteenth century. But from 1818 people have come 
from all over the world to see their wonders. 


From the Grand Dome the guide took us to a recess where some of the 
queer creatures that inhabit the caves are kept on show. This little 
exhibition bears the alarming title of the Biospeleoloska Postaja, which in 
English means the Biospeleological Station. In tanks and in flood-lit 
pools I saw living specimens of that most fantastic inhabitant of the 
caves, the human fish or Proteus anguineus. Smooth and lizard-like and 
about six inches long, it is totally blind and crawls about on spindly. 
curiously human-shaped feet. It is known to live as long as sixty years. 
Blind spiders, beetles, scorpions and centipedes live naturally in the utter 
darkness of the caves. Many of them are unique survivors of the animal 


YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 137 


kingdom. It was strange to see some of these creatures exposed to the 
inquisitive stares of the visitors under the glare of electric light. But 
being blind it is probably all the same to them. 

We got back into our seats, and the train continued on its journey. 
Gradually the passage narrowed until a few yards only separated the 
walls. The roof lowered until it was close above our heads. Grotesque 
formations of stone loomed up so close that we could touch them. One 
mass bore a startling resemblance to an elephant’s head with raised trunk 
and long flopping ears. We passed others that looked like a lion and a 
monkey. Once a gnome-like figure seemed to peer at us from behind 
a rock. 

The cave widened again until suddenly we found ourselves in a vast 
and lofty cavern known as the Ball Room. It was brilliantly lit by a 
great electric chandelier hanging from the centre of the roof, which at 
one side appeared to be supported by a row of massive limestone pillars. 
Once more the cave narrowed, but only for a short distance. Then we 
reached the enormous echoing Concert Hall. Over a hundred years ago 
people came from near and far to hold festivals of song and dance by 
candlelight in these two great caverns. 

A little further on the railroad ended, and we followed the guide on 
foot. The floor was no longer flat. We climbed steep slopes, and over 
protecting railings looked down into deep gullies where underground 
rivers flowed by on their mysterious journeys. Sometimes we crossed iron 
bridges that spanned wide gulfs. Our guide launched now and then into 
long descriptions of the wonders that we passed. But as he spoke in 
Yugoslav I could understand little that he said. All too soon we 
returned to the train, and were taken back to the starting place. As I 
stepped out into the sunlight the strange world that I had left seemed like 
a dream. 

My time in Yugoslavia was drawing to a close. But before leaving for 
home I decided to visit Ljubljana, the Slovenian capital. Kt is’ thirty 
miles north of Postojne. I went there by bus. When we pulled up 
outside the railway station the city was in the throes of a heat wave. It 
was not yet time for the afternoon siesta, and the streets were crowded 
with shoppers and sight-seers. You could pick out the Yugoslavs among 
the men by the way that they wore their coats slung round their shoulders 
with the sleeves dangling loose. It is certainly a good way of keeping 
cool on a hot day. I found Ljubljana a very pleasant place indeed, with 
its wide streets and squares and abundance of well stocked shops. I went 
into one where examples of Slovenian handicrafts were on sale. It was 
time that I bought a few gifts to take home. There is plenty of rubbish 
to be picked up in the way of souvenirs, and it pays to have a good look 
round the shops before deciding what to buy. You cannot go far wrong 
if you choose an article of wood carving. And in Ljubljana you can buy 
exquisite locally made lace, probably the finest in all Europe. I bought 
some lace mats, and a beautifully carved wooden bottle for holding 
slivovice. It was circular, brassbound, and both of the flat sides bore an 
inscription in Yugoslav with a centre pattern of deeply carved plums 
and foliage. I found later that this bottle is intended as a present for a 
bridegroom. The words mean, ‘The fruit is ripe for the plucking’. 

I crossed a bridge over the little river Ljubljana into the old part of 
the city, and wandered through the narrow streets with their picturesque 
red-roofed houses. They are mostly seventeenth century. A winding 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ V1I/1963 


footpath took me to the top of a steep hill, from where a ninth century 
castle dominates the city. From its ramparts there is a fine view to the 
north west of the range of the Julian Alps. 

It was dusk when I arrived back in Postojne. As I went into the hotel 
a coach load of German youths and girls stopped outside. Their leader 
asked for beds for the whole party of thirty or more. They were going 
on to visit the caves in the morning. There were not enough beds to go 
round, and some of the boys had to sleep on makeshift beds in the 
corridors. Around midnight a terrific thunderstorm added to the clamour 
as the excited youngsters sorted themselves out for the night. At last 
they settled down. The storm passed over, and all was quiet except for 
an occasional distant peal of thunder. I was nearly asleep when I shot up 
in bed at the sound of a woman’s screams. 

Pulling on my trousers, I went out into the corridor. Outside my door 
a plump flaxen-haired German maiden in frilly night attire in the ‘shorty’ 
style was having hysterics, while from below there came confused shout- 
ing. I calmed the giri, and then crept downstairs to see what was going 
on. Craning over the banisters I saw a man with his face covered in 
blood being punched out of the restaurant by two others. More men were 
fighting in the passage. The reception clerk was trying in vain to 
separate them. By then the young Germans were crowded on the stairs 
behind me, watching the battle as it moved to and fro. Then the police 
arrived, and peace was soon restored. It had all started over a game 
of cards, and, incidentally, it was the only time on my travels that I saw 
any violence. That memorable night was my last in Yugoslavia. In the 
morning I caught the Simplon Orient Express for home. 


54 Crossways, Addington, Surrey. 


Notes on the Microlepidoptera 
By H. C. Huccins, F.R.E.S. 


Platyptilia tesseradactyla Linn. Baron de Worms (Ent. Rec., 75: 24), 
when mentioning his capture of this pretty little plume, says that it is 
apparently confined to the Burren. This is incorrect, it has an extensive, 
though patchy, distribution in western and northern Ireland. It is found 
in suitable places throughout the Burren, at Castlebar in western Con- 
naught, and in many places in county Tyrone. I should not despair of 
finding it anywhere from Limerick to Antrim where the foodplant, 
Antennaria dioica, grows. It is a sluggish creature that only moves freely 
on hot, windless days, a rather scarce phenomenon at the time it occurs in 
Ireland, although it comes freely to mercury vapour light. 

I gave a resumé of its range, life-history and habits in Ireland in the 
Entomologist, 72: 277-8. 

It is rather interesting to record that all the British specimens in the 
B.M. are from Clonbrock, taken by Kane, and I have also a pair with the 
same data. I am particularly mentioning this as after the general de- 
bunking of Dillon’s records, it became fashionable to say that Clonbrock 
was one of the worst localities in Ireland. I believe Praeger started this 
idea off; it is quite incorrect, and Kane made a number of genuine finds 
there. 

Tesseradactyla is best obtained by using a bee smoker: I did not see 
one in Tyrone in 1938, either sitting or flying naturally, as the weather 


OBITUARY 139 


was cold and windy, but I could have taken any number, had I wished, 
with the aid of the smoker. I contented myself with a couple of dozen. 

The most strange feature about its British range is why it skips Eng- 
land and Scotland, where so far it has not been detected. 

When it was supposed to be confined to the Burren limestone, the 
reason given was the unique character of this formation, but it is else- 
where in Ireland found on a variety of soils. In Tyrone, my late friend 
Thomas Greer and I found it on the eskers (sand ridges) of the higher 
ground, on bare, metamorphic rock where the foodplant grew in cracks, 
and on peat where the plant was growing between heather clumps. As 
the moth has a very extensive continental range, going as far north as 
Scandinavia, it seems queer that it should be confined to Ireland in the 
British Isles. I should never be surprised to hear that it had turned up 
in the Highlands. 

Cnephasis colquhounana Barr. Mr. E. S. A. Baynes has recently sent 
me a few specimens of this moth from Inishtrahull and Tory Island, off 
Donegal. They are rather small and dark, quite unlike the Burren form. 
I have specimens of this insect from many localities, and its variation is 
rather queer. In west Cork and Kerry it is large and dark, most speci- 
mens could probably be called black and white, though never of quite so 
clear a colour as C. bellana Curt. In the Burren, where it is common, it is 
much lighter in tint, the markings being usually dark bluish-grey, whilst 
an occasional specimen in unicolorous bluish-grey. The Donegal island 
specimens are small and of the black and white type, but tend to be so 
deeply peppered with small black dots as to look as if the ground colour 
were dirty grey. 

I do not think that the moth is found in England, but specimens I have 
from the Isle of Man are like the Burren ones. It is apparently common 
on Unst, and specimens from that locality are the largest and darkest I 
have, the black and white type, but with the white suffused with erey. 
These were taken by J. J. F. X. King. 

The Inishvickilaun Cnephasia. The insects referred to in my note 
“Dingle in 1962” (Ent. Rec., 74: 251) have, as I expected, proved to be 
C. conspersana Dougl. They are very small, and uniform grey in colour. 
A similar form is found on Slea Head, Kerry, but is a little larger, and I 
bred others, a little larger still, from Tresco, Isies of Scilly. 

Nematois fasciellus. With reference to Mr. Allen’s note (Ent. Rec., 74: 
62-3) this lovely little moth used to be quite common near Faversham in 
the 1920s, on the road from Davington to the gunpowder mills. My wife 
found the first specimen sitting on a dandelion flower, and brought it 
home in her spectacle case, and the next year the larva was eommon on 
Ballota nigra on the side of the road. Although conditions, no doubt, 
have changed, the plants were then smothered with dust thrown up by 
lorries from the local brickfields, and unless spraying has taken place, I 
expect it is still there. 


Obituary 


LLEWELLYN ALFRED EDMUND SABINE (1886-1963) 


“Chip” Sabine, as he was always known to his closer friends, passed 
away on 11th January 1963, at the age of seventy-six. He can indeed be 
counted as probably the last of the small band of pioneer collectors in the 
field who, towards the end of the last century and the start of the present 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


one, did so much to increase our knowledge of the British Lepidoptera 
and to open up new areas in our islands for obtaining them. 

He was born in Clapham on 29th April 1886, and from the age of 
twelve began to take an interest in butterflies and moths. This flair 
developed rapidly, especially for finding new varieties, and he soon be- 
came known to such famous personalities in British entomology as Lord 
Rothschild, Percy Bright and Rait Smith, all of whom engaged his ser- 
vices. It was largely under their patronage that he made several trips to 
the west coast of Ireland shortly after the First World War, and brought 
back some of the finest forms of the common blue ever obtained. This 
just:y won him fame, and he was probably best known for these exploits. 
He would never disclose the location of this Eldorado, and his secret has 
died with him. But it was not only Ireland which engaged his attention. 
He succeeded McArthur in opening up the Highlands and also Shetland 
for lepidoptera, discovering many new forms and species previously un- 
known to those regions. Many of these he generously presented to the 
national collections at South Kensington and Tring. 

The blues were perhaps his favourites, and among them he secured 
some of the finest aberrations, especially at Royston at the height of its 
fame in the 1920s. He used to visit regularly many other well-krown 
localities for Lycaenids, and few peop!e scrutinized them more thoroughly 
than he did. This thoroughness was reflected in the perfection of his 
captures and his setting of them. He was meticulous in every detail, but 
there must be one great regret, that he apparently never left any record 
in our literature of all his remarkable captures, but he was always of a 
somewhat retiring nature. Much, however, remains as a memorial to his 
great industry, perseverance and foresight as a field collector. He was 
always ready to give the most helpful and sound advice on field work to 
all who asked it of him. 

In him has passed one of the keenest and outstanding devotees of our 
lepidoptera.—C. G. M. de W. 


LEONARD TATCHELL (1877-1963) 


Many there must be among collectors of our butterflies and moths who 
used to visit Swanage annually before and since the last war, to whom the 
news of the death of Leonard Tatchell on 2nd February 1963, in his 86th 
year must bring a real sense of grief, since his name will always be 
linked with the natural history of that rich and attractive region, the Isle 
of Purbeck. It was here that he was born on 31st August 1877, of a 
family of Huguenot extraction which had been settled in these parts for 
many generations. 

As he grew up, he began to cherish more and more, everything that 
was connected with his beloved Purbeck. He made a minute study of 
its past history, its flowers, animals and insects. All his records and acute 
observations on these subjects, he epitomised in this “Heritage of Purbeck”’ 
which appeared in the mid-1950s, and which bears a great tribute to his 
diligence as a field observer and collector. In a foreword to this work, 
that eminent Dorset authority and naturalist, the late Mr. Dru Drury, 
emphasises this quality of Leonard Tatchell of making the rearer see with 
him the many birds, butterflies and plants of that region which he describes 
so delightfully. In it, too, he gives a comprehensive list of all the more out- 
standing Lepidoptera, among which is the Queen of Spain fritillary, 
which he once captured near Swanage himself. 


CATOPTRIA OSTHELDERI DE LATTIN, 1950: IN BRITAIN 141 


His large draper’s shop on the Esplanade there used to be the meeting 
place of many well-known collectors with whom he was always ready to 
have a friendly talk on the prospects of the season and other topics of 
natural history interest. He must also have been the source of inspiration 
of many youngsters who were just embarking on the collecting of our 
insects. To them he was always most helpful with information and ad- 
vice, and he used to fit them out with apparatus which he kept for that 
purpose in a special department of his store. 

He became a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society as far back as 
1916, and through the years kept a close association with it. 

Yet another leading lover of Nature has passed from amongst us, and 
also one with the most kindiy personality and a wealth of enthusiasm. 
To his daughters, with whom he went to live during his last years, and 
to the rest of his family, must be extended every sympathy in their loss, 
which is shared by so many others.—C. G. M. de W. 


Catoptria osthelderi de Lattin, 1950: in Britain 


By J. RocHE 


On the evening of 29th July 1962, I found at the blended mercury 
vapour bulb in my garden at Bexley Heath, a Crambid with which I was 
not familiar. 

I had been in two minds whether to take the specimen or not as I 
already had quite enough material to occupy me from the night’s work. 
I, however, took the specimen as it looked unusual. 

I turned to Beirne’s British Pyralid and Plume Moths, and after check- 
ing the plates and key, the moth appeared to be Crambus myellus Hiibn. 
Beirne states “This is a local and scarce species, confined to Rannoch, 
Braemar, Glen Tilt and other mountain valleys of Perth and Aberdeen. 
The moth appears in July and early August”. 

The specimen was therefore taken to the British Museum (Natural 
History) to be checked. After a preliminary examination, Mr. Shaffer 
thought that the specimen most likely to be Catoptria permutatella H.-S., 
the species found in Scotiand that was formerly known as Crambus 
myellus. 

Some months later I showed the specimen to Mr. S. Wakely for his 
opinion and he suggested that it be dissected. I did nothing about the 
matter for some time, but after being approached by Mr. Wakely, the 
specimen was given to Mr. Shaffer for a genitalia dissection. As a result, 
the moth was found to be a female Catoptria osthelderi de Lattin, a species 
previously unrecorded in Britain. Dr. Bleszynski also checked it as such. 

Bleszynski (1957)! states “This species was not distinguished till now 
from C. permutatella H.-S., known generally under the name Crambus 
myellus Hiibn., it was discovered and described in 1950 by de Lattin. In 
contrary to other related species, it is rather a lowland element. confined 
to dry and warm regions. It is rarer than C. permutatella H.-S. Known 
thus far from Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria and Yugoslavia”’. 

I would like to thank Mr. Shaffer for the dissection and the indentifica- 
tion, and Mr. Wakely very much for his help and encouragement. 

29 Holmesdale Road, Bexley Heath, Kent. 


1Studies on the Crambidae (Lepidoptera) Part XIV. Revision of the European 
Species of the Generic Group Crambus Fsl. Acta. Zoo. Crac. 1957. 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


Orthoptera Notes, 1961-62 


with some casual observations on Lepidoptera 


By J. F. Burton, F.R.E.S. 
(B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Bristol) 


In 1961 I noted my first Acridids of the year, well-grown nymphs of 
Chorthippus parallelus (Zett.), on 16th May. These were numerous ina 
grassy field on a steep hillside at South Brent, Devon, part of the beautiful 
Dartmoor property of the well-known Devon naturalist, H. G. Hurrell. 

From 24th May to 3rd June I was at South Pool, near Kingsbridge, 
Devon, helping Tony Soper with a film on shelducks he was shooting for 
B.B.C. television. Apart from nymphs of Ch. parallelus and Ch. brunneus 
(Thunb.), I saw little in the way of Orthoptera. However, I did see a 
refreshing profusion of butterflies in the steeply undulating countryside 
of this delightful part of South Devon. Speckled woods (Pararge aegeria 
L.) and common blues (Polyommatus icarus Rott.) were particularly 
common. 

On 24th June I visited Shoreham, Kent, with Bruce Campbell, Walter 
Murray and Michael Chalmers-Hunt to make field recordings for a BEC 
programme on chalk butterflies in “The Naturalist” series. It proved to 
be a gloriously hot and sunny day, and the field recordings were a great 
success as butterflies, notably Plebejus argus L., Polyommatus icarus 
(mainly worn males), Aphantopus hyperanthus L., Pararge aegeria L., 
Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L. and Ochlodes venata Br. 
and Grey, were plentiful. The diurnal burnet moths Zygaena lonicerae 
Esp. and Z. filipendulae L. were flying in numbers and clustering on the 
flowerheads of thistles and black knapweed (Centaurea nigra L.). The 
only orthopteron I saw all day, however, was the ubiquitous Ch. parallelus, 
which was common. Only a few adults, however, were to be found 
among them. 

Next day, the 25th, Chalmers-Hunt and I drove down to Dartford. 
Marshes in North Kent. Here the Acridids, Ch. albomarginatus (Geer) 
and Ch. parallelus were both common in the closely grazed turf of the 
reclaimed marshes. Both species were stridulating everywhere in the 
hot sunshine. The only butterflies which we saw in numbers were 
Thymelicus lineola Ochs., C. pamphilus, M. jurtina and Aglais urticae L. 
A couple of Lycaena phlaeas L., a single male P. icarus and a worn 
female Vanessa atalanta L. ovipositing on stinging nettles, were the only 
other species of note. , 

I spent the whole of ist July, a very hot and sunny day, in my 
garden at Pill, N.W. Somerset. Here I found a last-instar nymph of the 
Tettigonid, Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Geer) on brambles. As usual, Ch. 
parallelus was common in the parts where I allow the grass to grow 
rough. 

Tuesday, 11th July, turned out very wet during the morning, but after 
lunch it became hot and sunny. I spent the day in the New Forest with a 
colleague and Eric Ashby, a local cinematographer now well known for 
his wild-life films on B.B.C. television. At Rockford Common, the Acridid 
Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunb.) and Omocestus viridulus (L.) were 
very common, and among the former in a dry piece of heathland, I found 
a male of that very localised species, Chorthippus vagans (Eversm.). On 
those parts of the common where bracken, birch and oak flourished in 


ORTHOPTERA NOTES, 1961-62 143 


addition to the heather, we heard several Tettigonia viridissima L. 
stridulating. In another part of the New Forest near Lyndhurst we beat a 
couple of the delicate green Tettigonid, Meconema thalassinum (Geer). 


Butterflies were relatively scarce, P. aegeria, M. jurtina, M. tithonus, 
A. urticae and P. argus being the only species noted in plenty. Only a 
few Argynnis paphia L. were encountered during the day. 


The first half of August I spent on holiday in Heidelberg, Germany, 
and did not resume observations in England until 19th August. Most of 
my available time from then on was spent making observations on the 
bush-cricket, P. griseoaptera and the Acridids, Ch. brunneus and Ch. 
parallelus, all of which occur in numbers in my garden. On 4th Septem- 
ber, a very warm and humid evening, I heard a male Ch. parellelus 
stridulating long after dark together with griseoaptera. 

My last collecting expedition of the year was on 19th September, when 
I visited several localities in the Langport district of Somerset. On the 
borders of Swell Wood, Fivehead, P. griseoaptera was very numerous in 
the brambles and low-growing ivy. It was also extremely common in 
rough vegetation along the banks of the River Parrett at Muchelney, 
where I searched unsuccessfully in the meadows for Ch. albomarginatus. 
Its ubiquitous relatives, Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus were, however, 
abundant. 

In 1962, my observations of Orthoptera began with the discovery of 
two very small nymphs of P. griseoaptera resting in the sunshine, on 
stinging nettle leaves among the brambles in my garden at Pill on 13th 
May. They were both about 7 mm. long (excluding antennae) and were 
dark brown dorsally and bronze on the lateral surfaces. However, 1962 
proved to be as late a year for Orthoptera as for most other things, and 
I did not notice my first Acridid nymphs until 23rd June. On that day I 
found several, still very small, nymphs of Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus 
in my garden. They grew rapidly, but I did not encounter the first adults 
until the end of the first week in July. 

On 14th July, a very warm and sunny day, I investigated some likely- 
looking meadows on Walton Moor, near Clevedon, Somerset, in the hope 
of finding Ch. albomarginatus, but without success. Omocestus viridulus 
and Ch. parallelus were, however, common in the damp, rushy meadows. 

To my surprise, I found a last instar male Leptophyes punctatissima 
(Bosc.) on nettles in my garden on 17th July, and another on 11th August. 
I saw no sign of this bush-cricket here last year. 

From 25th July to 1st August I stayed at the Slapton Ley Field Centre 
in South Devon, making recordings for a radio programme. In between 
times, I found opportunities to look at the local grasshoppers. The 
commonest species was Ch. parallelus, occurring in most grassy areas 
(e.g., banks of Slapton Ley, meadows, banks of sunken lanes). Ch. 
brunneus was also widespread, but less common than parallelus, frequent- 
ing drier places on the whole, such as the outer shore of Slapton Ley 
where it was extremely common. Brown colour forms were dominant. 
Omocestus viridulus was not seen around Slapton, but it was common in 
fields with bracken near Halwell. On 28th July I caught a male Tetrix 
undulata (Swrby.) in a dry field close to the Field Centre, but I did not 
search for this species and am therefore uncertain of its local status. 

Of the Tettigonids, T. viridissima, was widely distributed and numerous 
in a variety of habitats (e.g., hedgerows, barley fields, reedy margins of 
the Ley and rough waste places). Their loud stridulation is a characteristic 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1I/1963 


feature of the Slapton neighbourhood in late summer and must give many 
a sleepless night to the local campers. While out one night, I heard two 
such campers in a nearby tent complaining bitterly about them to each 
other. P. griseoaptera is probably widespread and numerous in-the area, 
but it was still rather early to hear adults stridulating, and the only male 
I found doing so was sitting on a stinging nettle by Gara Mill on 29th 
July. At the latter locality I noticed several demoiselle damsel-flies 
(Agrion virgo L.) fluttering over the stream by the mill on the same day. 

Several species of butterflies were seen in fair profusion around 
Slapton including Pieris napi L., M. tithonus, A. hyperanthus, T. sylvestris 
and O. venata. Melanargia galathea L. was numerous in a restricted area 
on a grassy slope above the Lower Ley. Of the Vanessids, A. urticae was 
frequent, and I saw two Nymphalis io L., two Polygonia c-album L. and 
one Vanessa cardui L. (visiting spur valerian flowers by the roadside near 
Slapton Field Centre on 29th July). 

The most interesting moth noted during the week was the local 
speciality, Agrotis trux Hiibn., a female of which was disturbed by day in 
waterside vegetation by Slapton Ley on 26th July. Species noted at 
light in Slapton village during the week included Notodonta dromedarius 
L., Malacosoma neustria L., Miltochrista miniata Forst. (a male on 29th 
July), Craniophora ligustri Fabr., Scopula imitaria Hubn., and Nomophila 
noctuella Schiff. (one at light in the Field Centre, 29th July). 

In the daylight hours, an Epirrhoé rivata Hubn., was flushed from 
Hedge Bedstraw (Galium mollugo L.) in a sunken lane by the Field Centre 
and Zygaena filipendulae was noted in great numbers along the outer 
shore of Slapton Ley. A flourishing colony of Z. lonicerae was found at 
Morleigh Hill Brake, near Halwell, where without particularly looking for 
them, I captured two specimens, one with all and the other with nearly 
all the spots on the forewings confluent, on 29th July. Both had freshly 
emerged but I also caught two other similar varieties which were in worn 
condition and were therefore released. This colony seemed to be a very 
isolated one, which might account for the apparent high proportion of 
varieties. 

From 17th to 25th August, G. F. Wade, B.B.C. recording engineer, Dr. 
D. R. Ragge of the British Museum (Natural History) and I travelled 
about the Isle of Purbeck and the New Forest making tape recordings of 
as many species of Orthoptera as we could for the B.B.C.’s collection of 
wild-life recordings. We were equipped with a Swiss Nagra tape-recorder, 
quite the best available for fieldwork, and enjoyed a remarkably success- 
ful trip. Out of 18 species known to occur in the area visited which 
produce audible stridulations, we caught 17 species and made successful 
recordings of 15. 

On the first evening, a fine, warm one, we drove over to Corfe Castle 
and made field recordings of P. griseoaptera and T. viridissima, both of 
which were very common in the vicinity. However the noise of the traffic 
on the nearby main road made successful recording difficult. 

Next morning, 18th August, a beautifully hot and sunny day, we visited 
a locality for Chorthippus vagans (Eversm.) in the Isle of Purbeck and 
found it in plenty amongst heather on a very dry piece of heath!and. 
M. maculatus was also very common, especially on barer ground with 
short heather. Ch. brunneus was frequent in similar situations, while 
Ch. parallelus was common along the roadside verges. The bush cricket, 
Metrioptera brachyptera (L.) was very common all over the heathland. 


ORTHOPTERA NOTES, 1961-62 145 


Towards noon, Dr. Ragge took us to the locality where he rediscovered 
the large bush-cricket Decticus verrucivorus (L.) in 1955. To our great 
delight and surprise we heard about six males stridulating in the warm 
sunshine on rather grassy heathland with patches of dwarf furze (Ulex 
minor Roth.), and after a good deal of patient stalking we succeeded in 
catching a male. Its gait, stocky build and metallic, variegated green 
coloration reminded me of a small frog. To capture this specimen was 
beyond our wildest hopes, we had hardly expected to hear any at all. 
However, we were to experience not a little frustration before we suc- 
ceeded in achieving a successful recording of the characteristic and loud 
stridulation of our Decticus. 

Apart from verrucivorus, we noted a single ‘Conocephalus dorsalis 
(Latr.) on the vegetation bordering a boggy pool where we heard a few 
Stethophyma grossum (L.) and a single male T. viridissima stridulating. 
The air hummed with the chirping cf M. brachyptera which was abundant. 
In the neighbouring dry, heather areas a few Ch. vagans were encountered, 
along with many M. maculatus. Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus were 
also common in grassier spots. 

Of butterflies, P. argus, E. semele and M. tithonus were common in both 
localities visited during the morning. 

After lunch, we spent the afternoon in a quiet cove on the Dorset 
coast which is one of the few known localities for Conocephalus discolor 
(Thunb.). We found it commonly in a restricted area of reed-grass, horse- 
tail and great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum L.) at the foot of the 
cliffs. They were rather late in attaining maturity this year and we 
only succeeded in finding one adult male: the rest were in the penultimate 
instar. 

_Platycleis denticulata (Panz.) was also common at the foot of the cliffs 
in rough vegetation, most of them being already fully adult. The Acridids, 
Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus were very common in the same area, 
but the latter showed a preference for the lusher vegetation. Ch. brunneus 
was highly polymorphic here and we noted slate blue-grey forms as well 
as rich brown, dull green and the dominant variegated grey forms. 
Butterflies were quite plentiful on the scree slope at the foot of the cliffs 
and included one rather worn female, Thymelicus acteon Rott., at 
common ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) flowers; one worn A. hyperanthus; 
a few worn M. jurtina and M. tithonus; two Argynnis aglaia L.; two L. 
phlaeas and several P. icarus. 

Sunday, 19th August, turned out dull and cloudy at first and we spent 
the whole day at the Nature Conservancy’s Research Station at Furze- 
brook, through the kindness of Mr. J. H. Hemsley, making tape recordings 
of the stridulations of the previous day’s captures. The quietness of the 
Station made it eminently suitable for this purpose and we were success- 
ful with all the species captured except for our single male Decticus 
verrucivorus which refused to co-operate. It had almost expired the 
previous night, but was saved by the devoted attentions of the recording 
engineer, Bob Wade, who patiently held it up to the warmth of the electric 
light in our hotel bedroom until it revived. 

By late afternoon the sun came and the clouds rolled back, so we 
took a short break from our recording work and strolled about the 
delightful grounds of the Research Station. The more natural parts were 
full of butterflies, notably P. icarus, M. jurtina, M. tithonus, P. napi and 
T. sylvestris. 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


In the early evening we made a brief excursion to the riverside 
meadows just to the south of Wareham and found many nymphs of 
Conocephalus dorsalis on the lush vegetation growing in the ditches. 
Only a few adults were to be seen. As anticipated, Ch. albomarginatus 
was common in the meadows and we heard and saw several T. viridissima. 
While searching for dorsalis, I discovered two full-grown larvae of 
Saturnia pavonia L. on meadowsweet (Filipendula vulgaris Moench) and 
a batch of eggs of Philudoria potatoria L. on common reed (Phragmites 
communis Trinius). 

Next morning, 20th August, was warm and sunny, so we drove to Slepe 
Heath, near Arne, in the Isle of Purbeck, in the hope of recording our 
Decticus in this quiet and lonely spot. Unfortunately, direct'y we got 
there the clouds rolled up and it soon began to rain, and the Decticus 
which had been stridulating while we were in noisy Wareham, became 
quiet. M. maculatus was the dominant grasshopper on this heath, most 
of them being very dark, especially in the burnt areas. Ch. brunneus 
and Ch. parallelus were common in suitable spots and T. undulata was 
frequent on the heathy areas, some individuals being completely black 
in colour. M. brachyptera was common in damp situations and Ragge 
found a female C. dorsalis. 

As for butterflies, apart from the usual E. semele, M. jurtina and M. 
tithonus, we saw a Vanessa cardui and a Nymphalis io visiting flowers of 
hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum L..). 

From Slepe Heath we drove to Poole for lunch. The sun came out 
strongly when we got there and in the heat at the back of the car the 
captive Decticus commenced stridulating loudly and mockingly. In the 
noise of the town it was impossible to make recordings, but immediately 
after lunch we drove with all haste to Ninebarrow Down in the Purbeck 
Hills. Here, Ragge and I left Bob Wade with his recording apparatus at 
the ready and spent half-an-hour on the down searching for Stenobothrus 
lineatus (Panz.). This grasshopper was common enough in the short, 
sheep-cropped downland turf, but the strong wind made it rather difficult 
to catch them. The great number of Ch. brunneus and Ch. parallelus 
which jumped up at our approach and glided down-wind proved distract- 
ing when looking for lineatus. During the search I saw two fresh male 
chalkhill blue butterflies, Lysandra coridon Pod. and one male Pararge 
megera L., as well as many M. tithonus and E. semele. 

When we got back to the car, Bob Wade greeted us with the news that 
he had at last made successful recordings of D. verrucivorus. After so 
much frustration, this was good news indeed and we drove back to the 
locality where we caught the specimen feeling highly elated. En route, 
our Decticus chewed contentedly at a dead female P. denticulata and 
continued to eat it quite unconcernedly when we released it in the exact 
spot where we had caught it two days before. Eventually it finished its 
meal and moved off slowly into the heather. 

On 21st August, we left the Isle of Purbeck for the New Forest where 
we drove straight to a locality for Omocestus rufipes (Zett.) near Brocken- 
hurst. Unhappily, the lack of sun was against us and we failed to find 
any, even though the occasional short bursts of sunshine tempted Ch. 
parallelus into “song”. M. brachyptera was very common on the heathy 
borders of the woods and Ragge captured a male of the cockroach 
Ectobius lapponicus (L.) In the neighbouring wood, the wood cricket, 
Nemobius sylvestris (F.), was extremely common in the leaf litter and we 


ORTHOPTERA NOTES, 1961-62 147 


collected a large series. Many were heard stridulating. 

The following morning, we visited another O. rufipes locality. At first 
cloudy conditions made recording difficult and we only caught two or 
three after hunting about along the bracken-fringed paths for nearly an 
hour. Eventually, the sky cleared and we soon found that rufipes was 
quite common. I caught one male whose antennae were hardly more 
than half the normal length and gave it to Ragge. 

Our next port of call was a very wet bog in another part of the New 
Forest where Stethophyma grossum was common. Most were fully 
mature and jumped actively in the sunshine. We collected a series and 
experienced no difficulty in making good recordings of their curious 
ticking stridulation during the afternoon. Ch. parallelus and M. brachyp- 
tera were also common in this bog where sundew (Drosera rotundifolia 
L.), bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum (L.)) and bog myrtle (Myrica 
gale L.) grew in profusion. 

Next morning, 23rd August, Bob Wade and I (David Ragge having 
returned to London the day before) searched Rockford Common, near 
Ibsley, for O. viridulus. The weather was cold, cloudy and windy and it 
took us some time to collect a small series in order to make our tape 
recordings. M. maculatus was very common and T. undulata frequent. 
E. semele and M. tithonus were the only common butterflies. 


From list September to 14th October I journeyed on business through 
Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland and was thus unable to 
make any further observations in this country. On my return to Bristol 
on 15th October one of my B.B.C. colleagues, Mrs. Jean Alvey, gave me 
a live male Conocephalus dorsalis which she had caught the previous day 
in her garden at Stoke Bishop, now a residential suburb of Bristol. She 
caught a second a day or so later, but it escaped. Before its development, 
I understand the neighbourhood of her garden was rather marshy and 
may have been suitable for this species. Judging by Kevan’s (1961) latest 
summary of distribution, this is a new county record for dorsalis, although 
it is known from the neighbouring vice-county of North Somerset. David 
Ragge tells me (in litt.) that he also knows of no records for Gloucester- 
shire. 

I was also interested to find on my return that my captive S. grossum, 
C. discolor and P. griseoaptera from the New Forest-Purbeck expedition 
were all still alive, thanks to the kind attention of my colleague, Michael 
Kendall. The grossum all died by 22nd October and the discolor on 23rd 
October. One male griseoaptera was still alive when I released it on 
4th November, before leaving to spend a week in London. The last wild 
griseoptera I heard stridulating were at Pill on 2nd November. The last 
Ch. parallelus I saw this year was a male in my garden at Pill on 20th 
October, a sunny day. 


Although 1962 was a decidedly late year for grasshoppers and bush- 
crickets, it was a very good one as far as their abundance was concerned 
in most parts of England that I visited. With regard to butterflies, my 
general impression was that the population of most species continued to 
decline, except for M. tithonus which enjoyed a particularly good year in 
1962. 

REFERENCE. 


Kevan, D. K. McE. 1961. A Revised Summary of the Known Distribution of 
British Orthopteroids. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 14: 187-205. 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


Notes and Observations 


Somer RECORDS OF BLASTOBASIS LIGNEA WALS.—This species is one which, 
though quite distinctive, appears frequently to be overlooked by collec- 
tors. Its distribution is still not completely known, so it may be of 
interest to put on record the following occurrences. I took a specimen 
at my m.v. light when collecting at Treardur Bay, Anglesey, on 12th 
August, 1962. This appears to be a new record for that island, and when 
checking this with Mr. H. N. Michaelis he asked me at the same time to 
record that the species has been taken at the Hoylake end of Wirral, a 
single specimen from the limestone area near Prestatyn, and he has also 
had specimens sent for determination which were taken in the Isle of 
Man.—Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 29.iv.1963. 


EarRLy APPEARANCE OF PLUSIA GAMMA IN Dorset.—On 14th March I 
watched a silver Y. visiting the crocus flowers in my garden. One of this 
species also came to a window the same night. Perhaps the same insect. 

I have never before recorded this moth in March. Was it freshly 
emerged, an immigrant, or a hibernator? I should be very glad to hear 
the views of other members, and whether there has been an early appear- 
ance elsewhere this year.—Bric. H. E. Warry, Eastbrook House, Upwey, 
Dorset. 1.v.1968. 


A New REcORD FOR LEICESTERSHIRE.—With the aid of a Tilley lamp 
and a white sheet set up in Loddington Reddish Wood, Leicestershire, on 
15.4.1963, I took Gypsitea leucographa Schiff., which is a new county 
record. Four specimens, all jd, taken on 15.4.1963. Three specimens, 
all 6d, taken on 20.4.19638. Two specimens, all ¢¢, taken on 24.4.1963. 

Unfortunately, no females came to the light, which gave no chance of 
rearing. 

The moth is on the wing during March and April, and the larva feeds 
on Sallow, Aspen, and low-growing plants——D. J. FoxweE Lu, F.R.E‘S., 46 
Byway Road, Leicester. sf 


As a postscript to “Random Notes”, in the Record for November 1962, I 
would like to record two captures by Dr. R. H. Clarke, both made in my 
presence. At Dr. Clarke’s request, Professor Varley of the Hope Museum, 
Oxford, has formally identified the specimens. 

The first is the Psychid, Streptopterix fusca, taken at Meathop Moss, 
Witherslack, on 30th June 1962. I believe this is not a first record for the 
county, but it seems worthy of note. One other speciemn was taken about 
the same time by the two Blackpool collectors I mentioned in my note, 
whose names I unfortunately did not record. 

The second record is of a Sterrha degeneraria Hiibn., taken by Dr. 
Clarke from my garden moth trap on 21st September 1962. Whether this 
is one of the occasional vagrants that turn up in my garden, or whether I 
have, through ignorance, been mistaking specimens for S. aversaia L.. 
remains to be determined. In any case, I believe it to be a first record 
for Cornwall.—Cout. H. G. Rosset, Old Schoolhouse, Bodinnick, by 
Fowey. 8.v.1963. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (105) 


Note: Second brood specimens are more numerous, and as large, if not 
larger, than those of the first generation. It is a curious fact, moreover, 
that moths of the second generation seem to be mainly if not wholly 
nocturnal by habit, whereas those of the spring brood are sun-loving, and 
have not to my knowledge been observed to fly at night (C.-H.). 

1. West Wood near Eltham (Fenn, Lep. Data MS., 14.i1.1861). Brockley; 
Bexley district; Lewisham; Charlton; Keston (Wool. Surv. (1909)). 
Wilmington (L. T. Ford). Sidcup, larvae plentiful, October 1924, October 
1925, several larvae, 1926, larvae fairly plentiful, 1927, larva, October 15, 
1927, three larvae, November 3, 1929, larva, October 10, 1930 (A. R. Kidner). 
Petts Wood, annually, very common 1947 (E. Evans); 1953 (A. M. Swain). 
West Wickham, over thirty larvae in rough grass, October 19, 1947; odd 
imagines noted cccasionally since in spring (C.-H.); 1951 (E. Trundell). 
Lee, 1949 (D. Lanktree). Hayes; Keston (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 135). 
Dartford (B. K. West). Orpington, 1953 (L. W. Siggs); (R. G. Chatelain). 
Hayes Common, 04, July 28, 1948; Footscray, several at rest on low herbage 
in riverside meadow, April 30, 1949 (J. F. Burton). Plumstead, 1951 (de 
Worms, loc. cit.); 1953, at m.v. (J. Green). Bexley. one, July 20, 1952 (A. 
Heselden). Blackheath, two, at m.v., 1959; commoner in 1960 (A. A. Allen). 
Bromley, three, 1961 (D. R. M. Long). Lee, commen (C. G. Bruce). 

2. Greenhithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Dartford (B. K. West). Port Victoria, 
one, April 17, 1949 (G. G. E. Scudder). Erith Marshes, larva (Hards, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 87). 

3. Clowes Wood, larva on bramble, July 12, imago emerged, August oh 
1922 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Broad Oak, one, 1947 (C.-H.). Blean Woods, c. 
1946 (A. G. Maconochie). Herne Bay district, odd ones (D. G. Marsh). 
Whitstable district (P. F. Harris). 

4. Marshside, one (A. J. L. Bowes). Westbere, one, August 3, 1946 
(C.-H.). Ickham, plentiful, 1954-61 (D. G. Marsh). Sandwich, one, April 
13, 1957 (E. Philp). 

5. Chevening, 1858 (Stanhope, Ent. week. Int., 4: 156). Westerham 
(R. C. Edwards). 

6. Cuxton, 1874 (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 16: 58). Northfleet (L. T. Ford). 
Birling (H. C. Huggins). Eynsford (Blair, Proc. S. London. ent. nat. Hist. 
‘Soc., 1934-35: 33). Ryarsh, 1936 (J. Fremlin). Pinden district, common 
(E. J. Hare). Gravesend, 9, May 1, 1947 (F. T. Grant). Fawkham Green, 
May 16, 1948 (G. G. E. Scudder). Otford, one, April 21, 1957 (C.-H.). 
Meopham, at m.v., July 26, 29, 1959, August 25, 1960, July 19, August 5. 
1961 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 74). Swanscombe, May 5, 1947 
(Et. Grant). 

7. Chestnut Street, one larva on sorrel, one larva on heather, July 1921 
(H. C. Huggins). Westwell (Scott (1936)); one, August 8, 1955 (C.-H.); 
several, August 1959 (M. Enfield). Charing, c. 1945 (R. Gorer). Boxley, 
1953 (A. H. Harbottle). Tunstall 1960 (J. J. Light). 


8. Folkestone Warren (Knaggs (1870)); one at light, August 5, 1946 (R. 
Fairclough, teste A. M. Morley). [Dover], larva on Lamium, March 9, 1882 
(Webb, Young Nat., 4: 119). Langdon Hole, 1920 (E. & Y. (1949)), 
Stowting; Brook* (C. A. W. Duffield). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Barham, c. 
1946 (A. G. Maconochie). Reinden Wood, eight bred 1927 (D. G. Marsh 
coll.). Folkestone, larva on downs, imago reared 1953 (C. A. Stace). 

9. Margate, larvae, three imagines emerged 1915 (H. G. Gomm). 
Cliftonville, two, July 19-21, 1945, one, September 5, 1954 (W. D. Bowden); 


(106) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/ V1I/1963 


one, August 4, 1950 (Bowden, Entomo-ogist, 84: 60). 

10. Brasted (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, larva, September 1918 
(Gillett, Diary); at light, 1948-50 (F. D. Greenwood); one, April 20, 1946, on 
wing by day, one July 23, 1947, one at light, July 25, 1948, two at light, 
August 5, 1948 (W. E. Busbridge, Diary). 

11. Wateringbury; Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne (P.A. & D. J. 
A. Buxton coll.). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); c. 1955 (P. Cue). Aylesford 
(G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, July 16, 21, 23, August 1, 1959 (E. A. 
Sadler). 

12, Ham Street.—Cocoon on heather in Burnt Oak Wood, imago reared, 
ce. 1950 (C.-H.); 1953 (R. Lovell, teste A. M. Morley); one, September 4, 1954 
(W. L. Rudland); July 28, 1956, one in the village, September 21, 1957 (R. 
F. Bretherton); August 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). Chartham (P. B. 
Wacher). Wye, eight, July 30—August 12, 1953, five, August 15-23, 1954, six, 
July 28-August 10, 1956; Willesborough, two, September 8-9, 1953, one, 
August 28, 1954, six, July 22-August 15, 1955, eleven, July 24-August 17, 1956 
(W. L. Rudland). Ashford, one, 1957; Brook, one, April 1959; Willesborough, 
August 1960 (M. Singleton). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (Beeching, Ent. Rec., 2: 229); (Knipe (1916)); 
several, 1948 (H. E. Hammond); three, 1958 (L. R. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). 
Southborough (Given (1946)). 

14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst, several (B. G. Chatfield). 
Tenterden (C. G. Orpin). 

15. Dungeness, August 9, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); four at light, August 4. 
1946 (de Worms, Entomologist, 80: 81); one, August 3, 1951 (C.-H.); four at 
light, July 27, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); July 1957 (E. Philp); a few, August 
18, 1958 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton); 1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 179) (C. 
R. Haxby) (A. L. Goodson). Greatstone, common, August 1960 (D.Youngs). 

16. North Folkestone, two larvae, April 26, 1946, an imago reared (D. 
Smith, teste A. M. Morley). Folkestone Town, one very worn, July 28, two 
larvae, February 22, 1947; ©, July 31, 9, August 15, 1951; two, August 13, 
16, 1953; one, July 5, one, August 6, 1954; two, August 18, 21, 1955; one, — 
August 11, 1956; one, July 24, two, August 1, 6, 1957; three, late August, 
1958; 2, June 22, three, July 9, 24, 27, 9, August 9, 1959; one, May 10, 1960; 
none, 1961-62 (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—Knaggs (1870) records “fine peculiar dusky varieties” from 
Folkestone Warren; and Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 275) states that one reared 
from a Folkestone larva, had grey hindwings. 

Marsh (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 35; op. cit., 1956: 37) 
exhibited one ab. fervida Stgr., Ickham, 1955; also eight bred ¢ d 9 9, from 
Reinden Wood, Folkestone, 1927, referable to ab. borealis. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—intermedia Tutt, one Folkestone, 1895, 
one Greenwich, 1910; ab. marginata Tutt, one, N. Kent, 1931. 

First REcoRD, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2:74. 


Parasemia plantaginis L.: Wood Tiger. 

Native. Woodland clearings, particularly those on chalk; foodplant 
unknown. Less frequent now than formerly, with no record of occur- 
rence since 1948. Extinct in 1. 


1. West Wickham Wood, common (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66); 1857, 
1858 (Healy, Ent. week. Int., 2: 93, 4: 85); two, June 12, 1858 (H. Tomp- 
kins, Diary); 1859 (Tibbs, Ent. week. Int., 6: 90); two, May 1859, flying 
with A. euphrosyne (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 7: 188). Birch Wood, May 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (107) 


30 (1841) (Courtney, Entomologist, 1: 227). West Wood, formerly (Fenn, 
Lep. Data, 1861). 

3. Blean Woods, two, June 2, 1857 (Stowell, Ent. week. Int., 2: 94); 
over twenty, May 27-June 3, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). Thornden Wood, one, 
June 24, 1945 (P. F. Harris). 

6. Luddesdown (E. Andrews, in Chaney (1884-87)). Greenhithe, in 
moth trap, 1900 (Farn MS.). Shoreham (V.C.H. (1908)). 

6a. Darenth Wood, not uncommon in certain years (Stephens, Haust., 
2: 73); two, May 29, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Chattenden.—“Excessively 
abundant, but local. One afternoon in May, I captured a great many 
after 5 p.m.; before that, I had only seen one or two” (Crozier, Nat. Hist. 
Rev. (Proc. Dublin Univ. zool. bot. Ass.), 5: 128); ¢, July 25, 1870 (J. J. 
Walker, in Chaney (1884-87)); 1884-85, one, June 14, 1887, several, June 
20, 1891, June 4, 1892 (Fenn, Diary); two, 1875, also in 1894 (Farn MS.); 
1890, 1891 (Tyler, Ent. Rec., 1: 207; 2: 111); 1895, exhibited by Rose, at 
North Lond. nat. Hist. Soc. (Ent. Rec., 7: 23); rare, 1902-07, one, June 19, 
1907 (H. C. Huggins). 


7. Wigmore Wood, one; Great Cowbeck Woods (Chaney (1884-87)). 
Detling, one, [c. 1885] Cave-Brown, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). West- 
well (Scott (1936)). Long Beech Wood (Scott (1936)); two $d, June 5, 
1938 (C.-H.). Rainham Park, 1940 (R. Birchenough). 


8. Lady Wood, 1869 (Ullyett, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 94; idem, Qtly. J. Folke- 
stone nat. Hist. Soc., 1869 (4), 95). Folkestone district, 1892 (Fellows, 
Entomologist, 25: 322). Wye (V.C.H. (1908)); (Scott (1936)). Ewell Minnis 
and Woolwich Wood, 1924; Poulton (E. & Y. (1949)). Stowting (C. A. W. 
Duffield). Near Selsted, ¢, June 13, 1928 (A. M. Morley). Elham Park 
Wood, d, June 30, 1930; Atchester Wood, ¢, June 21, 1930 (G. H. 
Youden). Reinden Wood, plentiful in one spot, June 10, 1929, very 
plentiful, June 21, 1929 (H. G. Gomm, Diary); ¢, June 19, 1929 (A. M. 
Morley); June 22, 1930 (A. J. L. Bowes). Near Acrise, a number in a 
wood, c. 1930 (A. G. Riddell, teste A. M. Morley). Elham, ¢, June 15, 
1931 (A. G. Peyton). Woolwich Wood, one, 1923, four, 1924, one, 1927; 
Elham Park Wood, five, June 13-18, 1925 (W. E. Busbridge). Elham Park 
Wood, two, June 7, seven, June 9, 1938 (A. H. Lanfear MS.). Kneading 
Trough, Brook, c. 1947 (J. A. Parry). Dover, two, 1938 (B. O. C. Gardiner). 
West Wood, one, 1948, noted on a visit by Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc. (A. M. 
Morley). 

11. Wateringbury, several (Goodwin coll.) (V.C.H. (1908)). Hoads 
Wood, June 8, 1938 (Scott (1950)). 

12. Capel Wood (Scott (1950)). 

13. Tunbridge Wells neighbourhood’, scarce (A. D. Reed, in Knipe 
(1916)). 

VARIATION.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—ypsilon Pictet, <, 
“Chatham, W. Crocker, 1908”; melas Christoph, ¢, West Wickham, bred, 
Salter coll., V. Harpur Crew coll., Willoughby Ellis coll.; brunnescens 
Schawerda, °, “June, 1926, Kent, Baron Bouck”’. 

FIRST RECORD, 1828: Stephens, Haust., 2: 73. 


Arctia caja L.: Garden Tiger. 

Native. Gardens, marshes, waste places, etc.; on Urtica dioica, dock, 
Lamium album, L. purpureum, L. amplexicaule, Tussilago farfara, com- 
frey, Cynoglossum officinale, Ballota nigra, Lepidium, Aubretia, holly- 
hock, dandelion, groundsel. Fairly frequent and found in all divisions. 


(108) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


“Generally distributed, but not so common as formerly” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The species is liable to marked numerical fluctuation, judging by 
comparisons of the numbers of larvae noted from year to year. New- 
man (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1912-13: 65; Entomologist, 40: 
117) reported that in 1907, the larvae were practically non-existent in, 
localities in Kent [Bxley district], where they were usually abundant; 
and in 1912, only three were found, where in ordinary years hundreds 
could have been taken. He attributed the cause in each case to the 
abnormal heat of the autumn of 1906, and summer of 1911 respectively, 
and suggested the larvae were carried past their usual stadium, the 
majority dying in the winter in consequence. Huggins (Entomologist, 40: 
139) confirmed its comparative scarcity in 1907, in the Gravesend 
neighbourhood, and gave the following figures of larvae obtained :— 
1902 (95), 1903 (298), 1904 (374), 1905 (531), 1906 (117), 1907 (64). Stainton 
(Ent. mon. Mag., 23: 67) states that at Lewisham in 1886, he failed to see a 
single larva, though formerly very common there; according to Carr 
(Entomologist, 33: 47), however, in 1899, the larvae were abundant in a 
garden, nearby at Lee. W. V. D. Bolt (personal communication, 1962), 
told me the imago was common at m.v. in his garden at Goudhurst (div. 
13), in 1952, but had not been seen since (C.-H.). 


Morley (1931) stated that he found it less common in the Folkestone 
district than in most other localities. Some thirty years after, however, 
he writes (in litt., 1962) that the m.v. lamp has shown that the moth is in 
fact much more numerous there than was supposed, and much commoner 
than A. villica, and he gives the following figures of its occurrence at a 
m.v. trap in a garden in the town: 1951, July 17-29 (16); 1952, June 28- 
August 24 (94); 1953, July 3-August 20 (118); 1954, July 14-August 13 (65); 
1955, July 17-August 24 (250); 1956, July 21-August 29 (25); 1957, July 
1-September 2 (68); 1958, July 24-August 26 (29); 1959, July 8-August 23 
(43); 1960, July 15-August 25 (27); 1961, July 12-August 3 (12); 1962, 
August 1-30 (13). Where the sexes were recorded, he found 153 ¢d to 7 
©. By comparison, W. L. Rudland’s figures for two inland localities 
are given as follows: Wye, 1953, July 2-August 15 (41); 1954, July 11- 
September 2 (104); 1955, July 12-August 19 (78); 1956, July 12-August 14 
(80). Willesborough: 1954, July 11-August 18 (31); 1955, July 11-August 
17 (77); 1956, July 8-August 21 (68). 


The larva has been found in Kent, perhaps mainly on U. dioica and 
L. album. It has also been noted on dock (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171); one, 
on Lepidium, Folkestone Warren, May 19, 1929; one, on Aubretia, Folke- 
stone Town, April 13, 1944 (A. M. Morley); one, on groundsel, Lee, late 
September 1947, 2 reared (D. Lanktree). At Gravesend, 1900-10, H. C. 
Huggins found larvae on U. dioica, L. album, and dock; also, once or twice 
on L. purpureum, and once on B. nigra. He writes (in litt.) that “the last 
is somewhat inexplicable as I find the beast does not like it in captivity, 
but these were two or three eating it, not sunning themselves’. The 
same observer also noted it at Faversham, 1924-26, on U. dioica, L. album, 
T. farfara; at Deal, on comfrey on the marshes, 1926, and on C. officinale 
01 the sandhills, 1909. It is interesting to record that contrary to Huggins’ 
experience, B. K. West finds it most readily at Dartford on B. nigra, and 
considers this to be its choice of foodplant there; he writes that he has 
also come across a fair number there on U. dioica and L. album, also odd 
ones on dock, hollyhock, L, amplexicaule, L. purpureum, and dandelion. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (109) 


Varration!.—Exceedingly variable, no two being exactly alike; ex- 
treme aberrations, however, are scarce. 

In R.C.K. there are the following abs. from Kent:—lutescens 
Cockerell, Bexley, two; similis, Szulezewski, Bexley, two bred, 1934; flava 
Aigner, several; straminea Cockayne, paratype, Bexley, also “N. Kent”; 
rosacea Newnham, Canterbury, bred July 1908; flavosignata Closs, Lee, 
bred 1896; gebhardti Horhammer, Dover, 1888; lactipennis Cockayne, holo- 
type, taken Broadstairs, F. Gillett (Proc. S. Lond. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 
174); mediodeleta Cockayne, Bexley; albociliata Stattermayer, Canterbury, 
Herne Bay, Bexley; trans. ad muecki Kramlinger, Folkestone, 1892; 
basicincta Cockayne, several aurantiaca Klem; Herne Bay, Canterbury, 
both bred; iuncta Biezanko, N. Kent; confluens Garbowski, Canterbury, 
bred, 1931; nigropennalis Stattermeyer, Herne Bay, 1922; nigrescens 
Lamb., Strood, 1887; obscura Ckl., Greenhithe, bred 1899 (probably that 
recorded in Entomologist, 33: 103, pit. 3, fig. 9); cosolidata Cockayne, 
Folkestone, 1892; biconjuncta Stattermeyer, Greenwich, 1919. 


A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes that in his series from Folkestone he has 
no major abs., but a good many minor ones, e.g., three “in which the base 
of the trident on the forewings is joined to the oblong black mark on the 
inner margin as in ab. confluens Rbl.”; and two, where “the inner prong 
is separated from the others’. He says that in his experience, the com- 
monest ab. is one “in which one or more of the dark marks on hindwings 
are reduced to dots or absent’. He mentions one specimen, with fore- 
wing cilia pink; and two others, with dark cilia on upper margins of 
hindwings; and adds, that specimens with hindwings approaching orange 
in colour are not scarce. 


In Br. Mus., S. Kensington, are two labelled as ab. lutescens Tutt: d, 
Gravesend, 1904, Huggins; one, Woolwich, 1904, W. G. Crawford (C.-H.); 
Rait-Smith (Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 92) exhibited ‘an 
extremely melanic specimen”, Rochester, bred, July 1931; and a number 
of other abs. have been recorded (cf. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 
1945-46: 18; 1955: 37; 1959: 43). 


FIRST RECORD, 1861: Lewisham, larva, March 12, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). 
But doubtless first noticed in the county long before. 


1A most interesting and detailed account of the variation and genetics of this 
species, by E. A. Cockayne, appeared in Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1947-48 : 155-191. 


A. villica L. ssp. britannica Ob.: Cream-spot Tiger. 

Native. Woods, marshes, sandhills, chalk downs, etc.; on chickweed, 
Senecio vulgaris, S. jacobaea, currant, Hieracium, Ballota nigra, Lamium 
album. Found in all divisions, and fairly frequent in suitable localities. 
Few records for 5, 9; apparently rather scarce in 1. 


The records show this to be yet another species whose numbers vary 
much from year to year. In the Gravesend neighbourhood, Huggins 
(Entomologist, 40: 138-139) recorded his annual larval totals as follows :— 
1902 (49), 1903 (106), 1904 (25), 1905 (51), 1906 (none), 1907 (124); Newman 
(Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1920-21: 56) stated that in W. Kent in 
the spring of 1920, the larvae were very scarce where usually it was 
abundant; and at Fawkham (div. 6), G. G. E. Scudder states that he has 
found the moth to occur there commonly, and in 1948 it was abundant, but 
that in 1949 only a few appeared. 


(110) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/V1/1963 


The moth has sometimes occurred plentifully in other places. For 
example, on the Sandwich sandhills, A. J. L. Bowes noted it as “sometimes 
swarming at light”; A. H. Lanfear (Diary) wrote that when there on June 6. 
1938, “the first warm night of the year, villica in abundance but rather poor 
condition”: and de Worms (Entomologist, 68: 101) recorded it in fair num- 
bers on his sheet, in the same area on June 14, 1934. It was also found 
plentifully on Chilham Downs, June 10, 1922 (Gomm, Diary); and at Orle- 
stone Woods, where I usually see it in numbers at light, about 30 occurred 
there at m.v. on June 2-3, 1950 (C.-H.). 


The larva has been found on chickweed in the Lee district (West, Ent. 
Rec., 18: 171); and H. C. Huggins has found it at Gravesend, on S. vulgaris, 
chickweed, and on “that big Hieracium that grows by the roadside’, also 
on the river wall at Faversham on S. jacobaea. B. K. West has found it 
occasionally at Dartford on B. nigra and L. album; and A. M. Morley 
writes that D. Saunders noted it in numbers, c. 1927, on S. vulgaris, by the 
turnpike on the Lower Sandgate road, Folkestone. On June 25, 1930, A. 
M. Morley found a batch of ova on a currant bush in a deserted garden in 
Folkestone. 


1. Recent records for this division are:—Chislehurst, one in garden, 
1940 (S. F. P. Blyth). Petts Wood, at light, one, 1948, one, 1949, one, 1950 
(E. Evans). Dartford (B. K. West). Bexley, ¢, at m.v., May 31, 1952 (A. 
Heselden). Orpington, 1953 (L. W. Siggs). St Mary’s Cray, 1954, and 
several since (R. G. Chatelain). 


5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Polhill, larvae near the bottom of the 
hill, April 13, 1941, imagines emerged, June 20, 1941 (R. Birchenough). 
Chelsfield, 1951 (A. M. Swain). 


9. St. Peters, one, June 7, 1944 (J. W. C. Hunt). Cliftonville, g, June 
22, 1954 (W. D. Bowden). 


VaRIATION.—Oberthur (1911, Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée, 5 
(1) 132-136) recognised britannica (from nymotypical villica, which he 
considered to have come from Germany) as a race having the spots on the 
forewings less white and more cream-coloured; on the hindwings, the 
apex less heavily marked with black; and cited Barrett (Br. Lep., 2) fig. 1, 
plt. 73, as depicting this form, which he says is that represented in Britain 
and W. France. 


Huggins (Ent. Rec., 65: 17) recorded that from about 300 wild larvae 
from Gravesend, he reared one ab. ursula Schultz and ten ab. confluens 
Rom. I have two ¢ ursula, one of which I took at Orlestone Woods, in 
~ 1950, and the other at Dungeness, in 1952; also a ¢ ab. in which the apical 
spots on forewings are joined, taken Orlestone Woods, 1954 (C.-H.). 


Carr (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 23) exhibited ab. 
contracta Schultz, bred from Dungeness; and Coxey (Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 24) exhibited an ab. from the same locality, with “all 
normal spotting absent”, a very striking insect, as can be seen from plt. 2, 
fig. 1. 

The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—contracta Schultz; floresi 
Agenjo; strandi Schultz; nigrociliata Cockayne; paratype, Folkestone, 1898; 
neglecta Schultz; confluens Ob.; ursula Schultz; nigrella Fettig; krodeli 
Schultz. 


First REcorp, 1828: Sydenham (Stephens, Haust., 2: 72). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (111) 


HYPSINAE 


[Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda (hera L.): Jersey Tiger. 

Vagrant? 

The lack of essential detail is very unsatisfactory, yet the possibility 
of casual immigration should not be ruled out!. 


8. At a meeting of the Entomological Society of London on October 4, 
1876, “Mr. Stevens mentioned that a specimen of Callimorpha hera .. . had 
been taken at St. Margaret’s Bay, near Dover” (Proc. ent: Soc. Lond., 1876: 
XXX); the specimen, which was exhibited, was “believed to have been 
taken recently” (Ent. mon. Mag., 3: 144). One, “near Guston, some years 
ago” (Webb (1891)), may refer to the preceding occurrence.] 


1The species is recorded as having occurred in Sussex in 1885, 1868, and 1946 (cf. 
Zoologist, 4953: Entomologist, 4: 213; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1885: 5; Ent. Gaz., 7: 90). 


Panaxia dominula L.!: Scarlet Tiger. 

Native. Chalk banks and undercliff, carr, gravel pits; on Urtica dioica, 
Eupatorium cannabinum, bramble, Filipendula ulmaria, Cynoglossum 
officinale, “White Archangel’. Extremely local, and now extinct except in 
4, 8. 

1. Chariton (see First Record).—“The Caterpillar ... is to be taken 
feeding on the Hounds-Tongue, Nettles, and White Archangel’. “If you 
look for them from Charlton Church in Kent, down to the Road that leads 
to Woolwich, there you will find them in Plenty” (1773, Wilkes, 120 Copper 
Plates of English Moths and Butterflies, 19); formerly in great abundance 
at Charlton, but within the past 2-3 years most of the broods have been 
wantonly destroyed, and are now seldom met with (1795, Donovan, Nat. 
Hist. Br. Insects, 4: 87-88). Erith (1766, Harris, Aurelian, 80). Formerly 
“taken in considerable plenty in the lanes near Charlton and Blackheath, 
but of late has become scarce near London” (1828, Stephens, Haust., 2: 
67). “An old gravel-pit on the London side of Dartford” (1869, Newman, 
Br. Moths, 31). [In Tring Mus. are nine dominula labelled “Woolwich, 
1899. Smart.”+ (Kettlewell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1942-43 (1). 
9). Introduced? (C.-H.).] 

[(Blackheath, “was taken fairly recently in a restricted locality not far 
removed from that area” (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 136). I don’t believe 
this to have been a natural occurrence, but due to released stock, not- 
withstanding the circumlocution and implied secrecy (C.-H.).)] 

4. Ham Fen, two, August 5, 1889, two, July 25, 1891 (Fenn, Diary) (the 
statement in V.C.H. (1908) that it occurred “sparingly in one or two more 
inland localities’, may refer); about twelve imagines seen one day in July 
1947; imagines plentiful, 1951 (F. Rose); one, July 9, 1960 (C.-H.). Worth 
area.—‘I flushed a specimen in fresh condition on ist July 1935” (B. 
Embry, in litt.) (this is the basis for the statement in E. & Y. (1949), that 
it was found “in a marshy locality further inland’; it does not, however, 
refer to Ham Fen (B. Embry). 

6. Dartford Brent.—The late T. L. Barnett told me it used to occur here, 
c. 1860 (C.-H.). 


6a. Darenth Wood.—‘‘Very abundant at Darenth-wood last June”’ 
(1828) (Ingpen, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 198). 

8. Reference to this species under “Dover,” “Deal”, “Kingsdown’’, 
“Walmer”, and “St. Margaret’s Bay’, doubtless all relate to the stretch 


(112) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/ V1I/1963 


of undercliff extending from St. Margaret's Bay northwards to the rifle 
butts at Kingsdown; a narrow strip of rough chalk vegetation that has 
gradually been diminished owing to cliff falls and the encroaching sea. 
By 1925, the whole of the St. Margaret’s Bay end had been swallowed up, 
leaving only the last half mile or so northwards from the north of the 
Bay to the end of the butts. Lately, this remaining portion has been 
further reduced by extension of the rifle range, so that it is now restricted 
to but a few hundred yards in length. 


Although dominula is recorded from a number of places elsewhere 
in England as far north as Derbyshire, its habitat here on the east coast 
of Kent is quite unlike that of any of the others in this country. There are 
indications, too, that this particular colony has a distinctly different 
origin, and may even constitute a separate race (see under Variation). 


The records show that during the latter half of the 19th century, the 
strength of this colony underwent extreme changes, but that during the 
present century, it recovered somewhat, to persist at a fairly high level 
of density. In 1959, however, its numbers were very seriously depleted, 
and it is doubtful whether the species can now survive much longer. 

Two specimens in Alfred Greenwood coll., labelled “Dover, Leplastrier, 
1846” (Raynor, Ent. Rec., 25: 11). In 1856, dominula was stated to be 
“nlentiful” (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 4: 108); but by 1884, according to 
T. Sorrell, it had become nearly extinct owing to a collector named Smith 
having paid children to collect the larvae (Fenn, Diary, 16.1x.1884). In 
1887, larvae were offered at 4s. per gross by H. Chatwin, the Dover 
naturalist (Fenn, Diary). C. G. Hall (Ent. mon. Mag., 24: 159), writing in 
1887, stated that for many years past it had been abundant, but due to 
cliff falls, and the predatory incursions of numerous collectors, it was 
rapidly decreasing, and added that instead of the thousands seen in former 
years, he only noticed two that summer. In 1896, however, according to 
Tremayne (Entomologist, 25: 246), it was “excessively abundant”; in 1900, 
“comparatively scarce” (Turner, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1900: 
72): in 1902, “fairly common” (Carr, Entomologist, 25: 246); and in 1923, 
1937, 1939-42, abundant (Kettlewell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1942-43 (1): 8). A. M. Morley found the larvae in large numbers, May 28, 
1929, and saw sixty moths sitting about by day, July 14, 1933. On April 
28, 1939, I myself noted several hundred larvae, mostly full-grown, the 
majority on U. dioica, but also a good many on E. cannabinum and bramble, 
and several on F. ulmaria; in 1952, 1954, 1955, the larvae appeared to be in 
about equal abundance, and on August 3, 1958, a number of late imagines 
were seen, some of which were flying in the morning sun (C.-H.). 

L. Hugh Newman (1959, Field, 213: 950) writes that he was told the 
site was to be bulldozed to extend the rifle range, and states that in the 
spring of 1959, he and his son visited the locality with several large 
breeding cages, and in his own words: “set to work to collect every 
caterpillar we could find”, with the result that “the cages were filled with 
hundreds of caterpillars”. He says that 350 of these caterpillars were 
liberated on a private estate near Lincoln, at the expressed wish of the 
owner, but adds (in litt.) that “it was not a success, the larvae all disap- 
peared and were not seen next season”. 

On April 23, 1962. I visited Kingsdown, and found that although much 
of the site had been ruined, there still remained portions of the habitat, 
including the whole of the extent of undercliff beyond the breakwater, 


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149 


Investigations on the Origins of Non-Industrial 


Melanism 
A report on four expeditions made to Shetland between 1959 and 1962 


By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL and C. J. CADBURY, 
Genetics Laboratory, Zoology Department, Oxford University. 


Non-industrial melanism and its distribution 


In recent years a considerable amount of data has accumulated on 
Industrial Melanism in moths (Doncaster, 1906; Kettlewell, 1955, 1956a, 1957 
and 1958). Melanic forms of over 100 species are known from those parts 
of Britain influenced by pollution fall-out from industrial areas. Of these, 
however, less than 10 maintain melanic polymorphisms in the unpolluted 
rural areas of south-west England and Wales. Non-industrial melanism 
also occurs in the immediate proximity of our western coast-line, 
particularly in Cornwall and west Ireland. It occurs again among several 
species, such as Cleora repandata L., in the relict Caledonian pine forests 
of the Scottish Highlands (Williams, 1949; Kettlewell, 1956b). Between 
latitude 50° and 61° in Britain, North America and Scandinavia, there 
is a tendency for the occurrence of melanic forms to increase as one pro- 
ceeds northward. Melanism is encountered in a number of species in the 
northern half of Scotland, where it is not confined to the coast. Perhaps 
the highest incidence of non-industrial melanics in Europe is found in 
Shetland (60° N.), where over one third of the indigenous species have dark 
forms. However, less than a quarter of the Faeroe species have dark 
forms, while in Iceland melanics are found in only 2 of the 21 indigenous 
species. This may be due to diminished bird predation in the Faeroes and 
Iceland. 

Melanism may confer advantages in a wide range of situations, and 
certainly under circumstances very different from those in which present- 
day industrial melanics are spreading. Melanic mutations, which must 
have been occurring from time to time for thousands of years, have 
fortuitously found themselves at a considerable advantage in the new 
environment of industrialisation. Futhermore, there are examples both in 
this country and in Germany of rural (non-industrial) melanics which have 
recently become established in industrial areas. It is our contention that 
melanic forms of certain species have occurred and re-occurred by muta- 
tion through the Ages. From time to time in the past these have spread 
due to several quite different advantages conferred by blackness. Thus 
we find that on mountain tops many species (for example Setina irrorella 
L.) have dark or blackish forms. An advantage under these conditions 
might be that black forms absorb heat more quickly than light ones and 
hence “heat up” more rapidly. Because metabolic rate in insects is 
directly proportional to their temperature (except, for example, in 
aestivating pupae), dark insects would have the advantage of becoming 
active more rapidly in low temperatures than would light ones. A 
simple method of demonstrating heat absorption which we have recently 
carried out, is to take two pennies of the same vintage and paint one white 
and the other black. Lay them on the surface of a block of ice kept out 
of doors and protected from direct sunlight. The black penny will sink 
into the ice much more rapidly than the white one. This demonstrates 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


differential heat absorption, which must confer advantages or disadvantages 
under various circumstances. Black forms may in fact be at a considerable 
disadvantage in the Tropics, and so far we know of no industrial melanism 
occurring there (for example in Calcutta where it might be expected). 

We have in the past five years undertaken extensive breeding experi- 
ments in the laboratory with strains of the British and North American 
Peppered Moth, Biston betularia and Amphidasis (=Biston) cognataria 
Guenée, which have given us indications for the first time of the mechanism 
of melanic polymorphism. It would appear that the constantly recurring 
need for melanism, which has arisen in different periods of the past, has 
led to a special situation in certain species. Here the gene-complex (the 
total system of genes controlling inheritance) has become pre-adapted, as 
it were, for melanic forms in such a way that when a melanic mutation 
occurs it is able to express itself fully black from the start: it has not on 
each occasion to build up black forms from intermediate grey. Further- 
more, to-day these black mutations, when they occur for the first time, 
are on each occasion nearly fully dominant at inception. This is a simple 
“switch mechanism” ensuring clear-cut separation of two distinct forms. 

It was with these thoughts in mind that one of us (H.B.D.K.) com- 
menced work on non-industrial melanism in Scotland in 1956, and that 
subsequently Shetland was chosen for our work on the origins of non- 
industrial melanism. 


Aims oj the expeditions, and methods of investigation 


As Shetland is far from any source of industrial pollution it provided, 
in our opinion, a favourable region in which to attempt an analysis of the 
advantages of non-industrial melanism. In such an environment we could 
also study the mechanisms responsible for maintaining such polymorphisms. 

We therefore embarked on four expeditions from 1959 till 1962, all of 
which took place between early August and mid-September. On each of 
these expeditions we have been concerned primarily with a study of the 
Noctuid moth Amathes glareosa Esp. and its melanic form edda Staud. In 
order to carry out work on the scale we envisaged, it was necessary for a 
team of people, trained in special techniques and using modern apparatus, 
to undertake such a project. Our co-workers in the field have been Dr. 
R. J. and Dr. Caroline Berry, Messrs. P. P. Fenny, P. Harper, D. H. W. 
Kettlewell and T. Peet, Dr. C. M. and Mary Perrins, Dr. G. C. Phillips, 
and S. L. and R. Sutton. On some nights we had as many as 13 mercury 
vapour light traps in operation. 

Our work on Amathes glareosa in 1959 and 1960 has already been 
published (Kettlewell, 196la and 1961b; Kettlewell and Berry, 1961). This 
and our later work on A. glareosa in 1961 and 1962 will be summarized in 
papers to appear later in this journal and elsewhere. The present 
article chiefly concerns species other than A. glareosa which we have come 
across in Shetland. 


Shetland and its environment 


Before considering the Lepidoptera, it is as well to mention some of the 
environmental conditions which must have a profound influence on the 
insect fauna of these North Atlantic islands. There is evidence that the 
land bridge between the Scottish Mainland and Shetland was severed dur- 
ing, or shortly after, the end of the fourth and last of the Pleistocene 
glaciations, which lasted from about the year 118,000 until 20,000 B.P. 


INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF NON-INDUSTRIAL MELANISM 151 


(Zeuner, 1946; Matthews, 1952). Though only small areas of Shetland were 
covered by ice during the glaciations (Charlesworth, 1955), it is unlikely 
that many Lepidoptera were able to survive this very long cold period as 
pre-glacial relicts. Many of Shetland’s Lepidoptera, therefore, probably 
beeame established either in a warm interglacial phase during the main 
glaciation, or early in the post-glacial period, if a land bridge with the 
Mainland still existed. If this is-so, those moth species which have not 
colonized Shetland by later immigration must have been isolated from 
Mainland populations for at least 15,000 years. 

As Shetland lies in a storm track it is exposed to the full force of North 
Atlantic winds. These winds, together with the Gulf Stream which bathes 
its shores, give Shetland an equable climate with a high rainfall and iow 
temperature range. In summer the temperature seldom exceeds 60° F. 
Furthermore, with no point inland over three miles from the sea one is 
constantly reminded of the ocean’s influence on these islands. In very 
stormy weather they may be covered with salt spray and this has a pro- 
found effect on many forms of life. Heavy grazing pressure by sheep (and 
locally by ponies), as well as exposure to wind and salt, has a marked 
stunting effect on the vegetation, and these effects are particularly accen- 
tuated on the shallow somewhat toxic soils that overlie the serpentine 
rocks on Unst and Fetlar. Native trees and shrubs are almost absent, and 
plantations survive only in a few sheltered situations. 


80 miles north-east of John o’ Groats and 200 miles west of Norway, 
Shetland is far enough North to have long periods of twilight during the 
summer months. Many of the moths that are on the wing at that time of 
the year, therefore, have to fly when they are still visible to such predators 
as birds. By mid-August. however, the hours of darkness are rapidly 
increasing at the expense of these periods of half-light. 


Shetland has been inhabited for some 4,000 years since Neolithic times 
(Venables and Venables, 1955; O’Dell and Walton, 1962). However, the 
changes in the Shetland landscape due to human interference are not 
comparable with those in many parts of Britain, particularly in the last 
150 years. As a result the biologist can study fauna and flora in habitats 
that have altered little over a long period of time. Even SO, Over-grazing, 
with its erosion consequences, and recent schemes for the ploughing up of 
moorland, enriching the peaty soil with fertilizers and reseeding with good 
pasture grasses, threaten the survival of the less adaptive indigenous 
species in the future. 


Collecting History in Shetland. 

MacArthur, a professional collector sent by E. G. Meek, visited the 
Shetland Mainland in 1880 and 1881, and Unst in 1883. Jenner Weir’s 
descriptions of MacArthur’s captures were the first to be published on the 
remarkable forms of certain moths to be found in these isolated islands 
(Weir, 1880, 1881 and 1884). The micro-Lepidoptera taken by MacArthur 
were described by Vaughan (1880). MacArthur returned to Shetland in 
1892 (South, 1893). Other collectors to visit Shetland before the turn of 
the century were C. A. Briggs and Meek himself (Briggs, 1884), E. Roper- 
Curzon, who was the first to collect the local race of Eupithecia satyrata 
Hiibn. (Gregson, 1884), P. M. Bright, J. F. X. King, W. Reid (King, 1895; 
King, Bright and Reid, 1896), and W. Salvage. Since then a number of 
entomologists have visited Shetland. As many of these collectors have 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/ V11I/1963 


wished to obtain the most extreme forms, Unst has been worked better 
than elsewhere in the archipelago. In 1955, however, D. Hardy and K. 
Williamson used mercury vapour light to collect moths on Fair Isle, 24 
miles southwest of Shetland (Hardy, 1956; Williamson, 1956). 


The Lepidoptera of Shetland. 


Up to date there are reliable records of 94 species of macro-Lepidoptera 
from Shetland (South, 1888; Wolff, 1929a, Beirne, 1943 and 1945; Hare, 
1958: Williams, 1958). 64 moth species and one butterfly, Coenonympha 
tullia Mull. can be considered as indigenous, though we have come across 
no recent records of the latter. Over a hundred species have been re- 
corded from the less well worked Orkney Islands (South, 1888) which have 
been isolated for a much shorter period than Shetland, and which are 
separated by only 6 miles of sea from the Scottish Mainland. The fact 
that only 23 species of macro-Lepidoptera have been recorded from both 
the Faeroes, 180 miles north of Shetland, and Iceland reflects their even 
greater isolation (Wolff, 1929a and 1929b; Dahl, 1954; Hardy and Kennard, 
1960). 


New species for Shetland. 


During our four visits to Shetland we have taken 9 species previously 
unrecorded in these islands. 

Diarsia rubi View. In August we have taken several specimens in 
South Mainland. 

Amathes baja Fabr. was taken on Unst in 1959 and a Hadena bicruris 
Hufn. at Sandwick, South Mainland in 1962. 

Though we have taken only single specimens of both the last two species, 
they may be indigenous. 

Apamea crenata Hufn., though scarce, is apparently widely distributed 
over the Shetland Mainland. Both the typical form and the melanic ab. 
alopecurus ‘Esp. occur. 

Leucania impura Hiibn. One of our co-workers, S. Sutton, found this 
species to be locally plentiful on the sand dunes round Sumburgh in 1962. 


Heliothis armigera Hiuibn. One of us (H.B.D.K.) was surprised to find 
in one of the Hillswick m.v. traps on 6th September 1961, a perfect specimen 
of this southern migrant. It was resting on the same tray as a late Apamea 
exulis Lef., a strictly boreal species. Such an association is surely remark- 
able! Only five other armigera were recorded in Britain that year. All 
of those were taken in southern England in mid-October (French, 1963). 


Plusia festucae L. is apparently well established on the Shetland 
Mainland, though this species has possibly colonized Shetland by recent 
immigration. 

Plusia interrogationis L. On ist August 1959 we took the first specimen 
on Unst. It is perhaps relevant to mention that in the first week of August 
that year interrogationis were also taken in Essex (Huggins, 1959), and that 
numbers were seen on migration in southern Denmark (Kennard, 1959). 
On 13th and 14th Angust 1961 there were altogether six in our traps at 
Hillswick (North Mainland) and in the Tingwall Valley, but no more on 
subsequent nights. In view of its sporadic occurrence this species is 
probably only a migrant in Shetland. 


Perizoma bifasciata Haw. Two specimens have come to m.y. light in 
-mid-August, one at Hillswick (1961), and another in the Tingwall Valley 


INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF NON-INDUSTRIAL MELANISM 153 


(1962). As the usual food-plant, Red Bartsia (Odontites verna), is very 
searce in Shetland the larva almost certainly feeds on Eyebright 
(Euphrasia spp.). 

(?Polyommatus icarus Rott.) A reliable local inhabitant reported hav- 
ing seen a blue butterfly on the Quendale dunes, Dunrossness, at the end 
of July 1962. 


Species not recorded recently in Shetland. 


Parasemia plantaginis L. In 1961 a local inhabitant produced a fairly 
typical male specimen that had been bred from a larva found in the 
vicinity of peat cuttings at the head of Wadbister Voe, Tingwall. In 
recent years peat cutters have also seen numbers of the “woolly-bear”’ 
caterpillars in the Mangaster area, North Mainland. Though some of the 
earlier entomologists found the Wood Tiger Moth in Shetland, apparently 
it has been overlooked for 50 years. L. W. Newman (1912) even suggested 
that plantaginis had been exterminated from Shetland by ichneumons. 


Triphaena comes Hubn. is surprisingly scarce in Shetland. Though 
South (1888) lists this species as occuring in Shetland, a single typicai 
specimen, taken by S. Sutton in the Tingwall Valley in 1962, is the only 
one we have seen on our four visits to Shetland. 


Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. One came to light at Hillswick on 6th September 
1961 (H.B.D.K.). Apart from South’s early lst (South, 1888) we can find 
no other Shetland record. The normal food plant of lutosa is Reed 
(Phragmites communis Trin.). Reed. however, is very local in Shetland, 
and is not known to occur within six miles of Hillswick. As lutosa is not 
usually considered to be a migrant it is possible that Phalaris arundinacea 
L., another large grass, provides an alternative food plant. 


(Thera juniperata L.) Both South (1888) and Barrett (1902) record 
juniperata from Shetland. A small form of this Geometrid Moth is found 
on the Island of Hoy, Orkney, but we have come across no confirmatory 
records from Shetland. Juniper, however, is very local in these islands. 
and is all of the prostrate form, ssp. nana Syme. On 3rd September 1961 
the two authors of this paper visited the eastern slopes of Ronas Hill to 
examine one of the few Dwarf Juniper colonies in Shetland. Though each 
of the 30 or so bushes were carefully beaten, no larvae or imagines were 
discovered, and we had to retreat before a vicious onslaught by some 
particularly persistent gnats. T. juniperata should be looked for in the 
northern part of Fair Isle where Dwarf Juniper is plentiful (Pritchard, 
1957). 


Species to be expected, but so far unrecorded. 


The noctuid Crino sommeri Lef., Xanthorhoé designata Rott., 
Operophtera brumata L. and Eupithecia nanata Hiibn. are all found in 
both the Faeroes and Iceland. In the Faeroes C. sommeri flies in June and 
July over damp meadows, and its larva feeds on Hawkweeds (Hieracium 
spp.), Hawkbit (Leontodon spp.) and various grasses (Wolff, 1929a). Though 
Hawkweeds are very local in Shetland it is just possible that this species, 
which is not on the British list, might turn up in these islands. O. brumata, 
on the other hand, may have been overlooked as no entomologist has 
worked Shetland in winter. Hardy and Kennard (1960). however, record 
brumata from Iceland in July, so this species may have different breeding 
habits in northern latitudes. A further seven species, including two 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


boreal Noctuids, Euxoa islandica Staud. and Agrotis quadrangula Zett. are 
recorded from Iceland, but neither Shetland nor the Faeroe. Colostygia 
salicata Hiibn. and Eupithecia vulgata Haw. have not been found within 
the main Shetland archipeligo, but both are said to occur on Fair Isle. 


Migrants. 

In spite of Shetland’s isolated situation it is frequently visited by 
migrant Lepidoptera. 

Vanessa atalanta L. was breeding round Baltasound on Unst in 1959 
after a June influx of imagines. Larvae were plentiful on nettle (Urtica 
dioica L.). 

V. cardui L. S. Sutton noticed many larvae on Spear Thistle (Cirsium 
vulgare) on the Dunrossness dunes in August 1962. The local inhabitants 
reported that the butterflies were to be seen in some numbers earlier in 
the year, and there was still a worn cardui on the wing in August. 


Though there is a record of Aglais urtica L. hibernating in Shetland 
(Kennar, 1912) the majority of immigrant Lepidoptera are probably rarely 
able to over-winter at such northern latitudes ,and so do not become 
established. 

Pieris brassicae L., is now a pest throughout Shetland, and the pupae 
no doubt survive the winter in the shelter of stone walls and barns. 


Five of the strong-flying hawk-moths have reached Shetland. In 
August 1962, one, perhaps Celerio lineata Fabr., was attracted to car head- 
lights at Hillswick but avoided capture. 

Plusia gamma L. is sometimes abundant in Shetland, especially after 
south-east winds, and we have collected larvae, along with those of 
Eupithecia satyrata by sweeping patches of Monkey-flower (Mimulus 
guttatus DC.). 

Eurois occulta L. As with Plusia interrogationis we have only taken 
occulta irregularly in August, and all the specimens have been of the 
Scandinavian dark grey form. A number of larvae were reared from one 
such female, but few imagines hatched. Migrant occulta are known to 
occur in southern England from time to time. These insects, however, are 
pale grey in colour. In 1955 many occulta and a few interrogationis were 
taken during the same period in July and August (French, 1956). Again, 
in 1959, occulta and interrogationis both occurred in Essex in the first week 
in August (French, 1962). In 1961 we had both species together in our 
Shetland traps on two nights in August, but we saw neither in 1962. It 
therefore seems feasible to suppose that occulta and interrogationis occur 
in Shetland as migrants, and that they may both come from the same 
region in northern Europe, probably Scandinavia. 


Agrotis ipsilon Rott., Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (two specimens) and 
the pyralid Nomophila noctuella are other migrant moths that have 
appeared in our traps. 


Shetland Melanics. 


A striking feature of the Shetland Lepidoptera is the high incidence of 
melanic forms. No fewer than 23 (36 per cent.) of the 64 indigenous species 
have dark forms. In a few species, namely Ammogrotis lucernea L., 
Diarsia festiva Schiff., Hadena conspersa Esp. and Eupithecia venosata 
Fabr., a melanic has practically replaced the typical in the population 


INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF NON-INDUSTRIAL MELANISM 155 


throughout Shetland. In Amathes glareosa there is a clear-cut distinction 
between the typical and melanic form, which co-exist as a balanced 
polymorphism. This species is to be discussed at length in further papers. 
We have attempted to record phenotype frequencies of Euxoa tritici L., 
Amathes xanthographa Fabr., Apamea monoglypha Hufn. and Lygris 
populata L., but in all these species we have found it convenient to score 
typical, melanic and intermediate forms. These can represent two 
situations: one in which the heterozygote is intermediate between the two 
homozygote forms; the other in which melanism is controlled multifactori- 
ally by more than one gene. 


Frequency of melanics. 


Diarsia festiva ssp. thulei Staud. is abundant, especially in the more 
heathery parts of Shetland. Throughout the islands the great majority of 
specimens are very much darker than those found in Scottish populations, 
Caithness included. The imagines are generally smaller and “woollier” 
about the body than their English counterparts. Apart from the occasional 
light individual there is considerable variation within this Shetland race, 
with the ground colour of the wings ranging from dark reddish-brown to 
various shades of grey. Some nearly black specimens are on first sight 
remarkably similar to Amathes glareosa f. edda. Nine forms of ssp. thulei 
have been named by Bytinski-Salz (1939). By mid-August there is a 
tendency for thulei to be replaced by A. glareosa as one of the predominant 
species in the traps. 


The larvae bred from ssp. thulei females have without exception been 
very much darker and more boldly marked with black than corresponding 
festiva larvae reared at the same time from Oxfordshire and Tresco in 
Scilly. For the Tresco larvae we are indebted to R. M. Mere. Fertile 
pairings were obtained between ssp. thulei and festiva from both Oxford- 
shire and Scilly. The one hybrid imago that resulted from a Shetland xX 
Oxfordshire pairing was dark enough to pass as a red-brown thulei. 
Though there was considerable variation among the six imagines obtained 
from the Shetland x Scilly pairing, all were somewhat intermediate 
between the two parental stocks. The hybrid progeny included no 
recognisable intersexes. 


Hadena conspera is apparently local but widely distributed round the 
Shetland coast-line, occurring in most suitable localities where there is 
Sea Campion (Silene maritima With.) growing on shingle beaches, and on 
the Out Skerries in sheltered rocky inlets. Favoured areas, however, are 
isolated by unsuitable stretches of cliff. We have sampled various Shetland 
colonies by collecting larvae after dark by lamp light. At Haroldswick on 
Unst we later found large numbers of pupae 1 to 3 inches deep in the sand, 
and almost always on the upper slope above the campion plants. Most 
of the pupae we discovered were up against the grass roots at the edge 
of the beach. All the Shetland conspersa have diminished white markings 
compared with the typical form from southern England. Furthermore, 
we have found that moths bred from each of the sampled populations are 
usually distinguishable from those of another Shetland colony. The 
darkest conspera have not come from Unst, but from beaches in the 
vicinity of Hillswick on the west coast of North Mainland. Specimens 
from the isolated Out Skerries, ten miles east of the Shetland Mainland, 
are almost indistinguishable from those found near Wick, Caithness. The 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


comparatively light appearance of conspersa from this colony can possibly 
be attributed to relaxed selection-pressure corresponding to a low popula- 
tion of such bird predators as the Rock Pipit (Anthus spinoletta petrosus 
[Mont.]) and Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe L.). The few Orkney 
specimens that we have bred are most distinctive with the white areas on 
the forewing replaced by yellow. 

Eupithecia venosata is another moth usually associated with Sea 
Campion in Shetland. The smoky-grey insects we have bred from both 
larvae and pupae collected at Haroldswick on Unst and at Hillswick look 
very different from the pale, strongly-marked English form. As with H. 
conspersa the few venosata which one of us (C.J.C.) reared from the Out 
Skerries are lighter than specimens from elsewhere in Shetland. Though 
conspersa and venosata larvae share the same food plant, they pupate in 
rather different situations. It was G. C. Phillips who discovered in situ 
the pupae of venosata. By turning over stones in the vicinity of Silene 
maritima he found the cocoons of this species beneath the shingle. 

Ammogrotis lucerna is plentiful in the more rocky parts of Shetland. 
By day this moth rests among rocks and in walls. The fact that over 
several days 16 different lucernea, released into a test tub before nightfall, 
had by morning taken up a resting position among stones in preference to 
alternative peat and heather, is suggestive of a correlation between the 
moth’s dark grey colour and its selection of a particular microenvironment. 
The uniform dark-grey form of lucernea is at a frequency of only 60 per 
cent. (sample of 44) in south Shetland, while on Unst in the north it 
almost completely replaces the lighter banded form renigera Stephens. 

Amathes glareosa. In our study of non-industrial melanism in Shetland 
(Kettlewell, 1961a and b; Kettlewell & Berry, 1961) we had decided that 
this species was most likely to provide the answers to our problems, 
Several reasons prompted us to choose glareosa for more detailed experi- 
mental work. In the first place, it is widespread and often abundant over 
most of Shetland. Secondly, the distinction between the typical form and 
the melanic form edda is sharply defined with tew, if any, intermediates. 
On our four expeditions to Shetland we have paid particular attention to 
the frequencies of the two forms. During our investigations approximately 
36,000 specimens have been examined and subsequently marked and 
released. As this species will be discussed in detail in a later paper, it is 
sufficient here to record that the frequency of f. edda shows a clear-cut 
north to south cline. Form edda on Unst in the north constitutes 97 per 
cent of the population. By contrast it is about 2 per cent. in the south 
(Dunrossness). In the intervening area there is a gradual fall in the 
frequency of f. edda, which is accentuated in mid-Shetland in the Tingwall 
Valley district. 


Amathes xanthographa. Throughout Shetland, including the sand 
dunes at the south end, the melanic forms of this species are at a high 
frequency. The typical light-brown form seldom occurs at a higher 
frequency than 5 per cent., but on one sheltered slope at Channerwick, 
on the south-east coast, we found 16 per cent. (sample of 133) of the 
population were of this form. Incidentally, we took no f. edda in a 
sample of 137 A. glareosa from the same locality. 

Euxoa tritici is abundant on the Dunrossness sand dunes at the south 
end of Shetland. Though there was considerable variation in the range 
of intermediate and light forms, 21 per cent, of a sample of 117 taken in 


INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF NON-INDUSTRIAL MELANISM 157 


1962 were scored as extreme dark melanics. In north Shetland this species 
is apparently replaced by E. cursoria Hufn., which we have taken at 
Hillswick and in the vicinity of three sandy beaches round the north coast 
of Unst. This species also has a very dark melanic in Shetland. 


Apamea exulis Lef. Since 1883, when MacArthur discovered this 
species in Unst, many specimens must have been taken by entomologists 
in the peaty areas on the west side of the island. Many of the Unst erulis 
are yellowish, similar to those found in Iceland, though a few are almost 
as dark as ssp. assimilis Doubleday of central Scotland. In Unst exulis 
chiefly occurs at a height of over 200 feet, though we have taken odd 
specimens on the coast at Baltasound. In North Mainland, where we 
discovered a flourishing colony in August 1961, this moth occurs almost at 
sea level. In the new locality the great majority of specimens are dark, 
and a few are really sooty black. Only the occasional individual is 
yellowish. Incidentally, we have watched exulis take up a resting position 
at the lip of a peat cutting, and it is in just these situations that one finds 
a growth of yellow lichen on the bare peat. A yellowish exulis is 
remarkably cryptic when resting among this lichen, and it is therefore 
possible that greater abundance of lichen on higher ground in Unst puts 
this lighter form at a selective advantage. A. exulis may be fairly wide- 
spread in North Mainland. M. W. F. Tweedie, in 1959, was first to discover 
it in this part of Shetland, though we did not know of this until we had 
independently found exulis in two other North Mainland localities. Our 
co-workers, Drs. R. J. and Caroline Berry even took a specimen at Sandness 
on the west coast of South Mainland. 


Dasypolia templi Thunb. in most years is hardly on the wing by the 
time we have left Shetland in early September. In 1960, however, templi 
hatched early after an unusually fine summer for Shetland, and we took 
large number in our traps. These ranged from the normal yellow-ochre 
specimens to those that were purplish-brown. As templi usually rests 
by day beneath rocks or in a stone wall, there is probably not such heavy 
selection by visual predators against the lighter forms as there is in a 
number of other Shetland species. 


Lygris populata. Several rather small samples of less than a hundred 
insects suggest that there is a high frequency of melanic forms throughout 
Shetland, as is the case with Amathes xanthographa. We have recorded 
melanic frequencies of between 70 and 85 per cent. from Dunrossness in 
the south (sample of 23), the Tingwall Valley (sample of 94) and Unst 
(sample of 39). The melanics in this case include both f. fuscata Prout, 
with uniform purplish-brown fore-wings, and more intermediate forms 
with yellow markings on the dark forewings. 


Lygris testata L. tends to replace the closely related L. populata at the 
end of August. The corresponding melanic, the dusky-pink f. insulicola 
Staud., occurs however only at a low frequency in Shetland, however (one 
in a sample of 21 from Dunrossness in 1962). 

Xanthorhoé fluctuata L. The blackish form thules Prout, is another 
melanic that may also be at a low frequency. The few fluctuata that we 
have taken have all been merely suffused with grey. 

A few Shetland melanics are phenotypically similar to those found in 
industrial areas of Britain. 

Apamea monoglypha. The jet-black form occurs as an industrial 
melanie in such heavily polluted areas as parts of the West Riding of 


158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


Yorkshire. In a sample of 2275 taken by J. Briggs at Bradford, 4 per cent. 
were of the black form. In 1960 we found it nearby at Guisley at a 
frequency of 17 per cent. (sample of 183). A similar black form of 
monoglypha occurs at a frequency of about 30 per cent. in the Scottish 
Highlands (Kettlewell, 1958). In Shetland, however, such black 
monoglypha are rare (0.5 per cent. in a sample of 419 from Unst and in 
another sample of nearly 1500 from the Tingwall Valley; 1.0 per cent. in 
two samples of 400; one from Dunrossness and the other from Hillswick. 
North Mainland). 


Apamea crenata. The melanic form ab. alopecurus, which is frequent 
in industrial areas, is also found at a frequency of about 50 per cent. in 
Caithness (J. H. Rosie, personal communication). Though crenata is 
apparentiy scarce in Shetland we have taken both typical and melanic 
forms. 

Entephria caesiata Schiff. Though we have examined many specimens 
in the field we have failed to take the striking melanic f. atrata Lange, 
found by early collectors in Shetland. This form is phenotypically 
indistinguishable from an industrial melanic that occurs in the Paisley and 
Glasgow area. 


In spite of the high incidence of melanism among the Shetland Lepidop- 
tera, the most extreme melanic forms of two moths do not occur in 
Shetland although both species are plentiful there. 

Colostygia didymata L. In July and August hundreds can be seen on 
the wing on warm afternoons on the crofting land of Shetland, even 
on the isolated Out Skerries. We have seen none, however, that resembles 
the extreme melanic f. nigra Prout from the Faeroes (Warnecke, 1936). 

Euphyia bilineata L. S. Sutton found bilineata still flying on the 
Quendale Links, Dunrossness in August, 1962. The majority of these were 
more strongly barred than those from the Scottish Mainland. None ot 
these, or the many museum specimens that we have examined, has 
approached the dark forms found in West Ireland like f. isolata Kane from 
the Tearaght Islands (Huggins, 1961). 


Local Geographical races of Shetland. 


Besides the melanics, several striking local forms have evolved in 
Shetland as the result of strong selection-pressures operating on isolated 
populations. In the species mentioned below, the local form has almost 
entirely replaced the type. 

Xanthorhoe munitata Hiibn. Of all the hundreds of Shetland munitata 
we have taken, only a single specimen has resembled the typical pale- 
grey form found throughout most of northern Britain. All the rest have 
been of the ochreous form, hethlandica Prout. This form has not been 
found in the Faeroes (Wolff, 1929a). 

xX. montanata Borkh. We have only taken a few montanata in Shetland, 
but all have been of the small and dusky form, shetlandica Weir, with the 
central forewing band divided into two bandlets. We did not immediately 
recognise our first Shetland specimen as being montanata, so different is 
the appearance of this race. 

Dysstroma citrata L. In late August and early September we have 
taken small numbers of citrata on the Shetland Mainland. Nearly all of 
these are referable to f. pythonissata Milliére. The forewings of this form 
are dark with bands of sooty-grey and red. 


INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF NON-INDUSTRIAL MELANISM 159 


Eupithecia satyrata ssp. curzoni Gregson. We have bred this Eupithecid 
from larvae collected from the flower-heads of Devil’s-bit Scabious 
(Succisa protensis Moench) and by sweeping patches of Monkey-flower 
(Mimulus guttatus). Gregson (1884) records the larvae of curzoni feeding 
on Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris) on Unst. The banded grey imagines 
of this particularly well defined race curzoni resemble those of E. nanata 
rather than the larger, brownish satyrata of southern England. It is not 
surprising that earlier collectors in Shetland confused the two species. 
Even more extreme forms of ssp. curzoni occur in the Faeroes, but the 
satyrata in Iceland resemble the more typical form. E. nanata is, 
incidentally, also strongly banded like ssp. curzoni in the Faeroes (Wolff, 
1929a). 

Perizoma blandiata Schiff. We have visited Shetland too late in the 
summer to see the distinct subspecies. 


Rare aberrations. 


Among the many thousands of moths we have captured during our four 
years’ work in Shetland, we have come across a few unusual aberrations. 
(a) Amathes xanthographa. A silvery specimen taken near Cunningsburgh 

in 1962 was very distinct from any of the other xanthographa we have 
taken in Shetland. (A similar aberration from Devon was shown at the 
1662 South London Entomological Society exhibition meeting). 

(b) Amathes glareosa. In 1960 T. Peet took a halved mosaic in south 
Shetland. One side of this insect was largely typical and the other 
side was form edda. There was no sign of any sexual abnormality. 

(ec) Apamea exulis. A specimen taken in North Mainland had a dark left 
forewing while the opposite wing was pale yellow. Such an aberra- 
tion probably resulted from the pupa being subjected to unusual 
environmental conditions. 

(d) Cerapteryx graminis L. A whitish specimen was taken at Hillswick in 
1962. Similar specimens have been taken elsewhere in Britain. 

(e) Eupithecia venosata. A striking aberration hatched from the single 
pupa we collected on Lamb Holm, Orkney, on our return journey from 
Shetland in 1961. In this specimen there was only one transverse 
black band across the forewing instead of the usual four. We have 
examined other Orkney venosata in the National Collection at Tring 
Museum, but none resembles this form. 


Summary. 


We have shown that melanism confers selective advantages in many 
different situations outside the influence of industrial pollution. In 
Shetland one third of the indigenous moth species have melanic forms. 
With this in mind four expeditions were made to Shetland in order to 
study non-industrial melanism and the mechanisms which control such 
long-standing polymorphisms. We selected a Noctuid, Amathes glareosa, 
and its melanic form edda for detailed experimental investigation. 'The 
results of this study are to be published in further papers (in press). 

In this paper, particular reference is made to the frequencies of 
melanic forms of species other than A. glareosa, and to some of the fac- 
tors which have led to the high incidence of melanism in Shetland. In 
the course of our work we have added 9 species that had not been re- 
corded previously in Shetland, and confirmed the presence of 3 others, 
which had not been seen in the islands for fifty years. We have also 


160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


discovered new localities for several local Shetland species, including 
Apamea exulis. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

We wish to thank the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 
whose grant enabled us to undertake this work in Shetland. We are also 
most grateful for assistance from the Nuffield Foundation. Grants were 
given to Dr. R. J. Berry by the Medical Research Council and 
to Dr. G. C. Phillips by the Nature Conservancy. We acknowledge 
the invaluable contributions supplied by all our co-workers. We are also 
very much indebted to a large number of Shetlanders who showed such 
keen interest, and without whose unselfish co-operation this work could 


not have been undertaken. 


REFERENCES. 
Barrett, C. G. (1902). The Lepidoptera of the British Isles, Vol. 8, 361. London. 
Beirne, B. P. (1943). Proc. R. Irish Acad., 49: 91-101. 
. (1945). —Ent. Rec., 57: 37-40. 
Briggs,, C. A. (1884). Entomologist, 17: 197-261. 
Bytinski-Salz, H. (1939). Ent. Rec., 51: 29-37 
Charlesworth, J. K. (1955). Trans. R. Soc. Edin., 62: 887-91. 
Dahl, L. (1954). Frodskaparrit (Annal. societ. scient. Faeroensis), 3: 128-54. 
Doncaster, L. (1906). Ent. Rec., 18: 165-68, 206-208, 222-26, 248-54. 
French, R. A. (1956). Hntomologist, 89: 176. 
. (1962). Entomologist, 95: 171. 
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Gregson, C. S. (1884). Entomologist, 17: 230-31. 
Hardy, D. E. (1956). Entomologist, 89: 261-69. 
Hardy, D. E. & Kennard, H. A.(1960). Entomologist, 93: 2-8. 
Hare, E. J. (1958). Ent. Rec., 70: 247. 
Huggins, H. C. (1959). Entomologist, 92: 157. 
. (1961) Ent. Rec., 73: 203-206. 
Kennar, R. B. (1912). Scottish Naturalist, 1: 92. 
Kennard, H. A. (1959). Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 18. 
Kettlewell, H. B. D. (1955). Heredity, 9: 323-42. 
. (1956a). Heredity 10: 287-301. 
(1956b). Proc. X. Int. Con. Ent., 2: 840-41. 
(1957). Entomologist, 90: 98-106. 
(1958). Entomologist, 91: 214-24. 
. (19610). Heredity, 16: 393-402. 
. (1961b). Heredity, 16: 415-34. 
Kettlewell, H. B. D. & Berry, R. J. (1961). Heredity, 16: 403-14. 
King, J. F. X. > (4895)... Bt. Rees 7 - 91-92. 
King, J. F. X., Bright, P. M. & Reid, W. (1896). Ent. mon. Mag., 32: 5-9. 
Matthews, J. H. (1952). British Mammals : 367, 372, 379. Collins, London. 
Newman, K. W. (1912-13). Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat, Hist. Soe., 100. 
O’Dell, A. C. & Walton, K. (1962). The Highlands and Islands of Scotland: 63. 
Nelson, Edinburgh. 
Pritchard, N. M. (1957). Proc. Botanical Society of the British Isles, 2: 221. 
South, R. (1888). Entomologist, 21: 28-30, 98-99. 
. (1893). Entomologist, 26: 98-102. 
Vaughan, H. (1880). Entomologist, 12: 291-92. 
Venables, L. S. V. & Venables, V. M. (1955). Birds and Mammals of Shetland : 
61. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. 
Warnecke, G. (1936). Ent. Zeit (Int. Ent. Zeit.), 50: 420-44. 
Weir, J. J. (1880). Entomologist, 13: 249-51, 289-91. 
——. (1881). Entomologist, 14: 278-81. 
. (1884). Entomologist, 17: 1-4. 
Williams, C. B. (1958). Insect Migration: 17. Collins, London. 
Williams, H. B. (1949). Ent. Rec., 61: 5. 
Williamson, K. (1956), Ent. Rec., 68: 95-97. 
Wolff, N. L. (19294). Zoology of the Faroes, 39: 1-38. Copenhagen. 
(1929b). Entomologishe Middelelser, 16: 339-65. 
Zeuner, F. E. (1946). Dating the Past: 145. Methuen, London. 


I] | 


STILL MORE ABOUT LATIN 161 


Still More about Latin 


Having read Messrs. Irvin’s and Waddingtons disquisitions on Latin, I 
gather that the former, if not the latter, did not learn Latin. I, of neces- 
sity did so, and after sixty years and upwards of handling clerical staff, 
my experience has taught me that a groundwork of Latin is a very great 
assistance to writing and spelling English properly. I regret that I 
shelved Greek in favour of Geology, but one has so much that one is 
compelled to learn at school that is so utterly useless thereafter, that one 
has insufficient time for the really valuable, and I found Geology a very 
valuable and engaging study. 

Messrs. Irvin and Waddington lose sight of the fact that when man 
first started to study living material objects. the lingua franca of the 
educated amongst the Western nations was Latin. and it so remained for 
many centuries. 

Latin has disadvantages, of which three are prominent, fanciful 
genders having no relation to sex, a fault that our own vernacular did 
not display nor originally did French or German; declensions of nouns 
and the insistence of qualifying adjectives agreeing with them in gender 
and case at all costs; and its woeful lack of precise or sufficient colour 
terms. This last is being slowly remedied now in modern languages 
since many scientific and some commercial bodies have prescribed 
standards. 

Now we have some thirty odd languages to learn, and in lieu of one 
good Latin Dictionary I have a round dozen or so of dictionaries of 
various languages, but I am frequently in grave difficulty. Good 
dictionaries are expensive and difficult to get and give few technical terms 
and when they do are frequently inaccurate. 

Messrs. Irvin and Waddington have my sympathy to this extent. I 
have frequently protested against slavish adherence to the classical 
purists’ outlook which subordinates the practical use of scientific nomen- 
clature to the grammatical outlook of a long past age. It is an intolerable 
waste of time to have to study the construction of a word to ascertain its 
fancy gender when the simple and logical solution would be that all 
names should be neuter or be treated as such. It is laughable to find the 
classical purist writing “voccei’” when what he intends to do is to name 
an insect after the well-known German entcmologist Dr. Wocke. It is 
laughable, but it is also contemptibly childish. 

Mr. Irvin writes of standard works using English names. Do they” 
Certain popular works dealing with parts of the order Lepidoptera, do 
use English names. These works are useful for the parts of the order 
they deal with, but would be vastly improved if the authors of these 
works added date and author of the name to each scientific name when 
first used. The only Standard work of recent date dealing with the 
entire British lepidoptera, is the last edition of Meyrick’s hand-book, a 
new edition of which would be heartily welcome, but that book never did 
have vernacular names for which, I am sure, Meyrick had no use, any 
more than I have, and did not care whether he caught “A Brownline 
bright eye” or “a Bright line brown eye’. However, Mr. Irvin and Mr. 
Waddington apparently wish us to burden our memories with another set 
of names, mainly nonsense names which have no known precise meaning, 
are governed by no rules, and are understood, if at all, by a very small 
number of the inhabitants of great Britain and Ireland. As far as I am 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


concerned I have something better to do, that is study my captures and 
seek to solve the interesting difficulties they raise, and perchance to add 
to our meagre store of real knowledge. 


I would point out too, that a considerable number of quite intelligent 
peop!e of numerous nationalities, most of whom are by any reasonable 
standard considered to be educated, periodically met together and spent 
a great deal of time, and thought (and quite a bit of money) constructing 
rules that from time to time are revised in order that by these rules we 
all may know what the others refer to when they use any particular 
word or combination of words. Such a process is in no way aided by 
adding a rubbly load of ill-assorted bricks to another Tower of Babel. 


Messrs. Irvin and Waddington sneer at “science’’, but alas, that word 
too is of Latin origin, and means precise inawledse in any department 
even to the dismal science of figures and is not confined to the insect 
world. 


If all these two te een do is to amass the corpses of dead insects 
without attempting to add to precise knowledge, then in my view they have 
no right to take life, as they must do, but should confine themselves to 
collecting postage stamps, tram tickets or matchboxes or such like which 
does not kill anything but time——W. PARKINSON CURTIS. 


Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe, the Devon 
Carpet 


By A. H. DoBson 


Towards the beginning of this century, the Rev. W. J. Metcalfe added 
a new species to the Geometridae, details of which can be read in his 
paper “a new Geometrid” (Entom., 50: 53, 1917), which was followed by 
notes on breeding the species by Mr. A. W. Mera. Dr. Cockayne care- 
fully described the life history in his paper, “The Life History of Lam- 
propteryx otregiata Metcalfe” (Entom., 59: 245-52, 1936). 


However, up till recently, the actual foodplant seemed to be un- 
known. Mr. Mera stated that his larvae refused to eat Galium aparine 
L. (goose-grass), the foodplant of suffumata, but that he was able to 
persuade them to take G. saxatile L. (heath bedstraw), but very un- 
willingly. He believed that the foodplant would eventually be found to 
be one of the marsh Galia. Metcalfe tried to get the larvae to feed on 
various Epilobium species and other plants, but although some larvae 
nibbled G. aparine, they all died young. 


I have found the foodplant to be G. palustre L. (marsh bedstraw), and 
below is an account of the discovery of the imagines, ova and larvae in 
a hitherto unexplored wood in south Devon. 


On 2nd June 1962, a iong walk across country Biola me to a well 
hidden wood. The wood was very damp, with a stream running through 
it. The ground was waterlogged in the central and lower parts of the 
wood, but the higher part was relatively dry, with mostly birch and alder 
trees interspersed with a few oaks and ashes. The lower part was 
covered by alder and sallow. The altitude of the wood is 500 feet above 
sea level. I captured and killed two moths which, at first sight, I took to 
be Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff. (the small phoenix), it being the time of 


LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA METGALFE, THE DEVON CARPET 163 


year for that species. These two moths, plus specimens of Epirrhoé 
alternata Mill. (common carpet) were disturbed from the boles of the 
sallow. On examining the two specimens at home, I was convinced that 
they were otregiata, and later I sent them to Mr. Fletcher at the British 
Museum (Natural History), who kindly confirmed my conviction that 
they were otregiata. 

On 28th July I made the first of a series of many visits to the wood to 
explore it further and to look for the second emergence of otregiata. All 
visits were made in the daytime between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. No 
otregiata were found until 18th August when two females were caught. 
On 25th August, four (3 ¢¢ and 1 9) were caught, on 31st, seven (3d d 
4 290), on 18th September, thirteen, and on 15th, my last two worn 
specimens. All specimens were released except 1 @ and 4 gd. The 
late dates were due to the lateness of the season, when most species were 
on the wing three weeks late. 

The ground was exceedingly difficult to work, and my ankles on many 
occasions were covered by muddy water. It was long and arduous work 
obtaining the moths, nearly all of which were put up by jarring the boles 
and boughs of sallow and alder with a long stick. The net was always at 
the ready on a long handle, for as soon as a moth was out of the net’s 
range, it would often be impossible to give chase; as I commenced to run, 
my feet would start sinking down into the muddy water and Sphagnum. 
The moth was well camouflaged in its natural resting place on the dark 
bark, covered with moss and lichen. Three of the moths were disturbed 
from low vegetation, such as brambles. 

The moths were difficult to find, as Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (July 
highflier) was abundant in the wood, which species also is in the habit 
of resting on the boles and boughs of the trees, and although furcata is 
usually of larger size, there were a good many smaller specimens of a 
dull colouring. The best way to identify the two species on the wing is 
by flight; furcata usually flies high into the air and rests up amongst the 
foliage and on the boughs, whilst otregiata flies horizontally, from two to 
four feet off the ground. Occasional specimens of furcata would also do 
the same, but otregiata’s flight is more fluttering and zigzagged. It 
usually comes to rest on a bole within three or four feet of the ground, 
or occasionally on the lower foliage, but it also may settle in the ground 
vegetation round the base of the tree. Otregiata on the wing looks 
silvery when compared with furcata, but not so white as alternata, of 
which only a few were on the wing at the same time. 

On 25th August I obtained a female from the wood, and she was kept 
in a plastic container with a sprig of G. palustre, but no ova were laid on 
the night of 25th-26th. On 26th she was placed in a larger tin with one 
eighth of an inch of water all over the bottom, and plenty of G. palustre 
inside, and during the night of 26th-27th, she laid 34 ova on the bedstraw 
and sides of the tin. These ova were divided among friends in the hope 
that if one failed, another might be more successful. Mr. F. H. Lees of 
Maidencombe had ten, Mr. Britton of Ruislip had eight, the late Capt. S. 
T. Stidson of Ashburton had eight, and I kept eight for myself. 

Mr Britton stated that only three of his ova produced larvae, and Capt. 
Stidson had only one larva appear, so I fear that in removing the ova 
from the side of the tin, some must have been injured. Alas, all three 
breeders found that their supplies of G. aparine were now over; all three 
tried G. mollugo (hedge bedstraw), but Mr. Britton’s larvae refused to eat 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/ VII/1963 


it and died, Captain Stidson’s larva nibbled a little, then shrivelled up 
and died, Mr. Lees asked me if I would send him supplies of G. palustre 
through the post, which I did, and he managed to rear seven of his larvae 
to the pupal stage, two young larvae died and one was missing. I 
managed to get my eight larvae to the pupal stage, and am now await- 
ing the emergence of the adults this April or May. 


I transferred my ova to two round plastic containers one inch in dia- 
meter, and placed a piece of wet cotton wool in each to prevent the ova 
from drying up. The ova were oval in shape but slightly squared, and 
were larger at one end. To the naked eye they appeared to be smooth 
and shiny, but through a lens, appeared pitted. They were pale cream 
when laid, but on 31st August they darkened to a straw colour, and on 
the two days before hatching they became leaden. The young larvae 
emerged on 5-6th September; at first they were pale and minute, but as 
they grew in size, they became olive green in colour, but the skin was 
rather transparent, so that the dark abdominal content showed through. 
In their early days there was no sign to the naked eye of their eating, 
and I had to be very careful not to throw them away when changing the 
food, as they looked very like shrivelled or soggy leaves. The young 
larvae in the first instar, but less so in the next, held tightly to the food 
plant and refused to move when gently prodded. Extreme care must be 
taken to give them the youngest and freshest leaves. This first instar is the 
most difficult for rearing them. The second instar commenced on 
13th September, the third on 20th and the fourth on 27th. There is a full 
description of the larva in all its instars in Dr. Cockayne’s paper, so there 
is no purpose in repeating it here. To the naked eye, the most clearly 
defined markings in the third and fourth instars were the white central 
stripe on and contrasting with the markings of the thoracic somites, Le., 
segments 1-3; the dark brown central stripe on and contrasting with the 
pale ground colour of the posterior somites, i.e. segments 9-12; and be- 
tween these on the abdominal somites, i.e. segments 5-8 an attractive 
pattern with an inverted V in it. The black tubercules on the abdominal 
somites were clear to see, especially on the fourth and fifth, i.e., seg- 
ments 7 and 8. In the last instar the clearness of the markings of these 
brownish larvae began to fade, and the larvae sweated. 


For the last two instars, the larvae were put together in a larger 
plastic container. They were cleared out and given a fresh supply of 
foodplant daily. Throughout all instars, a piece of wet cotton wool was 
introduced to simulate the damp conditions of the wood, to which the 
species is accustomed. 


The larvae descended on 30th September into damp fibre covered with 
damp moss, and made their cocoons in the roots of the moss, the cocoons 
being very slight and composed of only a few threads. I believe the 
natural site for the pupae in the wild state is under moss on the banks 
or tree trunks. Moss collected from the wood produced several such 
- flimsy, but broken cocoons and empty pupa cases, the same size and shape 
as the present living pupae. 

On 8th September I made a visit to the wood for the sole purpose of 
finding the foodplant. Large tracts of the ground are covered with ferns: 
and brambles, but the parts most frequented by otregiata are covered by 
thinner vegetation, mostly sedges, Sphagnum, a few ferns, some grass and 
Mentha aquatica L. (water mint). There are also patches of Circaea 


LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA METCALFE, THE DEVON CARPET 165 


lutetiana L. (enchanter’s nightshade) growing. I searched the latter two 
plants but did not find a single ovum. However, searching G. palustre 
proved productive; in the first spot I found eight ova scattered in pairs 
on the stems and leaves. The bedstraw had grown and crawled over 
the brambles and surrounding herbage, and the ova looked like flower 
buds on the plants that were still flowering, being the same size and 
colour as the buds. The second place was in a damper part of the wood 
where three ova were found laid singly on the bedstraw which had 
grown over the flattened sedges. In the third spot, close to the stream, 
I found two empty egg shells on the marsh bedstraw that had grown up 
through the water mint and sedge grass, and had trailed on to the 
brambles. Looking down the bedstraw stem, I discovered two otregiata 
larvae sitting on nibbled leaves; they were in the first instar. Near by, 
on another plant, I found two more ova; this was in the same part of 
the wood where I caught the female. In the fourth spot, I found another 
two ova on bedstraw lying over sedges. 


All the ova were placed near the small white flowers, and I presume 
that the moth, to find the foodplant, is attracted by these flowers at dusk, 
or else by their scent. The ova were all laid on the upper part of the 
plants, presumably so that they should stand a better chance in case of 
flooding. They were laid indiscriminately on stems or leaves. 


Two of the ova were taken for breeding; they hatched on 12th Sep- 
tember and went down into the moss on 10th October; the other larva was 
lost, probably owing to dampness and the sweating of the eight larger 
larvae. On 15th September I found more ova in another part of the wood 
which I had not previously searched. Again they were on marsh bed- 
straw; I brought the ova home and they hatched on 19th September, but 
I lost them, probably through lack of care; one just disappeared, and the 
other died in the first instar. Compared with Dr. Cockayne’s brood which 
lasted 18-19 days, my second brood obtained from the captured female 
took 27 days and my solitary larva from the four wild ova took 
27 days. Mr. Lees found a stowaway amongst some of the bedstraw 
I had sent him. As the larva grew, he saw that it was not otregiata and 
kept it fox the sake of interest. The larva duly pupated, and on 27th 
October an E. alternata (common carpet) emerged. 


It is quite possible that there are many other woods in the country 
where otregiata has yet to be found. I have, in the daytime, searched 
two other localities in Devon, from which it has been recorded, but with- 
out success. Now that I know the kind of wood that it likes, I hope to 
be able to find more localities for it. Because it is still so localised, and 
to protect it, the actual locality is being witheld. According to the 24 
inch map printed in 1946, and which I believe to be a copy of 1885 maps, 
the actual otregiata wood did not exist when the map was originally 
made. The actual wood was farm land, probably hill pasture. The 
hedge banks of the original fields can still be found in the wood, with a 
line of oak trees on the ridges. Downstream, the map shows a wood with 
an extending arm upstream till it was level with part of the otregiata 
wood. That wood, which is a dry one, still exists. Otregiata might have 
existed there and have spread into the new, damper wood where it now 
resides. 


166 ' . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75° ~ ~ 15/ VII/1963 


The Type Specimens of Zygaena ledereri Rambur 
and Z. pennina Rambur, Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae 
iS ) By W. G. TREMEWAN | am ie 


Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) 
Through the kindness of Dr. P. Viette, Muséum national d’Histoire 
naturelle, Paris. I have been able to examine the type specimens of 
Zygaena ledereri Rambur and Z. pennina Rambur. The examination of 
these types has shown that ledereri is a subspecies of Z. punctum 
Ochsenheimer and pennina is conspecific with Z. contaminei Boisduval. 


Z. punctum ledereri Rambur (comb. nov.) 


Zygaena ledereri Rambur, 1866, Catalogue Systématique des Lépidopteres 
de 1’ Andalousie, p. 169, pl. 1, fig. 9. 


Zygaena punctum contamineoides Staudinger, 1871, in Staudinger & 
Wocke, Catalog der Lepidopteren des Europaeischen Faunengebiets, 
p. 46 (syn. nov.). 


The original description of ledereri was based on a specimen that had 
been sent to Rambur by Lederer as having been taken by the latter in the 
mountains of the Sierra de Ronda in west Malaga, Spain. Since then, 
Burgeff (1926: 18) and Reiss (1930: 15, 1933: 255) have placed ledereri 
as a subspecies of contaminei Boisduval. However, the examination of 
the type of ledereri has shown that, according to superficial characters, it 
is conspecific with punctum Ochsenheimer. The specimen is rather poorly 
preserved. The left antenna is missing while the right antenna is broken 
and has been repaired with glue. The abdomen is badly damaged and has 
been repaired with glue, while the genitalia are missing. In superficial 
characters the specimen agrees with specimens of punctum contamineoides 
Staudinger from Sicily. Spot 1 is confluent with spot 2, spot 2a poorly 
represented by a few red scales. Spot 3 present, well developed, larger 
and more conspicuous than that in contaminei. Spot 4 elongate, con- 
nected to spot 2 by a red bar. Spot 5 large, diffusing towards the termen. 
Terminal border of hindwings wider than that in contaminei, broadening 
beyond tornus and approximately 2 mm. wide at the apex. Hind leg 
with two pairs of tibial spurs. The colour has obviously faded but, as 
indicated by Rambur, is darker and stronger than the colour in contaminei. 
In the latter species the colour is more translucent than that of punctum. 

The specimen has data as follows: two labels in Rambur’s hand 
“Zygaena Ledereri R. hisp. merid.”; “Ledereri R. hisp. m.”; “Ex musaeo 
P. Rambur”; a label in Viette’s hand: ‘‘Zygaena ledereri Rmb. Cat. Syst. 
Lepid. Andal., 1858, p.169 (H.T., P. Viette. xii-1953)”; a red Paris Museum 
labels! tA PE 

. Z. punctum is a ponto-mediterranean species, being distributed from 
Sicily and Italy through south-east Europe to Asia Minor and Southern 
Russia. In western Europe it is replaced by the closely allied Z. 
contaminei which occurs in the Hautes Pyrénées, France, the Picos de 
Europa and the Sierra de Gredos, Spain. The occurrence of punctum in 
the Sierra de Ronda, Spain, is extremely unlikely and it is reasonable to 
assume that the data supplied to Rambur by Lederer is erroneous. There 
is no doubt, however, that the specimen is the genuine type as it agrees 
with Rambur’s description and figure. I consider that the type of ledereri 


“ ZYGAENA LEDERERI RAMBUR AND’ Z. PENNINA RAMBUR 167 


originated from Sicily and that the name should now be used to represent 
the subspecies of punctum that occurs there. The name contamineoides 
Staudinger, published in 1871, is considered a synonym of ledereri Rambur 
which was published in 1866(1). The specimen certainly reminded Rambur 
of punctum as the following quotation from the original description shows. 
“Si cet individu ne nous avait pas été envoyé par M. Lederer, de Vienne, 
comme ayant été prise par lui sur des montagnes de la Sierra-de-Ronda, 
nous l’eussions certainement réuni a la Z. punctum*;.. .” 


Z. contaminei contaminei Boisduval 


Zygaena contaminei Boisduval, 1834, Icones Historiaue des Lépidoptéres 
nouveaux ou peu connus, 2: 48, pl. 53, figs. 4, 5. 


Zygaena pennina Rambur, 1866, Catalogue Systématique des Lépidopteres 
de l’Andalousie, p. 169 ( syn. nov.). 


Rambur described pennina from a specimen alleged to have been taken 
by him at Chamonix in the Haute-Savoie, France. The specimen is better 
preserved than the type of ledereri. Spots 1 and 2 are confluent, spot 2 
connected to spot 4 by a rather broad bar, spot 3 present but reduced to 
a few red scales, spot 5 ovoid in shape. Terminal border of hind wings 
narrow, becoming wider at the apex. The hind leg has two pairs of 
tibial spurs. 


The type has data as follows: a label in Rambur’s hand “Z. pennina R. 
Chamonix”; “Ex musaeo P. Rambur”; “EX COLL. P. RAMBUR EX COLL. 
P. MABILLE COLL. R. OBERTHUR”; “MUSEUM PARIS DON DE H. DE 
TOULGOET 1952”; a red Paris Museum label “TYPE”; “GENITALIA J P. 
VIETTE PREP. NO. 3885”; a label in Viette’s hand: “Zygaena pennina 
Rmb. Cat. Syst. Lepid. Andalousie, 1858, p. 169 (H.T., P. Viette.)”. 


A comparison of the genitalia of the type of pennina (figs. 1, 2) with the 
genitalia of the lectotype of contaminei has shown that they are con- 
specific. The name pennina Rambur, 1866, is therefore a synonym of 
contaminei Boisduval, 1834. Bernardi & Viette (1961:140) gave no reasons 
for separating pennina as a separate species. 


No further specimens of contaminei have been recorded from Chamonix 
and the possibility of the species occurring in the Haute Savoie is extremely 
remote, for, as already indicated above, it is an endemic of the Pyrenean 
peninsula. Bernardi & Viette (loc. cit.) considered the data to be correct 
because the specimen had been captured by Rambur himself, who was re- 
liable. However, as the specimen agrees entirely with specimens of the 
nominate subspecies of contaminei from the Hautes-Pyrénées, I believe 
that the specimen actually originated from this locality. Regarding 
Rambur’s statement that he took the specimen at Chamonix it is assumed 
that confusion must have arisen during the labelling. I have no doubt 
that the specimen is the genuine type as it agrees with Rambur’s descrip- 
tion. Oberthiir (1910:488), who had not examined Rambur’s type of 
pennina, suggested that it might be a specimen of meliloti charon Hubner 
(=viciae charon Hiibner). This is obviously incorrect as the examination 


1According to the Library Catalogue of the British Museum (Natural History) 
(1913: 1641) Rambur’s work was published in two parts, of which the 
second part began with p, 93. The first part was published in 1858 as 
‘indicated on the title page, the second part was published in 1866. The 
work on the genus Zygaena was therefore published in 1866. 


168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 » » °15/VI1/1963 


of the specimen that Oberthiir had before him shows that it is not pennina 
but is, in actual fact, a five-spotted example of viciae charon Hubner. 
Burgeff (1926:18) queried the name as a synonym of punctum 
Ochsenheimer. 


REFERENCES. 


Bernardi, G. & Viette, P. 1961. Que representent Zygaena pennina Rambur 
(1866), Z. eudaemon Mabille et Z. mauritanica Mabille (1885) ? (Lep. 
Zygaenidae)-—Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon, 39: 140-145. 

British Museum (Natural History), 1913, Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, 
Maps and Drawings in the British Museum (Natural History), 4: 1495- 
1956. 

Burgeff, H. 1926. Lepid. Cat., 33: 18. 

Oberthiir, Ch. 1910. Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée, 4: 419-638. 

Reiss, H. 1930. In Seitz, Die Gross-schmetterlinge der Erde, Supplement, 2: 

1-50, pls. 1-4. 
. 1933. ibidem, 2: 249-278, pl. 16. 


Zygaena pennina Rambur, type g. 1, genitalia; 2. aedeagus. 


On a small collection of Zygaena Fabricius from 
the Lebanon (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) 


By W. G. TREMEWAN 
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) 


In May and June 1962, Dr. L. G. Higgins and his wife visited the 
Lebanon, primarily to collect Rhopalocera. Incidental collecting of other 
groups was undertaken, which produced, among other species, thirty-six 
specimens of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, comprising five species. The 
object of these notes is to record the localities which, in some instances, 
are supplementary to those recorded in the excellent zoogeographical work 
of Holik & Sheljuzhko (1953/1958) and in the paper on the lepidoptera of 
the Lebanon by Ellison & Wiltshire (1939). 

It should be noted that many of the old authors often referred to the 
neighbourhood of Beirut as a locality for certain Zygaena species and it is 
even considered to be the type locality of olivieri olivieri Boisduval and 


ZYGAENA FABRICUS FROM THE LEBANON (LEPIDOPTERA: ZYGAENIDAE) 169 


graslini graslini Lederer. Dr. Higgins did not observe any Zygaena species 
below 4,000 ft. and suggests that the specimens described by the earlier 
authors were probably not captured in the immediate vicinity of Beirut, 
but several miles inland from the coast. 


Z. cuvieri libani Burgeff 


Z. cuvieri libani Burgeff, 1914, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges.,,5: 77, pl. 2, fig. 172, 
pl. 6, figs. 68, 69. Ellison & Wiltshire, 1939, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 
88: 25. Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1955, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 44/45: 32. 


' This subspecies was described from specimens originating from the 
neighbourhood of Beirut. A series of three maies and three females of 
cuvieri Boisduval, referable to ssp. libani Burgeff, was captured at The 
Cedars, 6-8,000 ft., 3-23.vi.1962. The Cedars refers to the famous grove of 
trees of that name situated under Cedar Mountain near Bsharreh. The 
species was found during the day, feeding on various flowers in the sun- 
shine, but was also observed at night when it was attracted to light. The 
latter observation has previously been recorded by Ellison & Wiltshire 
(1939: 25). 


Z. corycia staudingeriana Reiss 


Z. corycia staudingeriana Reiss, 1932, Int. ent. Z., 26: 270, figs. Ellison & 
Wiltshire, 1939, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 88: 25. Holik & 
Sheljuzhko, 1955, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 44/45: 87. 


. Three males and one female of corycia Staudinger were captured at 
Ain Zhalta, 5,000 ft., 23-29.v.1962. These specimens are referable to ssp. 
staudingeriana Reiss, which was described from specimens originating 
from Bsharreh, this locality being approximately seventy miles north of 
Ain Zhalta. The specimens from the latter locality have the hindwing 
border rather wider than that in the Bsharreh specimens, but in other 
respects are quite similar. 


Z. corycia wiltshirei Bytinski-Salz 


Z. corycia wiltshirei Bytinski-Salz, 1936, Ent. Rec., Supplement, 48: 1. 
Ellison & Wiltshire, 1939, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 88: 25, pl. 1, fig. 
25. Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1955, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 44/45: 87. 


A series of eight males and four females of corycia was taken above 
Chtaura at 4,000 ft., 18-23.v.1962. These specimens are referable to ssp. 
wiltshirei Bytinski-Salz which was described from Kineseh. 


Z. olivieri olivieri Boisduval 


Z. olivieri Boisduval, 1829, Essai sur une Monographie des Zygénides, p. 
98, pl. 6, fig. 4. Ellison & Wiltshire, 1939, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 
88: 25. Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 46: 109. 
A single, fresh male of olivieri Boisduval was captured at The Cedars 
near Bsharreh, 6-8,000 ft., 3-23.vi.1962. The specimen does not differ from 
specimens from the neighbourhood of Beirut which is considered to be 
the type locality of the nominate subspecies. 


Z. graslini graslini Lederer 

Z. graslini Lederer, 1855, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., 5: 197, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4. 
Ellison & Wiltshire, 1939, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 88: 25. Holik 
& Sheljuzhko, 1956, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 46: 93, 97. 


170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VI1I/1963 


A series of ten males and two females was taken above Chtaura, 4,000 
ft., 18-23.v.1962. I place these specimens under the nominate subspecies 
which was described from the neighbourhood of Beirut. One male is ab. 
confluens Oberthiir and has the forewing spots confluent. The locality 
Chtaura is approximately thirty-five miles east of Beirut and twenty-six 
miles north-west of Zebdani in the Anti Lebanon. From the latter locality, 
at 1,100 m., Reiss has described the ssp. kulzeri Reiss. 


Z. filipendulae ? ssp. 


Two males and one female of filipendulae Linné were captured at Ain 
Zhalta, 5,000 ft., 23-29.v.1962. One male is five-spotted and could easily 
be mistaken for a specimen of lonicerae Scheven, but an examination of 
the genitalia, however, has shown that the specimen is filipendulae. Holik 
& Sheljuzhko (1958: 219) record a male and female of lonicerae in the 
Staudinger collection labelled ‘“Beyrut’” and suggest that the data is 
probably incorrect. Apparently the genitalia of these specimens were not 
examined and it is possible that they are also five-spotted examples of 
filipendulae. 

The three examples of filipendulae from Ain Zhalta suggest that the 
pepulation there cannot be referred to ssp. syriaca Oberthur which was 
described from specimens originating from Akbés (Eibes). The Ain 
Zhalta specimens differ in having narrower forewings, the spots of which 
are larger than those in syriaca. The red coloration is carmine while 
the ground colour of the forewings is blue-black with a slight gloss. 
The terminal border of the hindwing is narrower than that in ssp. 
syriaca. The thorax and abdomen are black with a strong, bluish gloss. 
The antennae are long and are similar to those of syriaca. A female 
from the Rothschild collection, labelled ‘“‘Beyrouth’’, is similar to the 
female from Ain Zhalta. 


Z. filipendulae ? ssp. 


A single female of filipendulae was captured at The Cedars, 6-8,000 ft., 
3-23.vi.1962. This specimen differs greatly from the Ain Zhalta specimens. 
The forewing spots are confluent in pairs. The ground colour of the 
forewings is blue-black without gloss. The coloration of the forewing 
spots and hindwings is a bright carmine but the colour is not so intense 
as that in the Ain Zhalta specimens. The terminal border of the hindwing 
is absent. The thorax and abdomen are black, in addition to which the 
abdomen has a strong, purplish-blue gloss. The antennae are short and 
are not heavily clubbed. 

It gives me much pleasure to record that Dr. Higgins has kindly pre- 
sented to the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) seventeen 
of the above-mentioned specimens. The remainder of the material is now 
in the collection of W. & M. Manley. 


REFERENCES. 

Ellison, R. E. & Wiltshire, E. P. 1939. The Lepidoptera of the Lebanon: with 
Notes on their Season and Distribution—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 88: 
1-56, pl. 1, figs. 1-26. 

Holik, O. & Sheljuzhko, L. 1953. Uber die Zygaenen-Fauna Osteuropas, 

. Kleinasiens, Irans, Zentralasiens und Sibiriens—Milt, mitinch. ent. Ges., 
43: 102-226. 

———.. 1955. [1954/1955], Ibidem, Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 44/45: 26-158. 

+——. 1956. Ibidem, Mitl. mtinch. ent. Ges., 4G: 93-239. 

———. 1957. Ibidem, Mitt. mitinch. ent. Ges., 47: 143-185. 

———. 1958. Ibidem, Milt. miinch. ent. Ges., 48: 166-285. 


NOTES ON ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS L. 171 


Notes on Eriogaster lanestris L. 
By H. SYMES 


The small eggar is, to my mind, an interesting species, not only be- 
cause of the time of the year at which the moth emerges, but also because 
of its reputation for spending several years in the pupal state. I have 
never seen the imago in the wild, and I believe that most of the speci- 
mens in collections have been bred. It is quite likely that the male may 
come to light, but to see the female it would probably be necessary to 
spend many hours examining blackthorn and hawthorn hedges on bleak 
days in February and early March, and there are pleasanter ways of 
obtaining a series. Not that it is by any means an easy species to rear. 
Several of my entomological friends have told me that they have never 
succeeded in breeding it through, and this probably applies to others 
whom I do not know. 


Mr. Chalmers-Hunt (Ent. Rec., 74: supplement p. 64) says of lanestris 
that it is “local and uncertain in appearance’, and I think that this goes 
for other counties besides Kent. I was particularly interested to read 
(Ent. Rec., 74: 60 and 124) of the nest of larvae seen by Mr. Redfern and 
Dr. Ainley at Hell Coppice in 1961, for although I collected in that area 
for eight years and beat the hedges all round Hell for larvae of pruni 
and betulae, I never once saw a nest of lanestris larvae. Yet, in “The 
Natural History of the Oxford District” (O.U.P., 1926), Comdr. J. J. 
Walker stated that “the gregarious larva has been found commonly on 
blackthorn”. (Incidentally, the colony of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. was 
not present in the 1930s. I suspect that the swatting schoolboys were 
“honorary members” of their N.H.S., a species not unknown to school- 
masters). During fourteen years that I spent at, or near Wantage, in oniy 
one of them, 1934, did I see any nests: one at Stanford-in-the-Vale and 
one at Denchworth. I took some last instar larvae from the latter, but 
both nests were burned out a few days afterwards. One year I found 
some nests on the downs west of Winchester, but nowhere, at any rate 
until last year, have I seen so many as in the Bruton district of Somerset, 
where I twice reared a few larvae, not without success, nearly fifty years 
ago. In those days I had no breeding cages large enough to accommodate 
a whole nest, so as I knew of one within easy walking distance, I waited 
until the larvae dispersed and I could pick a few in their last instar from 
the hedge. At my first attempt I obtained fifteen pupae, from 
which seven moths emerged the first year and three the second. Next 
time I did better, obtaining thirty-two pupae from which twenty moths 
emerged the first year, one the second and one the third. Thus a very 
large proportion of the moths emerged after only one year in the pupa, 
but on the other hand, the pupae I obtained from the Denchworth larvae 
in 1934 did not produce a single moth in 1935, though nine emerged 
in 1936. Unfortunately, I have no record of my total number of pupae, 
but it was certainly not large, and probably not as many as twenty. I 
remember being disgusted at the high death rate of the full-grown larvae. 


During the next twenty-eight years, I saw neither hide nor hair of 
lanestris, but last year, as already noted (Ent. Rec., 74: 225-6), Mr. R. W. 
Watson took the Rev. F. M. B. Carr and me to look for their nests on 6th 
June, and we found four. We kept one each, and the fourth was ear- 
marked for Brig. Warry, but unfortunately he was unable to take 


172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/ VII/1963 


delivery until the end of July so that I was left in charge of two nests of 
larvae that became increasingly voracious every week. They love to eat 
long, fresh shoots of succulent hawthorn, and as these seemed to be al- 
most unobtainable in Bournemouth, whenever Mr. Carr and I went out 
into the country, we returned with the car full of the choicest and most 
appetizing twigs which were all stripped within two or, at the most, 
three days. The larvae appreciated this diet, and many of them fed up 
quickly and began to spin up during the second week of July. But one’s 
troubles were not over. When large numbers of larvae are being reared, 
it is inevitable that some should die or be accidentally killed. In spite of 
this, a very large proportion of lanestris larvae reached their final instar, 
and aithough the greater number of these spun up, others simply sat 
around in the breeding cages, though apparently in perfectly good health, 
and would not eat. They continued like this well into August, and were, 
like Charles II, an unconscionable time dying. I remember that the same 
thing happened when I was rearing these larvae in past years. It cannot 
be anything to do with overcrowding, for they thrive on it: in fact, it 1s 
fatal to break up the nests before the last moult, and even then they retain 
their gregarious habits. During mast of their life they live under the 
most insanitary conditions that would be fatal to larvae of almost any 
other species, and many of them preferred to make their cocoons in their 
filthy old webs among all the frass rather than in the clean Sphagnum 
moss with which they were supplied. When I eventually turned out the 
contents of the cages and examined the webs, I was surprised at the number 
of cocoons they contained. At the same time, the larvae at all stages in 
their growth delight to bask in the sun, when small on the outside of 
their nest, and should be given every chance for doing so. 


My pupae spent the winter in a shed at the bottom of the garden. 
except for half a dozen broken cocoons which I kept indoors in an un- 
heated room and used them as a control. In former years, most of the 
moths had emerged in the latter half of February, and I even had three 
out in January, the earliest date being 2lst January. The latest date was 
17th March. Owing to the exceptional severity of the weather this 
winter, even in Bournemouth, no early emergences were to be expected. 
About the middle of February, I put the controls in a south window, and 
I could see that one of the pupae had turned brown inside its cocoon. 
Another pupa that had fallen out of a broken cocoon was yellow, and I 
believe that this is always the colour until the moth begins to mature 
some time before emerging. On 26th February, the second of two very 
sunny days, the first moth, a female, emerged, and it was followed next 
day by a male. I immediately brought one of the large cages containing 
the bulk of the cocoons up from the shed, and placed it in the same 
sunny window. On 1st March, a brilliant sunny day, five moths emerged, 
next day, nine more, and on 3rd March, another six. After that, one or 
more moths emerged every day, if it was sunny, until 14th March, but 
never on a dull day. They always come out in the middle of 
the day, between 12 and 2.15 p.m. Since 14th March, no moths have 
emerged, and at the time of writing (20th March), I do not expect any 
more to appear this year. Although cocoons should be put in a sunny. 
window some time in February, depending on the weather, it is quite 
useless trying to force pupae once the time for actual emergence has been 
overshot. Altogether, forty-nine moths have emerged this year, of which 


NOTES ON ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS L. 173 


seven were cripples, and there remains eighty-six cocoons and five loose 
yellow pupae, apparently healthy. 

The eggs of lanestris are laid in a row along a twig of hawthorn or 
blackthorn, and covered with grey hairs from the female’s anal tuft. I 
found one such row inside a web, and judging from the number of larvae, 
there must have been at least two hundred eggs. The young larva is 
black, but it is a handsome creature when full grown, and I have not 
found the hairs to have any urticating properties. Mr. M. J. Leech tells 
me that in some districts farmers believe that the larvae give sheep worms, 
and that is why they burn the nests, I do not know if this belief is held 
in Berkshire and was the reason for the burning of the two nests which 
I have mentioned. 

The cocoon is hard and smooth, rather like the shell of a hen’s egg, 
which it also resembles in colour, varying as it does from brown to dirty 
white. Half way down one side is a small hole about the size that would 
be made by a Taylor’s No. 8 pin. This hole does not penetrate the inner 
lining of the shell and presumably serves to provide ventilation. When 
the imago is due to emerge, the pupa apparently revolves inside the 
cocoon and cuts a neat round cap at the top end. I have heard a scraping 
sound inside the cocoon and watched the cap being cut: this operation 
is performed by a small point just behind the pupa’s head. No fluid is 
used in this process, like the drop with which the puss moth (Cerura 
vinula L.) and the kittens soften the end of their hard cocoons to enable 
the imago to force its way through. In six instances this year, two larvae 
spun up side by side, forming a large, semi-detached cocoon. On open- 
ing these I found that the contents varied from two dried-up larvae, and 
two malformed pupae, to two live moths, of which one was trying to 
extricate itself from its pupa skin, and the other had succeeded in doing 
this but had been unable to make its way out of the cocoon. I think this 
is because it could not exert the leverage necessary for cutting out the 
escape hole, and that this would inevitably be the case with these double 
cocoons. These two moths failed to develop their wings properly, but 
two days later a perfect specimen emerged from one of two pupae in 
another double cocoon. 

The most interesting, and to the collector the most irritating charac- 
teristic of lanestris is the length of time it may spend in the pupa. All 
the books say that this has been known to extend to seven years. Mr. 
Chalmers-Hunt (Ent. Rec., 74: supplement p. 65) adds “on the continent’. 
What is the British record? Mine is only a modest three years, at the end 
of which I opened the few remaining cocoons, none of which contained a 
live pupa. South (old ed. I: 115) says: “The moth is said to be fully 
formed within the chrysalis all the time, but for some reason will not 
emerge’. I do not believe this. Tutt (Practical Hints, Il: 40) is much 
nearer the truth when he says: “It would appear that all imagines of 
this species that are to emerge in spring, mature in the autumn or early 
winter, preceding the time of their appearance, those that continue in 
the pupal stage for a lengthened period, remaining apparently in the same 
undeveloped state as when first formed, only changing a few months be- 
fore emergence”. 

52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 


Since I was writing on 20th March, thirteen more moths have emerged, 
contrary to my expectations, bringing the total up to sixty-two, The last 


174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


moths came out on 29th March, so that the period of emerging extended 
over thirty-one days. 

One more point. I have never known a larva of lanestris to be 
“stung”, although Buckler (Larvae III: 78) gives the names of two para- 
sites, Eurylabus dirus Gravenhorst, and Phaeogenes calopus Wesmael. 
Any parasite must presumably be of the type whose larva breaks out of 
its host before the latter pupates, as it would be very difficult for a 
parasitic fly to make its way out of a lanestris cocoon. 


Notes and Observations 


COLLECTING IN THE NEW Forest.—As usual, Commander Harper’s 
article on his collecting experiences proved most interesting reading in 
the April issue of the Record. However, one point he mentions gives 
rise to most serious concern. Apparently the Forestry Commission now 
require an entomologist to obtain permission from them to collect in the 
Forest. For this particular privilege they exact a fee of one guinea after 
one has satisfactorily completed a form of application! This appears to 
be a thin edge of what might well become a very thick bureaucratic 
wedge and, in connection, there arise a number of important questions. 
In particular, it would be interesting to learn from any lawyer what legal 
right the Commission has in this connection? While the Commission may 
nominally own the Forest, yet, as a body financed from public funds, and 
therefore publicly owned by us, on what grounds do they claim a fee for 
their favour? While they may own the Forest, do they own the butter- 
flies and moths, the flowers, the birds, etc? Do they charge all the many 
summer picnickers who pick a bunch of wild flowers and leave in ex- 
change a trail of litter? Do not entomologists, by collecting some of the 
pine-feeding insects, help in the preservation of their seried ranks of 
monotonous ,exotic conifers? We should charge them for helping in pest 
control! Incidentally, I understand that the permit, when issued, ex- 
cludes the right to use sugar—I can only suppose that a strong solution of 
treacle on a Forestry Commission post will help to preserve it longer than 
regulations allow. 


In view of the gross depredations of scenery and places of natural 
history interest perpetrated by the Commission, it is surely iniquitous to 
have to pay to indulge one’s interest in natural history in such an area of 
National Heritage as the New Forest. What will happen next? I can 
visualise that we shall have all to obtain a licence to collect on the lines 
of fishermen, I shall have to pay a tax in order to collect Pieris brassicae 
in my own garden, or chase X. fluctuata along the banks of our local 
and disused canal! 


My indignation on this matter is greater than my ability to express it 
—at least in publishable language—but I do feel most strongly that it is a 
matter for clarification before it becomes an immutable custom through 
usage. The views of other readers of the Record will be of interest, as 
also would be an ‘official’ explanation.—Dr. N. L. Birkett, 3 Thorny . 
Hills, Kendal. 29.iv.1963. 


While I share Dr. Birkett’s feelings in this matter, the commoners 
are the only members of the public with “rights”, and I am informed that 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 175 


the Forestry Commission has been instructed “to make the New Forest 
pay”. I would appreciate a short article on the actual position from the 
Commission’s side.—Eb. 


UnusuaL ABUNDANCE OF ODONTOSIA CARMELITA Esp. IN SOUTH WESTMOR- 
LaND.—After the cold and prolonged winter insect activity was slow to 
start this spring. However a spell of milder weather in mid-April raised 
hopes that some activity would soon be evident. On 24th April I joined 
Dr. C. J. Goodall of Morecambe for a short visit to some woods in south 
Westmorland when we were agreeably surprised that many insects were 
on the move. Some 28 species of moths being noted at our sheet. We 
took two perfect male O. carmelita in addition to many commoner species. 
Muggy conditions continued on the 25th and I revisited the same locality 
by myself. Between 9 p.m. and 11 p.m. eight male carmelita visited my 
sheet, all in perfect condition. It was obvious that I had hit off exactly 
the emergence of the species and this coincided with conditions good for 
collecting at light. Dr. Goodall and I joined forces for a third sortie on 
the 27th and conditions were misty and warm. However we were 
scarcely prepared for the shock of taking 15 males and one female 
carmelita at one sheet illuminated by two 125 watt m.v. lamps. The 
female taken was kept for ova and duly obliged by laying 104 in the 
next few nights. Most of the ova have been distributed to interested 
collectors but from the score or so kept by myself five larvae have 
hatched to-day and the remainder show evidence of being fertile. The 
emergence of carmelita seems to be spread over a considerable period 
of time as I also took two more males at my sheet in rather poor weather 
conditions on 9th May. 


I reviewed records of the occurrence of O. carmelita in this area up 
to 1952 in Entom., LXXXV: 190. Since that time the species has been 
taken in the Westmorland-N. Lancashire area quite regularly though 
mainly in small numbers—never more than four in a night to my know- 
ledge and usually as singletons. I think the apparent abundance of this 
species this year must have been due to a mass emergence which 
coincided with ideal collecting conditions which we rarely get so early in 
the year.—Dr. NEVILLE L. BirRKETT, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 16.v.1963. 


ARCHIEARIS NOTHA HUBN. AND LYCIA HIRTARIA CLERCK. NEAR OXFORD.—The 
following records might be of interest. On 6th April 1963, at Shabbington 
Wood, I succeeded, after great expenditure of energy, in netting four 
specimens of Archiearis parthenias L. On 13th April in the same locality 
I took one “orange underwing”, which subsequently proved to be 
Archiearis notha Hiibn., a male in good condition. This is interesting in 
view of the account given in “South” of the distribution of notha, as 
being confined to two areas, one essentially “West Country”, and the other 
East Anglian. However, Bretherton (1939) in his survey of the Macro- 
Lepidoptera of this district, records notha from Hell Coppice, which 
adjoins the above locality. 


On April 19th 1963, a perfect male specimen of Lycia hirtaria Clerck. 
came to my m.v. trap in a garden at Kidlington, Oxford. Two more came 
on 26th April, and one on 3rd May, in the same locality. On consulting 
Bretherton again, I was surprised to find him recording it as “very rare” 
in this district, giving records of only two. specimens, one in 1891, the 


176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


other 1895, and the comment “no recent records”. Is hirtaria becoming 
commoner, or is this a case of a species that has been locally overlooked, 
and whose presence has been revealed by the use of a mercury vapour 
light?—Dr. R. G. AINLEy, 11 St. Margaret’s Road, Oxford. 15.v.63. 


REFERENCES. 


South, R. The Moths of the British Isles. Fourth Edition. 1961. 
Bretherton, R. F. Proc. Ashmol. Nat. Hist. Soc. Oxfordshire, 1939. 


Current Literature 


From the Blandford Press I have copies of two popular books, the one 
Insects in Colour (iv + 64 pl. + 43 pp., 8vo, 10/6) is a duly adapted 
English edition of a work published in Stockholm, edited for use in the 
United Kingdom by N. D. Riley. Illustrations not applicable to this 
country have been deleted and have been replaced by new drawings of 
species found here but not in Scandinavia. 


It is pointed out in the introduction that to compress a subject of this 
size into a small book for the pocket, only about four of every 300 
species can be mentioned, but the illustrations would serve for the identi- 
fication of old friends, and the book gives a good idea to the beginner of 
the scope of the subject. There are plates of one or two rarities and 
casual visitors to spur the young imagination, and the whole should be 
suitable for use in schools and by the entomological beginner. 


The plates are from drawings by Edgar Hahneweld, and should be a 
guide to the intelligent observer to identification at any rate at generic 
level. A very useful feature is the numbering of the figures throughout 
the plates in series, thus enabling the reader to refer to the short 
descriptive paragraph under the same number in the latter part of the 
book without having to refer to the index. 

Its small size makes this book suitable to the pocket of the ordinary 
nature lover, for whom it is also very suitable. For novices wishing to 
follow a subject more closely, there is a bibliography of a few standard 
works on each family. 

The other book is Pond and Stream Life of Europe in Colour (iii + 64 
pl. + 32 pp., 8vo, 10/6). This was first published in Copenhagen in 1957, 
and is edited in its English edition by John Clegg and has the original 
illustrations by Henning Anthon. It covers a large part of aquatic life, 
though somewhat less attention is paid to the microscopic subjects, as 
being out of the scope of the ordinary amateur, and the fishes and aquatic 
birds are omitted as being well covered elsewhere. Although apologies 
are made for the incomplete coverage of the orders and genera mentioned, 
the subject covered being much smaller than that in the former work, the 
coverage is much fuller. The German standard work on this subject (in 
twelve volumes) is now out of print and is very expensive so that the 
book can be of great use to the amateur lemnologist as well as to schools 
and the ordinary nature-lover. 

Again the illustrations are numbered consecutively, directly corres- 
ponding with the descriptive text paragraphs. There is an apology for the 
fact that few popular names are available for the subjects treated, and 
that scientific names have of necessity been used. This apology is un- 
necessary and all should be made to understand that these are names 


CURRENT NOTES 177 


that are known all over the world, and that there is no necessity for a 
classical education (however desirable) before these names can be used. 
—S.N.A. J. 


Practical Entomology, by R. L. E. Ford: ix + 197 pp. + 12 pl., Warne, 
17/6. This latest addition to the Wayside and Woodland series must be 
welcomed as the key for beginners to open the way to insect study and 
collecting, while for the more advanced entomologist, there is much 
information to be gained from Mr. Ford’s practical experience. The 
chapters cover the main aspects of making a collection from taking the 
insects in the field and their subsequent handling, with some very interest- 
ing information covering particular cases. This is followed by a chapter 
on breeding specimens and their care in all stages. A chapter on 
preserving larvae has much for entomologists of all grades, and another 
deals with labelling and the care of collections. 

There follows a series of chapters on breeding certain social insects 
both above and below ground, insect cultures for food supply for other 
creatures and for scientific purposes in schools and in laboratories, and 
identification of insects, while there are three appendices, two dealing 
with dates of emergence and foodplants of British butterflies, and the 
third gives a short bibliography with notes on magazines (from which 
we regret to note that he omits the “Record”) and societies.—S. N. A. J. 


Current Notes 


ASTON ROWANT NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE EXTENSION, 
OXFORDSHIRE AND BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 


In 1958 the Nature Conservancy declared seventy acres on Beacon Hill, 
below which the A40 trunk road from London descends to the Oxford 
plain, as the Aston Rowant Nature Reserve. 


The Conservancy have now added about 96 acres comprising Little 
London Wood (part), Redlands Wood, Grant’s Plantation and Hailey 
Wood, which brings the total area of the Reserve up to 166 acres. The 
woodlands in the extension are almost pure Beech. The continual 
gradation from chalk grassland through scrub to Beech on plateau drift 
(“clay-with-flints”) within the Reserve, provides opportunities for studying 
the ecological succession and comparing the results of different types of 
management. 


Access to the Reserve away from public footpaths is by permit only. 
Applications for permission to visit the Reserve for scientific research 
should be addressed to the Conservancy’s Regional Officer for the South, 
Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset. 


CAVENHAM HEATH NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE EXTENSION: 
TUDDENHAM HEATH, WEST NORFOLK. 


Cavenham Heath National Nature Reserve, between the villages of 
Tuddenham and Icklingham, near Mildenhall, is one of the few remaining 
unspoilt Breck dry heaths. The first sections were declared in 1952 and 
1958. The new addition of Tuddenham Heath (approximately 129 acres) 
brings the Reserve up to 337 acres, and adds much to its variety. Dry 
areas of heather and birch, slope down through deposits of blown sand, 


178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VII/1963 


on which there are swards of Sand-sedge, to alkaline fen adjoining the 
River Lark. This grades into acid fen and bog under the influence of acid 
drainage from the heathy areas away from the river. These habitats are 
now greatly diminished elsewhere in Breckland, mainly through reclama- 
tion for forestry and agriculture or defence purposes. Some were not 
previously represented on the Reserve. 

Many interesting and uncommon plants occur, and the fauna includes 
Roe Deer, Red Squirrel and many kinds of birds. The open water of the 
river attracts Teal, Gadwall, Little Grebe, Redshank, Pied Wagtail and 
Lapwing. The Great Grey Shrike is seen occasionally in winter. 

Preliminary work on spiders and insects, particularly the moths, sug- 
gests that these are equally interesting. They include such fen-loving 
species as the Silver Hook moth. 

Access will be by permit only. Applications to visit the Reserve should 
be addressed to the Conservancy’s Regional Officer for East Anglia, 
Government Offices, Bishopsgate, Norwich, Norfolk. 


es 


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179 


Further Observations on the Lepidoptera of the 


Isles of Scilly with particular reference to St. Agnes 
By Austin RicHarDSsOoN, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


Part I. TRESCO 


We paid one further visit to Tresco, 22-29.iv, 59, during which two new 
Scilly records were addded:—Erannis marginaria Berkh. (two) and 
Acleris literana L. (one). No imagines of Cosymbia puppillaria Hubn. 
were noted, nor, I believe, has this insect appeared again. Larvae of 
Nothris congressariella Bruand were found and moths subsequently bred. 
No larvae of Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff. were to be seen, either on Tean, 
where we had found them in thousands at the same period in 1957, or on 
Annet, where moths were seen in the following August. 

Perhaps it may not be out of place here to record a previous omission: 
—Plusia gamma L. ab. nigricans Spuler, one Tresco, 14.x.56. 

Two visits have been paid to Tresco by Mr. R. Hayward. On the first, 
17-22.i1x.59, he saw, amongst other things :— 


Vanesssa atalanta L., about 350. 

Colias croceus Fourcr. ab. helice Hubn., one. 

Leucania unipuncta Haw., one. 

Antitype xanthomista Hubn., one. 

Calothusanis amata L., one. New Scilly record. 
On the second, 10-23.vi.61, he noted :— 

Sphinx tigustri L., seven. 

Deilephila elpenor L., 19, 15.vi. New Scilly record. 

Arctia caja L., common, including one yellow var. 

Atolmis rubricollis L., very common, flying high round pine trees. 

Leucania vitellina Hibn., two. 

Zygaena filipendulae L., common on Tean. 


Part II. ST. AGNES 


In 1958 we decided to transfer our attentions to the lovely island of St. 
Agnes, the most southerly of the inhabited islands. It is flanked to the 
east by the Gugh, which is separated only at highest tide, and to the west 
by bird sanctuary, Annet, breeding ground of puffins, shearwaters, and 
storm petrels. The southern peninsular of St. Agnes, and of the Gugh, is 
a heather-clad down, while the somewhat undulating central area is 
chiefly occupied by bulb fields, separated by pittosporum, tamarisk, 
escallonia and euonymus. Trees are very scarce except in the vicarage 
garden where there is a good growth of Cornish elm, two oaks, an ash and 
a sycamore. To the north there lies a flat area, holding a small freshwater 
pool which is flanked by carex, and on the rocks at the western end there 
is a good growth of sea campion. Bulb growing is the chief occupation of 
the islanders who number about 80. It would be difficult to find anywhere 
a more friendly, hospitable, or hard working community. Accommodation 
is much more limited than on Tresco, but we were lucky to find a very 
comfortable base with Mrs. Killingley, in the Old Coastguard Cottages, 
where we were favoured with a bedroom overlooking the Bishop light- 
house and the Western Rocks. We spent a week with her in August, 
14th-21st, and ten days in September, 8th-17th, and these proved so 
profitable and enjoyable that we have visited her in September every 


we 


180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


year since then :—3-19.ix.59, 7-16.1x.60, 5-18.ix.61, and 3-10.1x.62. 

There is no electric current on St. Agnes but most of the islanders have 
their own generators and two of them, Mr. Lewis Hicks of the Old Light- 
house, and Mr. Joe Hicks of Higher Town, have been good enough to run 
their diesels all night for my traps during my visits—a characteristic 
example of the island hospitality. 

Another of the island’s attractive features is the presence of the Bird 
Observatory, which is regularly manned during migration periods by a 
team of experts, and thus news of exciting visitors is always available and 
the visitors themselves can usually be found, cover on the island being 
limited. 

It may be thought that the following list of species and of new records 
is not very imposing, but vegetation on St. Agnes is less varied and 
extensive than on Tresco and one would expect residents to be corres- 
pondingly fewer. Moreover our observations have been, with the exception 
of one week in mid-August, entirely confined to the first half of September 
and thereby considerably limited. In fact, we have visited the island 
mainly for migrants, moths and birds. It may be of interest to record that 
we have seen, mostly on several occasions, such uncommon birds as water 
rail, pectoral sandpiper, three buff-breasted sandpiper (St. Mary’s), 
believed to be the first British record of three together, grey phalarope, 
short-eared owl, hoopoe, great spotted woodpecker, migratory Scottish 
race, Wryneck, aquatic warbler, melodious warbler, ortolan bunting, and 
lapland bunting. 


It seems to us that anyone wishing to make further additions to the 
Scilly list would be best to turn his attention to St. Mary’s, and we think 
it likely that many of the single records, of which there is a fairly high 
proportion, both from Tresco and from St. Agnes, may well have been 
wanderers from there. 


For readers’ convenience, the more important recent articles on the 
lepidoptera of Scilly may be found as follows :— 


RicHARDSON, A & Mere, R. M., 1958. Some preliminary Observations on 
the Lepidoptera of the Isles of Scilly with particular reference to 
Tresco. Ent. Gaz. 9: 115-146. (Referred to in text as R. & M.) 

Mere, R. M,. 1959. The Isles of Scilly in 1958. Ent. Gaz. 10: 107-110. 


(R. & M.) 

Mere, R. M., 1960. The Isles of Scilly in 1959. Ent; Gaze ates: 
(R. & M.) 

Huceins, H. C., 1958. Immigrants on Tresco, Isles of Scilly, 1958. Entom. 
91: 251-252. 


Hueeins, H. C., 1959. Lepidoptera on Tresco in June. Entom. 92: 14-17. 
Huceins, H. C., 1959. Lepidoptera on Tresco in 1959. Entom. 92: 246-249. 


The more interesting species as noted each year on St. Agnes have 
been :— 


1958. 
Utetheisa pulchella L. Annet, flying by day, 14.ix. Another most probably 
seen by bird watchers, Gugh, May 1960. New to R. & M. 
Leucania loreyi Dup. Sugar, 16.ix. One previous Scilly record. 
Eublemma parva Hiibn. 15.viii. Two previous Scilly records. 


Rhodometra sacraria L. 16.viii, 15.ix. 
Aspitates ochrearia Ross. 8.ix. New Scilly record. 


FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLES OF SCILLY 181 


1959. 
Vanesssa atalanta L. Abundant, see also C. de Worms (Entom. 93: 85). 
Colias croceus Fourcr. Three (Entom. 93: 161). See also C. de Worms 
(Entom. 93: 60). 
Acherontia atropos L. 10.ix. (Entom. 93: 176). 
Agrotis ripae Hiibn. Larvae found on Gugh in August by R. P. Demuth. 


Gortyna flavago Schiff. 18.ix., another 1961. New Scilly record. 
Catocala nupta L. 10.ix. One previous Scilly record. 
Plusia festucae L. 6, 18.ix, another 1960. 

P. ni Hubn. - 5.ix. (Entom. 93: 75). Three previous Scilly records. 


Heterographis oblitella Zell. (Entom. 93: 75). One previous Scilly record. 
Margaronia unionalis Hiibn. 10.ix. (Entom. 93: 96). 


1960. 
Eupithecia absinthiata Clerck. One bred in 1961 from larva found on 
Solidago virgaurea on St. Martin’s. New to R. & M. 
E. virgaureata Doubl. One typical and two ab. nigra Lempke bred from 
St. Martin’s larvae in 1961. New Scilly record. 
1961. 
Leucania albipuncta F. 9.ix. New Scilly record. 
Crocidosema plebeiana Zell. 
1962. 
Tholera cespitis F. 10.ix. New to R. & M. 


Laphygma exigua Hubn. Over 100 in one trap, 4.ix. 
Hypena obsitalis Hubn. Sugar, 8.ix. Fifth British and new Scilly record. 
Nomophila noctuella Schiff. 1500 circa in one trap, 7.ix. 


Comparative figures for certain selected migrant species as observed in 
Scilly over seven consecutive years. 


Herse convolvuli L. 1956, 14 and moths bred. 1957, one. 1958, ten. 1959, 
one. 1960, 15. 1961, one. 1962, 10 and moths bred. 

Laphygma exigua Hiibn. 1956, 3. 1957, 10. 1958, 36 and moths bred. 
1959, 10. 1960, none. 1961, none. 1962, 150. 

Leucania unipuncta Haw. 1956, 3. 1957, 40 inc. one ab. nigro-suffusa 
Rich. and moths bred. 1958,17. 1959,two. 1960,14. 1961, 7. 1962, 4. 

L. vitellina Hiibn. 1956, 4. 1957, none. 1958, 3. 1959, none. 1960, 12. 
1961, 23 and moths bred. 1962, 16 and moths bred. 

Nycterosea obstipata F. A few each year. 


Complete list of species observed on, or recorded for St. Agnes, to date, 
total 139. 


Danaus menippe Hubn. (milkweed). E. B. King, 1938. 
Maniola jurtina L. ssp. cassiteridum Graves (meadow brown). 
Vanessa atalanta L. (red admiral). 

V. cardui L. (painted lady). 

V. urticae L. (small tertiseshell). 

Polyommatus icarus Rott. (common blue). 

Lycaena phlaeas L. (small copper). 

Pieris brassicae L. (large white). 

P. rapae L. (small white). 


182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/ VIII/ 1963 


Colias croceus Fourcr. (clouded yellow). 

Acherontia atropos L. (death’s-head hawk). 

Herse convulvuli L. (convolvulus hawk). 
Macroglossum stellatarum L. (humming-bird hawk). 
Celerio livornica Esp. (striped hawk). F. W. Frohawk. 
Euproctis similis Fues. (yellow tail). 

Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff. (grass eggar). 

Nola albula Schiff. (Kent black arches). 

Eilema lurideola Zinck. (common footman). 

E. complana L. (scarce footman). 

Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (white ermine). 

S. lutea Hufn. (buff ermine). 

Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. (ruby tiger). 

Arctia caja L. (garden tiger). 

Utetheisa pulchella L. (crimson speckled). Annet. 
Euxoa tritici L. (white-line dart). 
E. obelisca Schiff. (square-spot dart). 


Agrotis segetum Schiff. (turnip). 

. puta Hiibn. ssp. insula Rich. (shuttle-shaped dart). 
. trux Hiibn. ssp. lunigera Steph. (crescent dart). 

. exclamationis L. (heart and dart). 

. ipsilon Huin. (dark sword grass). 

. ripae Hiibn. (sand dart). 


D> bh DP DP DP 


Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (pearly underwing). 
Diarsia rubi View. (small square-spot). 
Ochropleura plecta L. (flame shoulder). 

Amathes c-nigrum L. (setaceous Hebrew character). 
A. xanthographa Schiff. (square-spot rustic). 
Axylia putris L. (flame). 


Triphaena comes Hiibn. (lesser yellow underwing) and ab. sagittifer 
Cockayne. 


T. pronuba L. (large yellow underwing). 

T. ianthina Schiff. (lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing). 
Mamestra brassicae L. (cabbage). 

Diataraxia oleracea L. (bright-line brown-eye). 

Ceramica pisi L. (broom). 

Hadena nana Hufn. (shears). 

H. trifolii Hufn. (nutmeg). 

H. conspersa Schiff. (marbled coronet). 

Tholera cespitis Schiff. (hedge rustic). 

Leucania pallens L. (common wainscot). 

L. impura Hiibn. (smoky wainscot). 

L. unipuncta Haw. (white speck). 

L. loreyi Dup. (cosmopolitan). 

L. vitellina Hiibn. (delicate). 

L. albipuncta F. (white-point wainscot). 

Aporophila nigra Haw. (black rustic). 

Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn. ssp. scillonia Rich. (feathered ranunculus). 
Agrochola circellaris Hufn. (brick). 

Cryphia muralis Forst. (marbled green). 


Apatele rumicis L. (knot-grass). 
Amphipyra tragoponis Clerck (mouse). 


FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLES OF SCILLY 


Apamea monoglypha Hufn. (dark arches). 

A. secalis L. (common rustic). 

Luperina testacea Schiff. (flounced rustic). 
Euplexia lucipara L. (small angle shades). 
Phlogophora meticulosa L. (angle shades). 
Thalpophila matura Hufn. (straw underwing). 
Laphygma exigua Hiibn (smaller mottled willow). 
Caradrina morpheus Hufn. (mottled rustic). 

C. ambigua Schiff. (Vine’s rustic). 

C. clavipalpis Scop. (pale mottled willow). 
Hydraecia paludis Tutt (saltern ear). 

H. micacea Esp. (rosy rustic). 

Gortina flavago Schiff. (frosted orange). 
Arenostola pygmina Haw. (small wainscot). 
Eublemma parva Hubn. (small marbled). 
Catocola nupta L. (red underwing). 

Plusia chrysitis L. (burnished brass). 

P. festucae L. (gold spot). 

P; nt Hiibn.: (ni). 

P. gamma L. (silver y). 

Abrostola triplasia L. (dark spectacle). 
Hypena proboscidalis L. (snout). 

H. obsitalis Hiibn. (Bloxworth snout). 

Hemithea aestivaria Htibn. (common emerald). 
Sterrha aversata L. (riband wave). 

S. biselata Hufn. (small fan-footed wave). 

S. dimidiata Hufn. (single-dotted wave). 

S. marginepunctata Goeze (mullein wave). 
Rhodometra sacraria L. (vestal). 

Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck (dark twin-spot carpet). 
X. fluctuata L. (garden carpet). 

Nycterosea obstipata F. (gem). 

Calostygia pectinataria Knoch (green carpet). 
Euphyia bilineata L. (yellow shell). . 
Lyncometra ocellata L. (purple-barred carpet). 
Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (marbled carpet). 
Thera obeliscata Hiibn. (grey pine carpet). 
Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (July highflyer). 
Epirrhoe alternata Mull. (common carpet). 
Eupithecia centaureata Schiff. (lime-speck pug). 
E. nanata Hubn. (narrow-winged pug). 
Gymnoscelis pumiiata Hiibn. (double-striped pug). 
Abraxas grossulariata L. (magpie). 

Aspitates ochrearia Ross. (yellow belle). 
Selenia bilunaria Esp. (early thorn). 

Crocallis elinguaria L. (scalloped oak). 
Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (swallow-tailed). 
Opisthograptis luteolata L. (brimstone). 

Alcis rhomboidaria Schiff. (willow beauty). 
Zygaena filipendulae L. (six-spot burnet). 
Hepialus sylvinus L. (orange swift). 
Heterographis oblitella Zell. Aphomia sociella L. 
Meliphora grisella F. Crambus geniculeus Haw. 


183 


184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


Stenia punctalis Schiff. Crcidosema plebeiana Zell. 
Margaronia unionalis Hubn. Polychrosis littoralis Curt. 
Notarcha ruralis Scop. Endothenia antiquana Hubn. 
Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hubn. Argyroploce cespitana Hitbn. 
Nomophila noctuella Schiff. Endrosis lactella Schiff. 
Pyrausta cespitalis Schiff. Borkhausonia pseudspretella Staint. 
Mesographe forficalis L. Depressaria heracliana L. 
Endotrica flammealis Schiff. D. badiella Hitibn. 

Pyralis glaucinalis L. D. costosa Haw. 

Pterophorus monodactylus L. D. umbellana Steph. 
Phalonia atricapitana Steph. Plutella maculipennis Curt. 
Cacoecia podana Scop. Monopis crocicapitella Clem. 


I was a Dark Dagger 
By H. SYMEs 


Some of our readers who enjoyed the Rev. F. M. B. Carr’s delightful 
little article, “Which Dagger are You?’, in last December’s Record may 
be interested to hear further particulars of his brood of Apatele tridens 
Schiff. 

When Mr. Carr had to go into a nursing home towards the end of May, 
I took charge of the boxes containing his pupae on 29th May. I knew 
that a few moths had already emerged, one as early as 2nd February, 
in the middle of one of the coldest spells of the winter, two in April, and 
one on 7th May. But when I came to examine the rotten wood and 
sawdust in the pupa boxes, I found fourteen dead moths and three living 
ones, and of all these, only four were worth setting. I sent Mr. Parkinson 
Curtis ten corpses for dissection. Four moths emerged on 30th May 
and seven more between then and 7th June. After that there was a long 
pause, and the next moth did not emerge until 20th July. 

Mr. Carr had given me twenty-one larvae, and fifteen moths emerged 
between 3rd June and 14th July. I gave two pupae away, two larvae 
died before they were full fed and there was one dud pupa. The wild 
larva I found on Hod Hill on 17th September resulted in an imago on 8th 
June. 

Half my pupae were kept indoors during the winter in an unwarmed 
room, and the rest in a garden shed where the temperature frequently 
fell below freezing point. Mr. Carr’s pupae all wintered indoors on a 
landing which was probably a good deal warmer than the room where 
half mine were kept. The actual temperature seems to have affected the 
date of emergence rather irregularly. It was not surprising that about 
twenty of Mr. Carr’s moths appeared before the first of mine emerged, 
but he had four pupae still remaining when all my moths had come out. 
In the case of my own pupae, the difference in temperature between the 
garden shed and the room indoors hardly affected the dates of emergence: 
the first three moths came from indoor pupae, but so did the last two. 

An extended period of emergence applied also to Apatele psi L. I saw 
a wild one on a fence near my house on 18th May (I assume it was psi 
as I have often found the larva in Bournemouth and do not think that 
tridens occurs here), and from two larvae taken in the New Forest on 4th 
October, moths emerged on 21st June and 18th July, the latter, a dark 
slate-coloured form. Two days later, I found a half-grown larva on sallow 
in my garden. 


NOTES ON SOME SOUTH AFRICAN HEPIALIDAE 185 


Notes on some South African Hepialidae 
By J. S. TAYLOR 


Although some fifty-three species of Hepialidae have been recorded in 
South Africa little seems to be known of their biology and host relation- 
ships. One of the few exceptions is the large and handsome Leto venus 
Stoll., the adult of which has a wing expansion of five to six inches. The 
larva burrows in the basal portion of Virgilia oroboides or keurboom and 
is said to take up to three or more years to reach maturity. Leto venus 
is apparently confined to the forests of the Knysna area and is of fairly 
common occurrence there. Residents at one time (and possibly to this 
day) were able to augment their incomes by the sale of moths to collectors, 
and it is on record that members of a well-known local family raised 
sufficient funds thereby to build a mission church. 

Hepialids in South Africa are popularly known as “ghost moths’, and 
there is one species known—Dalaca hololeuca Hmpsn.—in which the male 
is white. In the Eastern Cape Province they are chiefly noted for the 
damage done by their larvae to the turf of golf-courses and sometimes to 
pasture grasses as well. There would appear to be more than one species 
involved, and the following is an account of those which have come to the 
writer’s notice. Unfortunately, however, the data is decidedly fragmentary. 

The larvae of the species concerned apparently feed late at night or 
in the early hours of the morning as no activity has been observed up to 
10.30 p.m. Unlike the European species, they feed on the growing grass, 
cutting it to ground level and causing bare patches to appear. The 
damage is particularly noticeable in dry weather and on hillocks or rising 
ground. During wet weather the grass quickly recovers, while in hollows, 
which are more liable to be damp, growth is also generally more vigorous. 

The larva lives in a silk-lined burrow or tunnel to a depth of two feet, 
and comes to the surface to feed. There it forms a dense and extensive 
mat of silk with soil particles and bits of grass intermingled. This mat 
covers the entrance to the burrow and spreads beyond for several inches. 
Underneath and extending outwards the surface is eaten bare and bits of 
chewed-off grass can often be found there. On one golf-course at Port 
Elizabeth the species concerned was determined provisionally as being 
Gorgopis caffra Walk., which has also been taken at light in the neigh- 
bouring district of Humansdorp during May. The larva is dirty white 
suffused with olive and its surface is ridged or convoluted. There is a 
pair of prominent and blister-like tubercles situated dorsally on each 
segment; those on the first are larger and elongate, on the second seg- 
ment they are oval, while on the remainder they are round. A pair of 
smaller tubercles is situated posteriorly to the more prominent pair, and 
another pair is to be found laterally. All bear short hairs or setae. A 
transverse row of tubercles occurs ventrally on the two anti-penultimate 
segments while the preceding four segments are provided with prolegs. 
The black head is chitinized, the pronotal shield is brown and the meso- 
thorax is partly covered by a shield of the same colour. The length of 
the larva is at least 60 mm. 

The adult has emerged in May, while pupae, and also pupal cases from 
which adults had recently emerged, have been found during that month. 
Young larvae, about one-quarter to one-third grown, were noted at the 
same time but there was little indication of their presence to be seen on 
the surface, possibly on account of recent rains and a consequent vigorous 


186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


growth of grass. One active pupa was found on 9th May, a few inches 
below the surface. 


Similar damage has been observed on another golf-course near Port 
Elizabeth. Infested sods of turf were obtained and from these several 
moths emerged between 28th March and 9th April. The species in this case 
was identified as being Eudalacina ammon Walgrn. The larva apparently 
does not descend so deep as Gorgopis, the burrows being up to some six 
inches in length, at least in the specimen sods from which adults sub- 
sequently emerged. The damage to the turf, however, was similar, and 
mats of silk were formed over the burrows. In fact, from its behaviour 
this species was thought to be identical with the Gorgopis already de- 
scribed, and it was not until the emergence of the adult that it was found 
to be different. 


Before pupation the entrance to the tunnel or burrow is closed with 
silk, while after emergence the pupal cases are to be found projecting for 
about half their length out of the burrows in an upright position. The 
pupa of this species measures some 20 to 24 mm. in length, and is brown to 
black. There is a pair of stout tooth-like projections on the head between 
the antennal sheaths. The free abdominal segments are ridged ventrally, 
the ridges bearing serrations which become more pronounced and 
numerous posteriorly. The last of the free segments (4 to 6) are fused to 
form the rounded posterior end of the pupa. 


At Fort Beaufort, C.P., both Dalaca rufescens Hmpsn. and D. nomaqua 
Walk. have been taken at light during April. At the homestead on Amanzi 
Estates, near Uitenhage, C.P., on 23rd and 29th April 1954, a hepialid 
determined as probably being D. nomaqua occurred in enormous numbers 
at light. Literally thousands of the moths clustered on lighted windows 
and at verandah lights, while in both cases on the following morning the 
floors were covered with the insects, with numerous others at rest on 
the walls. The floors were also littered with millions of eggs which 
crunched under foot like sugar. 


The egg of this hepialid was at first pearly white or opalescent but 
rapidly turned shiny black. It was round, with a smooth surface, about 
0-5 mm. in diameter, and resembled a poppy seed in appearance. Eggs 
commenced to hatch on 17th May after an incubation period of some 24 
days. 


Except near the homestead the moths were not seen elsewhere while 
no trace of the species was found subsequently. On both dates on which 
the moths occurred so abundantly there had been rains and conditions 
were generally damp to wet. It may possibly have been a migratory 
flight. If the larva of this species attacked crops or any cultivated plant 
one would surely have heard something of its incidence as there must 
have been thousands, if not millions, of larvae to have produced two such 
spectacular flights of moths. The eggs and larvae were subsequently 
scattered on a lawn of Kikuyu grass but without any subsequent effect. 
This is the only instance of large flights of a hepialid to have occurred in 
the writer’s experience. In the other cases quoted, as well as generally 
speaking, hepialid moths have only been recorded in small numbers. From 
March to May would seem to be the period for adults of this family to. 
appear in the Eastern Cape Province. Adults of Leto venus are said to be 
on the wing in February-March. 

The writer is much indebted to Mr. Cyril Koch, African Explosives and 


THE NEW FOREST THAT WAS 187 


Chemical Industries, Ltd., for his kind and invaluable co-operation in 
obtaining living material; to the Director and Staff of the Commonwealth 
Institute of Entomology for determinations; and to Dr. L. Vari, Transvaal 
Museum, for information concerning the Hepialidae in South Africa. 


The New Forest That Was 


By C. M. R. PITMAN 


Having read Mr. Siggs article with more than a passing interest and 
taking into some consideration the recent despoilation of so many acres 
of the forest with its flora and fauna it did occur to me that the title “In 
defence of the New Forest’, is not quite what the author intended it to be 
and it leaves many of the older entomologists wondering what they would 
have been able to obtain had they worked with a mercury vapour lamp in 
their hey-day. As one who might just qualify to be one of the older 
brigade I do feel that had Mr Siggs been fortunate enough to have worked 
in the New Forest in the 20s his present list would have not been quite so 
pleasing to him as it is at the present time and I am sure he would have 
derived far less satisfaction from it. Nevertheless taking the species as a 
whole and in spite of the fact that a mercury vapour lamp was used con- 
sistently there is some satisfaction to be gleaned from the fact that a list of 
377 species has been recorded even if many of them have occurred as 
singletons and some are definite migrants to the forest. To justify my 
comments and criticism I have perused some of my old records from the 
forest and in order to be able to compare, as favourably as possible, I 
have appended a full list of species which I was able to record during 4 
years of collecting when I operated in a northern part of the forest, 
approximately 8 miles north of Minstead, and although I am not an 
authority on the Lepidoptera of the forest, to those species which Mr. Siggs 
considered worthy of comment, I have given some of my own remarks con- 
cerning their status during the years these observations were made. Living 
as I did at the time in Salisbury and my only means of transport was a 
pedal cycle my visits for collecting were fewer than I would have wished 
and much depended upon the weather prevailing at the time. However, I 
made every effort that was possible to visit as many week-ends as con- 
venient during the height of the season and frequently stayed overnight in 
the forest collecting. Although I had no mercury vapour lamp I was very 
happy with my collecting much of which was done during daylight hours, 
this included larvae beating which was very productive, also searching; 
pupae digging, also most remunerative; trunk hunting was also very 
profitable and many other incidental methods of collecting which were 
currently employed by field lepidopterists of the time. Although some of 
these methods of collecting were somewhat arduous at the time the 
pleasing results were the more valued. The main collecting, of course, 
was with a hand oil lamp of the bulls eye type and many methodical 
rounds of “sugar”, all of which would seem to have lost their attraction 
now. As regards the mercury vapour lamp this innovation did not come to 
me until much later on and it might be true to say that I may have been 
one of the first collectors to take full advantage of this all powerful medium 
when, on 27th July, 1948, in a garden at Clarendon, situated about 10 miles 
north of the forest as the moth flies, collecting for about three hours 
from a mercury vapour lamp that was attached to a building for the 
purpose of illumination I was able to record a list of 110 species of Macro 


188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


Lepidoptera and upon some reflection after the experience of such a stag- 
gering selection of species on one single night, a performance almost 
repeated five days later on 1st August, when 108 species were noted includ- 
ing some species that had not been noted on 27th July. Needless to say 
much more collecting has been done at this lamp since and valuable 
information has been accumumulated. To say nothing of the overall 
numbers, L. fimbriata occurred in hundreds in the most varying colours, 
this wholesale method of collecting completely took my breath away and 
as far as I was concerned it took the romance from my collecting, for I 
realised there would be no need to travel far for any future moth 
collecting, for on that eventful evening I was able to collect such typically 
forest species as, C. promissa, L. quadra, S. anomala, P. hippocastanaria, 
E. nanata, A. alni, L. testata, D. fagaria, D. oo, A. avellana, and many 
other woodland and heathland species as well as many species that 
hitherto I had considered to be of a maritime habitat. I stress this point 
of collecting with mercury vapour not to do any discredit to Mr. Siggs’s 
commendable list of species he recorded from Minstead, but purely to 
illustrate that such success could be expected at mercury vapour lamps at 
almost any place, for the majority of insects attracted to the lights need not 
necessarily be from the immediate neighbourhood or vicinity. 


But let us return to the forest and in defence of the forest surely it is 
time that something was done before the whole 92,000 acres of which 
38,000 consist of heathland and gorse, become entirely commercialised, a 
purpose for which I am sure it was never intended, yet recently I was 
informed by a forester, to quote: “At last the forest is beginning to pay for 
itself”. To give some indication of the way things are progressing in the 
forest at the present time, in the same issue of the Ent. Record there is an 
interesting article by Comdr. G. H. Harper, F.R.E.S., relating his experi- 
ences in the forest during 1963 and quite rightly he expresses surprise at 
the fact that the forestry commission are now the legal owners of the 
collecting grounds and, furthermore, remarks that for some inscrutable 
reason one has to pay a fee for a permit to collect in the forest. It would 
be interesting to know how and when the forestry commission obtained 
these legal rights to so much of our national and inherited trust property 
which the public will now lose for all time for once an area is fenced off, 
like so many of the new conifer plantations in the New Forest to-day, 
there is no hope of recovery and we lose our rights of entry. 


Now a word of encouragement to fellow entomologists; do not despair 
for if you possess mercury vapour lamps and you care to peruse a local 
map you will still be able to collect as many of the so-called forest species 
as you may require without venturing into the forest or bothering to obtain 
the necessary permits with all their restrictions and obligations, all one 
need do is to set up shop on one of the many common lands that can be 
found situated within earshot of the forest or make an acquaintance of a 
nearby landowner and your collecting will be assured and will be 
appreciated by your new found friends. It is a fact that better results are 
actually obtained from without the forest than within. 


It is indeed ironical, but perfectly true, that the same authority that 
issues these permits for collecting, with all the restrictions, is wholly 
responsible for the lack of so many species in the forest to-day. If the 
purpose of a permit is to protect the Lepidoptera of the forest, then why 
is a fee necessary to obtain the permit, unless (heaven forbid), the butter- 


THE NEW FOREST THAT WAS 189 


flies and moths, like so many other natural amenities of the forest have to 
contribute their share in this urge to make the forest pay for itself. Since 
I started writing this article, National Nature Week has commenced, and 
it occurs to me that the nation might give us an example and make the 
whole of the New Forest a National Park, and leave it as a natural British 
forest. 


From 1933 onwards, periodical collecting with a Coleman pressure lamp 
and sheet in the same area of the forest attracted a much greater number 
of insects, but apart from the occasional immigrants and a few other 
expected species, there was little to add to my previous list. By way of 
interest, it may be worth recording that a full year’s collecting with sugar 
and an old type box trap illuminated by an old oil lamp sited in my 
garden at Clarendon during 1929, produced a list of 231 species of macro- 
lepidoptera. 

The following comprehensive list is given for the purpose of showing 
the status of species as I found them in 1928-31, and is not in any way 
intended to be competitive with, or critical of, Mr. Siggs’s comparable list. 


Uv 


. brassicae, generally common. 
. rapae, generally common. 
napi, common. 
cardamines, frequent. 
croceus, immigrant. 
rhamni, common, sometimes abundant. 
megera, common. 
aegeria, very common. 
semele, very common with rich forms. 
. jurtina, abundant fine size and forms. 
tithonus, very common, some variation. 
pamphilus, very common and large forms. 
hyperanthus, very common with arete, caeca and lanceolata forms. 
galatea, not common. 
iris, uncommon but found as imagines and larvae. 
camilla, very common with var. nigrina. 
atalanta, immigrant. 
cardui, immigrant. 
io, sometimes very common also as larvae. 
polychloros, uncommon as imagines but frequently found as larvae. 
urticae, abundant. 
c-album, fairly common, sometimes as larvae. 
paphia, very common. With some extreme forms and valesina. 
cydippe, common. 
aglaia, uncommon. 
euphrosyne, very common. 
selene, very common. 
lucina, uncommon. 
betulae, not common but found as larvae. 
quercus, sometimes abundant. 
rubi, fairly common. 
phleas, very common with nice forms on the heaths. 
argus, abundant on the heaths. 
. agestis, common. 
. icarus, common. 


UPNPONAMOODEDUPSSITPDEROR EN VVAADNY 


190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


argiolus, common, especially as second brood. 
. malvae, common. 
. tages, common. 
. sylvestris, common. 
. venata, very common in the rides. 


. comma, uncommon on the heaths. 
. tilae, several larvae each year, imagines at rest.* 
. populi, frequently at rest, larvae every year. 
ocellatus, larvae often on sallows, a few imagines each year. 
ligustri, taken at rest not common. 
. livornica, one immigrant. 


. porcellus, taken at rhododendrons. 

. elpenor, more common than porcellus at rhododendrons. 
. stellatarum, immigrant most years.* 

. fuciformis, frequent in the rides, a few larvae. 

. tityus, uncommon but seen each year. 

. bifida, imago uncommon but larvae frequent. 

. furcula, regularly as larvae: a few imagines at light. 


vinula, common as larvae. 

fagi, uncommon at light, larvae more frequent.* 
. dodonea, sometimes common at light, few larvae. 
. ruficornis, larvae uncommon, few imagines at light. 


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P. tremula, taken at light uncommon, few larvae. 
P. gnoma, larvae not uncommon, few imagines at light. 
N. ziczac, always a few at light, larvae common. 
N. dromedarius, taken at light uncommon, few larvae. 
N. trepida, imagines at light, also obtained as pupae. 

L. capucina, common, also as larvae. 

O. carmilita, occasional at rest.* 

P. plumigera, 3 only. 

P. palpina, common at light. 

P. bucephala, larvae abundant. 

C. curtula, larvae uncommon. 

C. pigra, larvae uncommon, 2 imagines at light. 

H. pyritoides, very common at sugar. 

T. batis, common at sugar. 

T. occularis, common as larvae, few at light.* 

T. or, larvae common. 

T. duplaris, few at light. 

A. diluta, occasional at light. 

A. flavicornis, not uncommon. 

D. ridens, common as larvae, few at light.* 

D. antiqua, common. 

D. pudibunda, very common as imagines and larvae. 

E. similis, very common. 

L. monacha, common both as imago and larvae, very variable. 
M. neustria, uncommon, more often as larvae. 

T. crategi, common as larvae, a few imagines at light. 
P. populi, very common at light. 

E. lanestris, one nest of larvae only. 

L. quercus, often common over the heaths, also as larvae. 
M. rubi, abundant on the heaths. 


* 


babuqaah 


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DDE MMT NN DRED YUNNND DB 


THE NEW FOREST THAT WAS 


. potatoria, often very common as larvae. 

. quercifolia, larvae uncommon, a few imagines at light.* 
. pavonia, common on the heaths, also larvae. 

. binaria, common as larvae. 

. cultraria, uncommon as larvae. 

. faleatraria, common as larvae. 

. lacertinaria, common as larvae. 

. glaucata, common as larvae. 


strigula, larvae common, imagines at light.* 


. confusalis, several at sugar.* 
. rubricollis, uncommon as larvae and few imagines on the wing.* 


mundana, fairly common. 


. senex, uncommon. 
. mesomella, common as larvae. 

. miniata, common at light. 

. quadra, few larvae and imagines each year.* 


deplana, common at light.* 
griseola, common.* 
lurideola, common. 


. complana, common. 


sorocula, fairly common.* 


. jacobaeae, abundant. 


lubricipeda, very common. 
lutea, common. 


. mendica, uncommon. 


sannio, common. 


. fuliginosa, very common. 


plantaginis, 2 only. 
caja, common. 
avellana, a few each year. 


. asella, not very common a few each year. 


trifolii, common. 

lonicerae, common. 

filipendulae, not uncommon. 
statices, uncommon. 

apiformis, larvae always obtainable. 


flaviventris, larvae on sallows. 


. vespiformis, larvae common and always obtainable. 
. culiciformis, larvae common and always obtainable. 
. sphegiformis, larvae uncommon. 


. pyrina, larvae uncommon. 
. cossus, larvae always to be found.* 


. humuli, common. 

. sylvina, common. 

. hecta, common. 

. fusconebulosa, common. 

. lupulina, very common. 

. nigrum, common at sugar.* 

. tritici, common at sugar and variable.* 
. sgetum, very common. 

. clavis, common at sugar.* 

. puta, abundant at sugar. 


191 


192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


. exclamationis, very common at sugar, very variable. 
. ypsilon, common at sugar. 
varia, common on the heaths. 
porphyrea, common at sugar. 
augur, uncommon at sugar. 
brunnea, uncommon at sugar, larvae common. 
mendica, common and variable at sugar, larvae common. 
. rubi, abundant. 
. plecta, abundant. 
. agathina, few at sugar, larvae on the heaths. 
glareosa, few each year.* 
. castanea, at light and sugar, also as larvae, very variable forms. 
baja, more common as larvae than imagines. 
. c-nigrum, abundant. 
ditrapezium, uncommon at sugar, also as larvae. 
triangulum, uncommon at sugar, larvae common. 
stigmatica, common at sugar, also larvae. 
. sexstrigata, uncommon at sugar. 
. xanthographa, abundant. 
. putris, very common at sugar. 
. prasina, scarce, few at sugar. 
rubricosa, common at Sallows. 
. typica, not uncommon at sugar.* 
comes, common. 
orbona, uncommon at sugar, few larvae. 
janthina, uncommon at sugar. 
. interjecta, common at sugar. 
. pronuba, abundant. 
. fimbriata, common at sugar, also common as larvae. 
umbra, few on wing over heaths.* 
. maritima, few on wing over heaths.* 
. myrtilli, abundant on heath. 
. brassicae, common. 
. persicariae, not uncommon. 
. hepatica, few at sugar more as larvae.* 
nebulosa, common as imago and larvae. 
. oleracea, common. 
pisi, scarce, a few larvae. 
nana, common. 
trifolii, not uncommon at sugar. 
w-latinum, common at sugar, also larvae. 
suasa, scarce.* 
thalassina, common at sugar. 
contigua, not uncommon at sugar, few larvae.* 
bicoloraria, common. 
. bicruris, common over flowers at dusk.* 
rivularis, common at flowers. 
lepidea, common at flowers. 
. calcatrippe, common at sugar. 
popularis, abundant. 
. cespitis, uncommon. 
. graminis, very common at times over heath. 
. gothica, abundant on sallows, also larvae and pupae. 


COAA MARR TRATRVZSQOVWSSPRNSSSSSHsSQOSS SSSR EE EEPROOOGCOANH DS 


THE NEW FOREST THAT WAS 193 


miniosa, a few nests of larvae each year.* 

cruda, very common as larvae, pupae and imagines. 

stabilis, very common as larvae, pupae and imagines. 

populeti, uncommon on sallows. 

incerta, very common as larvae, pupae and imagines. 

munda, very common as larvae, pupae and imagines. 

advena, uncommon on sallows.* 

. gracilis, common especially as larvae with very variable forms. 


WS. OO 610 6 ore 


flammea, common amongst pines. 
pallens, abundant. 

impura, abundant. 

straminea, uncommon at sugar and light. 
pudorina, common at sugar. 

comma, not uncommon at sugar. 
lithargyria, very common. 

conigera, very common. 


. . 


il oll oil oll oll ill) 


s 


. turca, scarce, few at sugar. 

anomala, not uncommon on the heaths.* 

typhae, 2 only at light.* 

. trigrammica, very common with some rich forms. 
morpheus, common. 

. alsines, not uncommon at sugar. 

blanda, common, especially at flowers. 

clavipalpis, common at sugar. 

exigua, immigrant, most years.* 

. scabruscula, common at sugar. 


smu 


FPAQAD 


lithoxiaea, very common at sugar. 

sublustris, uncommon at sugar. 

monoglypha, very common with melanic forms. 
crenata, common at sugar and light. 

. sordens, common. 

infesta, uncommon at sugar.* 

. remissa, not uncommon at sugar. 

. secalis, very common and variable. 

. ypsilon, not uncommon as larvae, few imagines at sugar.* 


. 


strigilis, common. 

latruncula, uncommon. 

fasciuncula, common at sugar. 
literosa, scarce at sugar. 
furuncula, not uncommon at sugar. 
testacea, very common. 

lucipara, very common at sugar. 
meticulosa, very common. 

matura, not uncommon. 


HVA VuVVO DR BPR aBDD 


oculea, not uncommon. 

micacea, common over blossoms.* 

flavago, common as larvae, few imagines at light. 
oo, scarce, few larvae and 3 imagines. 

pyralina, not uncommon at sugar.* 

affinis, not uncommon at sugar. 

trapizina, very common and variable. 

. retusa, uncommon at sugar. 


DAUOaME 


NA 


194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 


. subtusa, scarce, 4 only at sugar. 
tenebrata, uncommon by roadsides. 
pyramidea, common at sugar. 

. tragopogonis, common at sugar. 

R. ferriginea, not uncommon at sugar. 
M. maura, common at dusk by streams.* 
C. perla, uncommon. 


bb UN 


M. alpium, scarce, but found as larvae and few imagines.* 
A. leporina, not uncommon as larvae and imagines at light.* 
A. aceris, uncommon, but a few larvae and 1 imago at rest. 


A. megacephala, very common as larvae. 


15/VIII/1963 


A. alni, scarce, but found as larvae and few imagines at sugar.* 


A. tridens, not uncommon as larvae and imagines at rest. 


A. psi, common, especially at rest. 
A. rumicis, common at sugar, larvae also common. 


C. ligustri, not common but found as larvae, few at sugar. 


C. umbratica, uncommon, at light and at rest. 
C. asteris, few larvae, one year only. 

C. verbasci, common as larvae. 

L. semibrunnea, common at sugar.* 

C. ornitopus, very common at sugar.* 

xX. exsoleta, few at sugar each year. 

xX. vetusta, uncommon at sugar.* 

xX. areola, very common, mostly at rest. 

B. sphinx, some years abundant.* 


B. viminalis, uncommon, but a few each year at sugar. 


A. lutulenta, common at sugar. 
A. nigra. common most years at sugar. 


A. oxyacanthae, very common at sugar, very variable, larvae common. 


C. aprilina, very common, especially as pupae. 
E. adusta, uncommon at sugar. 
P. suspecta, uncommon at sugar.* 


D. eremita, very common, mostly on ripe fruit and berries. 


E. transversa, common at sugar, very variable. 
I. croceago, scarce, 4 only in dry foliage. 

. rubiginea, twice only on sallows in spring.* 
. lunosa, very common at light. 

. lota, common. 

. macilenta, common. 

cicellaris, abundant. 


helvola, very common, ripe fruit and berries. 
. litura, uncommon, few each year at sugar. 


citrago, scarce, few at sugar. 
aurago, not uncommon on ripe berries. 
lutea, not uncommon on fruit and berries. 


. 


. vaccinii, very common at sugar. 
. ligula, common at sugar.* 
. fagana, very common as larvae.* 


pee eee ee 


lychnidis, very common, more at light than sugar. 


. prasinana, very common as larvae, especially in Autumn. 


xerampelina, found commonly as larvae, few as imagines.* 


icteritia, very common, especially as larvae in sallow catkins. 
. gilvago, very common as larvae in seeds of Wych Elms. 


THE NEW FOREST THAT WAS 


N. reveyana, common around oaks and yews. 
L. fasciana, very common. 

E. uncula. common in the marshes.* 

E. nupta, common at sugar. 

C. sponsa, common at sugar.* 

E. mi, scarce on the heath. 


E. glyphica, often seen by roadsides. 
coryli, very common, especially as larvae. 


caeruleocephala, very common as larvae, also at light.* 


C. 

if: 

P. moneta, common as larvae. 

P. chrysitis, very common at dusk. 

P. festucae, a few each year over fiowers at dusk.* 
P. iota, each year over flowers. 

P. pulchrina, not uncommon at flowers. 

P. gamma, abundant immigrant. 

U_ trigemina, uncommon at flowers. 

U. triplasia, common at dusk. 

A. luctuosa, common at times over heath. 

L. pastinum, uncommon, but a few every year.* 
R. sericealis, very common in wet areas. 

P. viridaria, very common over heaths. 

S. libatrix, common, especially as larvae. 

B. fontis, not uncommon.* 

H. proboscdalis, very common. 

H. rostralis, common. 

Z. tarspennalis, not uncommon. 

H. barbalis, some every year. 

Z. nemoralis, common. 

L flexula, common at dusk. 

A. parthenias, common every year. 

A. notha, uncommon. 

A. 
e 
H. p 
cE: 
i. 
C. 


aescularia, very common at rest, very variable. 


pruinata, common over the heaths. 
apilionaria, very common, especially as larvae. 
einer common at light. 
aestivaria, very common. 
viridata, uncommon.* 
H. immaculata, common most years. 
I. lactearia, common at dusk. 
C. amata, abundant, 
C. pendularia, common, beaten from foliage. 
C. orbicularia, uncommon, beaten from foliage. 
S. annulata, a few, one year only. 
C. porata, not uncommon at dusk. 
C. punctaria, uncommon. 
C. linearia, uncommon. 
S. immitaria, very common. 
S. emutaria, scarce, 3 only at dusk. 
S. lactata, not uncommon, freely taken at dusk. 
S. muricata, not uncommon in boggy areas.* 
S. dimidiata, common at times. 
S. seriata, common. 


S. subsericeata, uncommon, a few one year only at dusk. 


195 


196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


BORA RAAWAH TATA HAOVNOQVO PRP RP SPP ss SUV VV SEE RPQNNS MMH Aan 


. straminata, not seen every year but common in 1929. 
. aversata, common. 
. biselata, common at dusk always. 


. quadrifasciata, uncommon. 

. ferrugata, common. 

. spadicearia, common. 

. designata, fairly common. 

. montanata, common and variable. 
. fluctuata, common. 


. obstipata, immigrant rare.* 

. pectinaria, common, beaten from foliage. 

. multistrigaria, freely kicked up from the heaths. 
. didymata, scarce, 9 only, all taken at dusk. 


badiata, very common late dusk. 


. derivata, not uncommon by hedgerows. 
. albicillata, not uncommon. 
. affinata, a few kicked up on the heath. 


alchemillata, 2 only at dusk. 


. flavofasciata, common by sides of open pasture. 
. bifasciata, common in open places. 
. rubidata, not uncommon. 


. bilineata, abundant. 
. procellata, common where Clematis occurs. 
. virgata, usually kicked up across the heath. 


. ocellata, not uncommon. 

. suffumata, scarce, only twice late dusk. 
. corylata, common, especially as larvae. 
. silaceata, not uncommon. 


prunata, often beaten out. 
testata, very common over the heaths. 
mellinata, not frequent but found near small holdings. 


fulvata, common by hedgerows at dusk. 


. rubiginata, common near old orchards at dusk. 
. siterata, uncommon, but a few each year. 


miata, common, often taken late in the year. 
truncata, common. 
citrata, common, also as larvae. 


. obeliscata, very common as imagines and larvae. 
. variata, very common as imagines and larvae. 


firmata, common as imagines and larvae. 


. furcata, abundant and variable. 

. coerulata, common as larvae and imagines in alder swamps. 
. ruberata, scarce, 3 only at dusk. 

. dubitata, common. 

. cervinalis, uncommon, but some every year. 

. undulata, usually taken when beating sallows. 


hastata, very common amongst birch. 
rivata, common. 


. alternata, common always. 


galliata, common at times where bedstraw grows freely. 


. legatella, not common a couple of larvae and 4 imagines only.* 
. plagiata, common as larvae and imagines. 


DOP SONOS eee PP SSP PPPs sePooospooocorzemame 


THE NEW FOREST THAT WAS 197 


. efformata, commonly kicked up in rough places. 

. vitalbata, common at dusk along hedgerows. 

. tersata, not uncommon at dusk. 

. halterata, common at rest early in year. 

. sexalata, also common at rest in early part of year. 

. clavaria, uncommon but found as larvae on mallow imagines kicked up. 
. dilutata, very common as larvae and imagines. 

. christyi, at first confused with dilutata but not uncommon. 

. plumbaria, very common over the heaths. 

. chenopodiata, common but overlooked in some wooded areas. 
. viretata, not uncommon, beaten from foliage and taken at dusk.* 
. carpinata, common at rest early in year. 

. lignata, very common over the damp heathy areas.* 

. brumata, abundant. 

. fagata, common. 

. albulata, very common at dusk. 

. murinata, often common on the wing in the sunshine. 

. flameolaria, common in the alder swamps. 

. testaceata, scarce, a few one year only. 

. nebulata, not uncommon amongst the alders. 

. sparsata, scarce, found as larvae only. 


subumbrata, not uncommon as larvae. 


. subnotata, common as larvae and imagines. 


tenuiata, very common as larvae in sallow catkins. 
haworthiata, common along hedgerows. 

linariata, common as larvae. 

pulchellata, common as larvae. 

irriguata, not uncommon amongst the oaks.* 
venosata, common. 


. absinthiata, scarce. 


goosseniata, abundant over the heaths. 


. assimilata, very common. 


centaureata, common especially as larvae. 
satyrata, common. 

castigata, very common. 

vulgata, very common. 

icterata, common, also as larvae. 
succenturiata, common. 

indigata, uncommon, few at light. 

nanata, abundant over heaths. 

abbreviata, very common and variable. 
dodoneata, found amongst the oaks and often beaten out. 
sobrinata, scarce, 3 only at light. 


. lariciata, very common. 
. tantillaria, scarce, but a few each year.* 


coronata, not uncommon amongst hedges. 
rectangulata, very common in old orchards, variable. 
pumilata, very common. 


- grossulariata, uncommon. 

. marginata, common and variable amongst sallows. 
. adustata, uncommon, but found each year. 

. distinctaria, scarce, 3 only at rest on twigs.* 

. bimaculata. not uncommon at light. 


198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


B. temerata, not uncommon at dusk by hedgerows. 

D. pusaria, common. 

D. exanthemata, common. 

E. fasciaria, common, especially as larvae; green form scarce.* 
C. margaritata, common, larvae commonly beaten. 
A. prunaria, scarce, 3 only. 

S. notata, not uncommon, beaten from undergrowth. 
S. alternata, not uncommon near sallows. 

S. liturata, common amongst pines. 

T. rupricapraia, very common. 

E. leucophaearia, very common at rest and very variable. 
E. aurantiaria, common. 

E. marginaria, common with melanic forms. 

E. defoliaria, abundant, as larvae, imagines very variable. 
A. pulveraria, uncommon, but a few each year. 
E. quercinaria, common at light. 

D. alniaria, common. 

D. fuscantaria, uncommon. 

D. erosaria, uncommon, found as larvae. 

S. bilunaria, common in two broods, also as larvae. 

S. tetralunaria, not uncommon as larvae. 

A. syringaria, common as larvae on honeysuckle. 

G. bidentata, common. 

C. pennaria, common. 

C. elinguaria, common. 

P. dolabraria, common, more so as larvae; beaten from oaks. 
O. luteolata, common, several broods. 

E. repandaria, not uncommon in damp areas. 

C. advenaria, uncommon, not seen every year.* 

P. macularia, abundant. 

O. sambucaria, very common. 

D. pilosaria, common, also larvae. 

A. hispidaria, uncommon, few at rest. 

L. hirtaria, found uncommonly at rest. 

B. strataria, common also as larvae. 

B. betularia, common also as larvae. 

M. abruptaria, common at rest. 
C. cinctaria, very common at rest on small pines.* 

C. rhomboidaria, very common and variable. 

C. lichenaria, common as larvae. 

D. ribeata, common in vicinity of yews, also as larvae.* 

A. repandata, very common and variable, larvae very common. 
A. jubata, larvae common.* 

B. roboraria, larvae very common, melanic forms at times.* 
P. punctinalis, very common at times frequent at rest.* 

E. biundularia, very common at rest. 

E. crepuscularia, very common at rest. 

E. consonaria, common at rest. 

E. extersaria, not uncommon at rest, also as larvae.* 

A. punctulata, very common at rest. 

P. hippocastanaria, abundant over heaths in two broods.* 

E. atomaria, very common on heaths.* 

B. pinaria, very common amongst pines. 


SOME NOTES ON WILTSHIRE MACROLEPIDOPTERA 199 


S. brunnearia, very common over heaths. 

I. wauaria, uncommon near small holdings. 

L. chlorosata, abundant amongst bracken. 

C. clathrata, common. 

D. fagaria, not uncommon over the heaths. 

P. strigillaria, frequently kicked up over heaths. 


Of the 93 species mentioned by Mr. Siggs in his selected list there are 
16 not to be found in my list. Amongst these there are such typically 
marsh and reed bed inhabitants as, L. favicolor, A. phragmitidis, R. 
lutosa and N. geminipuncta, there are no real marshes or reed beds in 
my area of the forest although there is a small pond where the reed mace 
grows. L. vitelina, L. albipuncta and R. sacraria are immigrants of un- 
certain appearance. Coastal species are represented by A. vestigialis, S. 
promutata, D. fascelina and C. chamomillae. E. unangulata and L. 
otregiata are distinctly local species and E. denotata ssp. jasioneata, also 
ssp. sobrinata. N. albula is very local but is indigenous to the forest. 


H. pinastri did not arrive in my part of the forest to be included in my 
list although it appeared later and became established there. 


Obviously the omission of many of these species from my list is due to 
the fact that I did not employ mercury vapour for my collecting for most 
of them are not really indigenous to the forest. 


Some Notes on Wiltshire Macrolepidoptera 
By I. R. P. HEsLop 


I beg to offer, through the medium of The Entomologist’s Record, the 
following comments on and augmentations of the Baron de Worms’s 
admirable work, The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire. Much of the infor- 
mation collected below had been embodied in my letters at the time to 
the Baron de Worms; but it would appear that the material may have been 
overlooked during the process of compilation. I have taken the oppor- 
tunity of incorporating other items from my notes, including information 
(in so far as it is not confidential) which I have from time to time 
furnished to the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, and of 
expanding the whole. 

I should mention that I was for the years 1955 to 1961, inclusive, actually 
resident in Wiltshire during term-time: though my entomological experi- 
ence of the county goes back to the early part of the first world war— 
when, on 8th June 1915, I first caught a specimen in the county, on down- 
land (as it was then) above Edington. This was my first painted lady. 

My first published record in connection with the county (Entomologist, 
June 1930, p. 141) related to the occurrence of Polygonia c-album Linn. 
in Bentley Woods in the early *twenties. Various of my own and my 
family’s subsequent treasures from the county have been figured for me 
by the late Mr. F. W. Frohawk and by Mr. A. D. A. Russwurm. 


I have noted 50 species of butterfly as occurring in Bentley Woods, 
exclusively in the period since 1940. This total appears to be surpassed 
during the present century only by the Whiteparish Woods, and by Monks- 
wood in Huntingdonshire, Great Breach Wood in Somerset (now sadly 
altered) and one of the grounds in the weald of West Sussex. 


200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


Leptidea sinapis Linn. I will deal comprehensively with my own 
experience of this species in the county, and with what I have learnt 
of its previous history. It is said to have had at one time several stations 
in the south Wiltshire woods, including Bentley Woods and Whiteparish 
Woods. It presumably became extinct in all these grounds at about the 
same time that it disappeared from the New Forest (i.e. about 1900), 
except in the Whiteparish Woods where it is said to have lingered into the 
‘twenties. 

It is possible that, as in South Devon, there may be unknown colonies 
on open rough escarpments. As regards the recent temporary re- 
colonisation of the above-mentioned woods, however, I think it is 
significant that this co-incided with the exuberance of the secondary 
growth subsequent to the felling of the high forest. In woodland localities 
in Somerset, for example, the species appears to prefer tangled and 
overgrown rides or sometimes even tunnel-like cavities through the high 
scrub. The recent clearing of the rides in one particular sector may 
therefore have been fatal to this species, although this operation had to 
be performed in the interests of the purple emperor. 


It is only recently that I have learnt that sinapis has a permanent 
station only just over the south Wiltshire boundary into Dorset. This may 
well have provided a reservoir. 


On 25th July 1945 my wife and I saw two specimens in the woods near 
Whiteparish, and took one of them which we then released. My youngest 
child. caught one, which is in her collection, in the same woods on 4th 
August 1956. 


In Bentley Woods the species made its reappearance in 1957 in which 
year Mr. R. E. Haskell, Mr. J. M. Harris and myself each made separate 
and independent observations of the wood white—a single specimen in 
each case—in this wood system. I was subsequently told that a visiting 
forestry officer had seen several there at about the same time. 


During 1958 no specimen was seen: conditions were, however, most 
inimical to observation. On 6th July 1959 (that wonderful summer) I 
caught a male wood white flying along a motor road traversing these 
woods, and then released it. 

In the autumn of 1961 I had to report that the wet summer of 1960 
and the unnaturally mild ensuing winter had between them had a detri- 
mental effect on the Lepidoptera here as elsewhere; and that for the 
second year running no specimen of the wood white had been seen in these 
woods in 1961. The secondary growth over a very large and critical area 
en bloc had been wholly destroyed in 1960. In the autumn of 1961, also, 
my employment in Salisbury ceased, thus inhibiting further continuous 
observation. 

Colias hyale Linn. In addition to the records quoted, it may be 
mentioned that this species was numerous in meadows bordering on 
Bentley Woods in 1945. 

Colias croceus Foure. It has been my experience that this species 
occurs in the neighbourhood of Salisbury, in greatly varying numbers, in 
one year out of three on the average. In the autumn of 1947 it was the 
commonest butterfly in Bentley Woods, occurring even in the deepest. 
recesses and continuing into December. The winter of 1947-48 was a 
nominal one only and was succeeded by an early and maintained spring; 
with the result that a small stock of the species was enabled to over- 


SOME NOTES ON WILTSHIRE MACROLEPIDOPTERA 201 


winter in the chrysalis stage—an almost unprecedented event in England 
for this migratory species—so that the butterfly was again on the wing in 
the spring of 1948 in this area. 


Eumenis semele Linn. A nice woodland form, not to be confused with 
the form from vestigial neighbouring heaths, used to occur actually in 
both the Bentley and Whiteparish systems of woods; but had not been 
observed in the former since 1945, nor in the latter since 14th July 1949 
(when I took a specimen). However, one was seen on the oozing branch 
of an oak in Whiteparish Woods on 24th July 1959, and another was seen 
flying in the same wood on 28th of the same month. On 21st July 1961 
I took a female in these same woods; it recalls in appearance the Lake 
District race. The insect has not reappeared in the Bentley Woods. I 
found this species very common round Tidworth in 1921. 


Maniola jurtina Linn. A fine “bleached” specimen was taken by my 
wife near Warminster on 28th July 1952. 


Aphantopus hyperantus Linn. I took a fine ab. lanceolata in the White- 
parish Woods on 16th August 1954. 


Apatura iris Linn. Since this species, largely as in this county, is being 
dealt with at great length elsewhere—my joint monograph is already in 
the hands of the publishers—I will restrict here what I say on this 
engrossing subject. Firstly, in view of the fact that the allusion to the 
dates of my observations of semi-iole and iole is not altogether clear, I 
should perhaps mention that the former was seen on 17th July 1955, and 
the latter was taken (in another wood) on 25th July 1960. Another semi- 
iole was seen on 22nd July 1958 by myself, and I took another semi-iole 
on 22nd July 1959. 


I have described three aberrations from specimens taken in Wiltshire 
(types in my own and my son’s collections). These are maximinus (see 
Entomologist, 93: 251), sari (Entomologist’s Record, 73: 58), and 
sorbioduni (ibidem). The two latter are mentioned in p. 36 of Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1961, and are figured on plate II therein. 

As regards aberrations named by other authors, my younger daughter 
has taken in the county a superb specimen of full romaniszyni Schille. 
This and all the other iris aberrations above-mentioned have been painted 
by Mr. Russwurm. 

This species is of course well-known from the Salisbury area. It is 
known also as occurring in the woods near Collingbourne. What is 
perhaps not so well known is that it exists also, though now very sparsely, 
near Warminster in the woods athwart the Wiltshire-Somerset border. 
In these woods I saw a specimen on 20th July 1952, though actually just: 
inside Somerset. On 23rd July 1958 I caught a specimen in these woods, 
this time within Wiltshire, while motoring home from Salisbury to 
Burnham-on-Sea. Stockton Wood, where I saw a specimen on 21st July 
1954, is an intermediate station. 

In 1952, consequent upon the peerless spring, the purple emperor had 
a most wonderful flight season (though not perhaps quite so good as in 
1955 when it seemed to frequent almost every copse in south Wiltshire). 
At all events a considerable movement towards the west and north 
occurred in 1952. Woods near Gillingham in Dorset were reached; and the 
species, reported that year from several woods in east Somerset, may even 
have re-established a link with a wood in central Somerset where it had 
long had an isolated colony. 


202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


It may be noted that Wiltshire is approaching the western limit of the 
range of the typical strain of the broad-leaved sallow (S. caprea), which 
limit is perhaps indicated by the aforesaid wood in central Somerset. Be- 
yond Bridgwater a form of broad-leaved sallow is again in abundance 
increasing westwards; but the leaf appears to be of coarser texture, and I 
have found it unsuitable for the purple emperor caterpillar. A. iris in 
Wiltshire and Somerset appears to constitute a distinct biological race. 

In the Salisbury area most strenuous efforts have been made to re- 
habilitate certain devastated areas by means of the planting of local 
broad-leaved sallow and also oak; and also to increase density of the 
former generally. But it is an uphill—and sometimes apparently losing— 
struggle, in these and other conservationist measures, against ignorance 
and bad faith. 

It should be mentioned that the purple emperor butterfly never be- 
comes common proportionately to the abundance of sallow. However 
(to quote my own words in a previous report), quite apart from the fact 
that we do not yet have an ecological sufficiency of broad-leaved sallow 
in certain areas, even a surplus of sallow can be an advantage as affording 
to the species a means of “escape” from various infections and also as 
furnishing an additional embarrassment to predatory birds, caterpillar- 
beaters and other pests. 


Finally, the organ of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves 
was able to report that in September 1959 Mr. Heslop “gave evidence at a 
public enquiry and the site [a leading one throughout Baron de Worms’s 
book] was therefore saved, at any rate for some time to come”. 


Limenitis camilla Linn. Hampshire, Sussex, and South Wiltshire have 
always constituted the hard core of this species’s distribution; and it seems 
likely that in our woods the species will not be affected by the recession 
that appears to have set in during the last few years from the extreme 
limits of expansion (e.g. Devon, South Wales, Salop, Nottingham) that were 
reached about between 1945 and 1950. 


There is a distinct tendency for the species to ‘“‘throw black” both in 
the Bentley and the Whiteparish Woods. I took a female advanced 
semi-nigrina in the latter on Ist August 1955. 


Nymphalis antiopa Linn. There have been a number of observations 
recently. I list all these below, though I have to state that it is to my 
regret that I have recently been advised that from and including 1959 
someone near Andover has been liberating this grand butterfly. It 
appears nevertheless that the first of these observations (1957) relates to 
a genuine natural occurrence: any of the others may do so—that is the 
tragedy of this disastrous and irresponsible practice. 

Observations—by members of a shooting party—of a certain butterfly 
in Bentley Woods, in early October 1957, can relate only to this species. 
One was seen by Mr. J. M. Harris at Winterslow in September 1959. In 
July 1961 a specimen was seen on two days, independently, in Bentley 
Woods: I myself, as I reported at the time, saw it on 4th July, on strictly 
preserved ground, and called the attention of the forestry foreman, Mr. 
McIntyre, to it: a few days later I heard—quite spontaneously—from the 
keeper, Mr. R. E. Haskell, that he had just seen a Camberwell beauty near | 
this same point. In 1961 also, one was reported from Homington. 

Incidentally, the observation on the 4th July 1961 was my third 
of this species in England. I saw one in 1916 or 1917 in County Durham, 


SOME NOTES ON WILTSHIRE MACROLEPIDOPTERA 203 


towards Newcastle, during a restricted visitation that was reported in the 
local newspapers. I took one in Gloucestershire on 12th September 1921 
(Entomologist, 54: 291). 


Nymphalis polychloros Linn. There is considerable evidence that 
since this now very rare species abandoned its principal locality in Suffolk, 
it has been trying to establish a new colony in the area within a radius 
of 15 miles from the edges of Southampton Water. The sparse Sussex 
colony probably still exists. The separate Somerset and Dorset colonisa- 
tions appear to have failed. 


The number of observations in south Wiltshire in the last few years is 
quite impressive. I did not take any of the specimens noted: they are 
my own observations unless otherwise stated. 


One at East Grimstead on 21st July 1953. One in each of the years 1954, 
1955 and 1956 in Bentley Woods. In 1956 also three or four specimens in 
the vicinity of Pepperbox Hill and Whiteparish; and one reported at 
Coombe Bissett. In 1957 one in Bentley Woods in the spring, one on 
10th July in these woods, and one on 28th July at East Grimstead. On 
6th August 1958, during a rare interlude of sunshine, I had a protracted 
view of one at East Grimstead. One reported on Buddleia at East Grim- 
stead on 7th July 1959 and on other days also. 


Aglais urticae Linn. On 5th August 1955 I saw, but did not take, an 
ab. nigra in Cowesfield Green woods. I have taken this aberration in 
Somerset. 


Polygonia c-album Linn. Probably as a means of escape from virus 
infection this species in the ‘forties took for some years to feeding on 
sallow in the Whiteparish Woods, thereby producing a particularly large 
and handsome form. It has long since reverted to its normal foodplant, 
and its normal size and appearance. On 27th July 1960, in these woods, 
my son took a dwarf specimen of ab. hutchinsoni. 

Argynnis paphia Linn. The aberration valesina appears to be scarcer 
than it used to be in south Wiltshire. For example, for a very long series 
of years I could be sure of seeing it, in certain spots, every year in the 
Bentley Woods; but I have not seen it there since 1957. I saw a specimen 
of this aberration just outside Warminster on 28th July 1952. 

My fine confluent paphia female, alluded to by Baron de Worms, had 
its portrait painted for me by Mr. Frohawk in 1942. 

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. Both in Wiltshire and in Somerset there are 
woodland localities for this species. 

While the species occurred at several points in the Bentley Woods 
system in the ’twenties, more intensive draining followed by several years 
of drought caused its total disappearance in the ’thirties. Nevertheless a 
colony has now been re-established for many years on the eastern (Hamp- 
shire) side. On the extreme western side (Wilts.) it reappeared in 1955 
and was seen each year, sometimes in numbers, until it disappeared 
after the drought of 1959 (in which year only three specimens were seen). 

In 1958 the species was flying well into July. 

Hamearis lucina Linn. I know it of course from its numerous familiar 
localities. But on 2nd June 1961 I was astonished to see and take a 
specimen in the garden of Cleveland School, Salisbury, a site well sur- 
rounded by houses. I can suppose only that it came from some locality 
on the nearby railway embankment. 

Thecla betulae Linn. This species used to have a station, in which I 


204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


collected larvae, in Bentley Woods. But the blackthorn at that point has 
since been completely destroyed. The insect may well still exist else- 
where in this vicinity. 

Thecla quercus Linn. In 1958 I observed a specimen of this species in 
Bentley Woods so late as 25th September. In 1959 several specimens of 
this species were observed flying on 9th September. 

Strymonidia pruni Linn. A specimen has been taken in south Wiltshire. 
I was told the exact locality. 

Celastrina argiolus Linn. In 1960 this was in far greater numbers than 
for many years. 

Thymelicus lineola Ochs. It probably exists in many parts of Wilt- 
shire among the population of ‘‘small skippers”, but cannot be recognised 
without capture. A test count in 1957 in one locality in south Wiltshire 
revealed it to be in the proportion of 1:5 to Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. 

It was in the marshes of the Thames estuary, about 1888, that this 
species was first recognised to be English. For a long time thereafter it 
was thought to be confined to Kent, Essex and the Fenlands. Butt 
myself discovered and recorded it as follows: in 1926 in Hampshire and 
in Hertfordshire; in 1927 in Surrey; in 1928 in Dorset and in south 
Wiltshire; and in 1929 in Somerset. All these observations, the results of 
a deliberate investigation, were recorded in The Entomologist. The 
species has since been found to occur in most of the south-midland and 
east-midland counties. Quite recently it was observed to be common on 
Pepperbox Hill; and it has also been reported near Westbury. 

Panaxia dominula Linn. From a batch of twelve larvae taken in the 
Avon valley near Salisbury on 1st May 1957, there emerged on 9th June 
1957 an extreme melanic aberration. See Proc. S. London ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1958, p. 31, and Plate II, fig. 4. The other nine examples which 
emerged from this batch were normal. 

Catocala fraxini Linn. At 10.50 am. on Monday, 8th August 1955, I 
put up in an aspen thicket in Whiteparish Woods a large insect which at 
first sight I thought to be a purple emperor. I chased it for a few yards, 
recognising as I did so what it was. It then settled on the bole of an 
ash, in a position awkward for the net, and disclosing the blue of the 
hind wings. Before I could manoeuvre to strike, it slipped off sideways 
and careered away. 

Catocala sponsa Linn. One was found by the Keeper at rest on an oak- 
tree in Bentley Woods in 1957. 

Catocala promissa Schiff. This species was reported to me several 
times from the Bentley and Whiteparish systems of woods, e.g. in 1957 
from both. It was seen by me in Whiteparish Woods in 1955. 

“Belfield”, Burnham-on-Sea, 
Somerset. 28th April 1963. 


Notes and Observations 


A YELLOW PIERID IN LEIGHTON BuzzaRp.—On the morning of 15th June 
this year, outside the council offices at Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, I 
saw a pierid butterfly (probably P. rapae L. or P. napi L.) of the yellow 
form. It was a uniform clear yellow and was clearly visible for about 
thirty seconds, but having no net at the time, I was unable to capture it 
or to ascertain definitely the sex or species.—TERENCE F. KNIGHT, 20 Cut- 
cliffe Grove, Bedford. 16.vii.1963. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 205 


HADENA CAESIA BORKH. IN W. SCOTLAND.—H. caesia was first recorded for 
Scotland by Dr. J. L. Campbell, who took five specimens at light in his 
island of Canna in 1952. Later, Professor J. W. Heslop-Harrison recorded 
larvae from Papadil in Rhum, but search there by the Nature Conservancy 
Warden, Mr. P. Wormell, has not revealed any more. Obviously it had 
to be elsewhere, and my wife and I have visited the area during the 
last three years with the intention of looking for the larvae, as this moth 
needs to be bred to be seen in its true glory. Dr. Campbell was good 
enough to give me two caught specimens from his series, and also to show 
us the main foodplant area in Canna, 11.viii.60. Though we had only 
one hour to spare, we were lucky enough to find one small larva and to 
breed three others from a small bunch of Silene which we brought away 
with us. These all duly produced moths which were very unlike any 
caesia we had seen from any other locality. They were iron-grey with a 
very liberal speckling of orange, so much so that they closely resembled 
in colouring A. xanthomista. The same year we also bred one larva from 
Silene gathered at Rubha Hunish in the north of Skye. The resulting 
moth was iron-grey but lacked the orange speckling. This now becomes 
the most northerly record for the British Isles. 


We revisited Skye in August 1961 hoping to find more, as one specimen, 
or even four, could hardly be regarded as a criterion of form. We had no 
success, however, either in the original spot or in any others, and accessible 
foodplant is none too easy to find there, being mostly situated at the foot 
of sheer cliffs. Our failure may have been due to the extreme lateness 
of the season, as Dr. Campbell was taking moths on Canna towards the 
end of our stay on Skye, and generator failure on the only possible night 
spoiled an attempt in the one accessible spot we could find. 


In 1962 we were very pleased to take two larvae in the north of Mull, 
a new record for the island. The first of these emerged, 6.vii.63, and 
seems closer in colouring to Isle of Man specimens, though the Canna 
orange is still noticeable. 


On a one-day visit to Rhum in April 1963 I was pleased to find a very 
worn specimen of H. caesia in an extremely comprehensive local collec- 
tion which has been got together during the last few years by Mr. Peter 
Wormell. It was taken in his trap at Kinloch, 27.vii.62.—AvustTIN 
RICHARDSON, Beaudesert Park, Minchinhampton, Glos. 10.vii.63. 


NEw REcORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FOR THE ISLE OF RHUM. — During the 
summer of 1962 I spent the week lst-6th July at Papadil on the southern 
side of Rhum making a general collection of insects. I was particularly 
keen to confirm the presence of Hadena caesia, recorded previously by 
Professor J. W. Heslop-Harrison in the form of larvae from cushions of 
Silene maritima on sea cliffs on this coast of the island. The weather 
throughout my stay was cold and generally cloudy; insect life was scarce 
for the time of year. A careful search for Hadena was made both by day 
and at night but without success. 

However, on my return to Kinloch the 150 watt Tungsten lamp trap 
set up beside the White House yielded, on the night of 27th July 1962, a 
moth which has now been verified by Mr. A. Richardson as Hadena caesia 
(Borkh.). It may be noted that the nearest plants of S. maritima are 
several miles distant. 


Other species obtained during the past three years for which there 


206 ENTOMOLOGIS%?’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


appear to be no previous published record for Rhum are:— 


Anaplectoides prasina (Fabr.). One in the trap on 19th July 1962. 

Callimorpha jacobaeae (Linn.). A male in very good condition on Monadh 
Dubh on 7th June 1962. 

Orthosia munda (Esp.). One in the trap on 26th April 1963. 

Aporophyla nigra (Haw.). Single specimens in the trap on 16th and 23rd 
September 1960; another found dead in the White House on 5th 
October 1961 (verified by Mr. Richardson). 

Petilampa minima (Haw.). Several in the trap on 16th and 23rd July and 
6th August 1962. (In a letter to me, dated 22nd March 1958, Pro- 
fessor J. W. Heslop-Harrison had reported this species to be present 
in Glen Guiridil and on the limestone of Monadh Dubh.) 

Orthonama lignata (Hubn.). One in the trap on 4th August 1962. 


P. WORMELL. 11.v.1963. 


HaBits OF LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA MeEtTcaLFre.—Thanks to information 
provided by a friend I was able on 25th May last, with Mr. J. L. Messenger 
and Lieutenant Colonel J. B. L. Manley, to visit one of Hampshire localities 
for this interesting species. We came to what we judged to be suitable 
ground in a damp ride full of rush and wild mint at about 5.30 p.m., in 
sunny and fairly warm conditions; but after an hour’s beating and search- 
ing we had seen nothing of our quarry. We therefore adjourned for 
dinner and returned about 9.15 p.m., at early dusk. Almost at once a 
fresh L. otregiata was caught flying in one of the cross rides, and a few 
minutes later we found a spot by a small stream where they were 
numerous. But this dusk flight was soon over, and thereafter, with a 
clearing sky and falling temperature, only a few scattered ones were seen 
up to the time we left at 11 p.m. with a bag of 23 between us. We saw 
none at rest, and there were no flowers to attract them. Their straight, 
quick flight seemed very distinctive, but their dusky grey colour made 
them hard to follow even in the beam of a paraffin lamp. Almost all we 
took were males in fine condition: there was, I think, only one female 
among them. The only likely foodplant seemed to be the Bog Bedstraw 
(Galium uliginosum), which was locally abundant where the moths were 
flying. On this particular ground L. otregiata was the dominant species: 
the only other moths seen there after dark were two L. suffumata Schiff., 
a few Opisthograptis luteolata L., Colostygia pectinitaria Knoch and 
Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck, and a single Celama confusalis H-S. 


The single female L. otregiata died next day after laying only three 
eggs. These duly hatched on 4th June. At first they were offered Cleavers 
(Galium aparine), which they appeared to nibble; but when on the third 
day Heath Bedstraw (G. saxatile) was put into the tin they at once trans- 
ferred to it, concentrating on the blossoms. They fed up very fast and by 
22nd June were about 2? inch long: purplish green, with darker v-markings 
along the back, and very sluggish and disinclined to move about. On 26th 
June all three had disappeared for pupation, and the moths—two males 
and one female—emerged on 12th, 13th and 15th July. In the wild the 
second brood is said not to appear before August. I suspect that the 
much shorter lifecycle in captivity was due to the fact that, being indoors; 
the larvae were protected from low ground temperatures at night, which 
must be frequent in their native haunts—R. F. BRETHERTON, Ottershaw. 
16.vii.63, 


CURRENT LITERATURE 207 


SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY IN SURREY.—A listener to the B.B.C. 
programme “Country Questions”, Mrs Barbara Furlong of Redhill, Surrey, 
reported a swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon L. in her garden on the 
outskirts of the town on 22nd June 1963. 

The record was discussed by the programme team on 14th July and 
Dr. Ernest Neal considered that it was probably an escape from captivity, 
rather than an immigrant from the continent. However, it seems to me 
equally likely to have been a genuine immigrant and worth recording. 
Mr R. A. French tells me that to date he has received no other records of 
possibly immigrant machaon. — J. F. Burton, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., B.B.C. 
Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. 

In the absence of the insect in question, the race cannot be ascertained, 
but this would have been the key to the question of native or immigrant.— 
ED. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CoO. KERRY.—Between 27th April and 2nd May, I spent 
a few days on holiday at Killarney, Co. Kerry. During my visit I was 
impressed by the abundance of some species of butterflies as compared 
with what I have become used to in England. I noted the following 
species: Anthocharis cardamines L., common between Millstreet and Kil- 
larney; Gonepteryx rhamni L., one male on the Muckross Estate, Killarney, 
27th April; Pieris napi L., numerous everywhere; Nymphalis io L., very 
common around Killarney, in the course of a two and a half hour jauntin’ 
car trip around the lakes I saw at least fifty; Aglais urticae L., several 
noted around Killarney. 

Local people complained that last winter was the worst in living 
memory, but they had apparently had only a few days of continuous snow 
cover!—J. F. Burton, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., B.B.C. Natural History Unit, 
Broadcasting House, Bristol 8. 


Current Literature 


The Physiology of Mosquitoes. By A. N. Clements. ix + 393 pp. and 
90 figures and 6 plates of photos. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1963. Price, 
£4, 

This is an admirable condensation of the literature relative to the 
study of the physiology of mosquitoes. The author has already proved 
his competence in the field and laboratory with publications on original 
work, from 1946. He has now shown his ability to assimilate the know- 
ledge obtained by the large number of students of the Culicidae and to 
select the essentials for the production of a work which will remain as the 
standard text book for many years, a boon to students throughout the 
world. This monograph is a balanced study of function and behaviour in 
the mosquitoes. Although great advances in knowledge were made from 
studies based on experiments carried out for convenience in laboratories, 
the author does not overlook the work done in the field. His closing 
sentence should not be forgotten for it can be applied to all entomology: 
“A complete analysis for any species has yet to be made and it is clear 
that such an investigation will have to be made under field conditions 
owing to the abnormal behaviour of mosquitoes in the laboratory”. To 
the amateur field naturalist, it is a relevation of the complexity of small 
insects in their ‘make-up’, function and behaviour. 


208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


The 16 chapters deal with the egg, larval nutrition, excretion, and 
respiration, osmotic and ionic regulation of body fluids, growth and meta- 
bolism, circulatory system, survival and longevity, adult feeding, adult 
nutrition and metabolism, reproduction, sense organs, diapause, behaviour 
of larvae and pupae, control of adult activity, flight behaviour, host 
seeking behaviour and reproductive behaviour. The plates are of 18 
electron microphotos, repeated form Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene. 
163 species and varieties are mentioned in the text, listed and indexed 
with subdivisions in subjects. The main subject index covers both text 
and figures. There is an excellent list of references up to 1962 and also 
an index to the 632 authors mentioned in the book. 


A well planned book, excellently compiled and nicely produced, a 
worthy addition in the Pergamon Press series of Monographs.—L. 
PARMENTER. 


Current Notes 


THE NEW FOREST: I too, like your correspondent, Dr. Birkett, was 
surprised when I was told by Captain Jackson that the Forestry Com- 
mission were issuing licences against payment of one pound for collecting 
insects in the New Forest. I first collected in the New Forest as a school- 
boy in 1921 and I have been collecting there ever since. During all that 
period I have never done any damage, dropped any litter or been ap- 
proached by any servant of the Commission. It had always seemed to me 
that I was engaged upon a harmless hobby on public (i.e. belonging to 
the Nation) open space. But during the same period I have seen the 
Commission drain the bogs and destroy the flowers and cut down the 
oaks, all to plant conifers (to provide timber of packing-case quality) 
and do more damage to the ecology and beauty of the Forest than all the 
collectors in the world could do in a hundred years. I cannot, therefore, 
believe that it is a desire to preserve that has moved them. If, as the ~ 
Editor suggests, it is an instruction to make the New Forest “pay”, why 
not open a New Forest amenity account to which I and many others 
would be pleased to subscribe (as we do to the National Trust)? It is the 
licence rather than the payment to which I object and, until a satis- 
factory explanation has been given, I shall continue to collect in the 
Forest and take the consequences. 

I don’t, however, have much hope that entomologists can divert the 
Commission from its beaurocratic actions. We are a mild and undemon- 
strative crowd and sadly lack teeth. What a tragedy that Dr. Birkett’s 
famous relative is no longer alive to add the scalp of the Forestry Com- 
mission to that of the Corporation of Manchester who cast its eyes on 
the water of the Lake District and retired discomfited under Lord Bir- 
kett’s attack.—R. P. DrEMuTH, Watercombe House, Oakridge. Glos., 
24.vii.1963. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (113) 


which had not been touched and was, therefore, stiil intact. A close 
search of the whole area, however, only revealed some twenty larvae 
(C.-H.). 


[(Ullyett (1880, Rambles of a Naturalist round Folkestone, 37), says in 
reference to Folkestone Warren, that many scores of the caterpillars and 
moths, apparently from Kingsdown, have been turned down there, but 
that no dominula has ever been bred from them).] 


VaRIATION.—Kettlewell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1942-43 (1): 
8) states that dominula from the Kingsdown colony “can in most cases 
be recognised from those from other localities’; and adds that “In many 
ways it can be compared with North French dominula with which un- 
doubtedly it had fairly recent connections’. He explains (in litt.) that “the 
majority of dominula occurring at Kingsdown are somewhat smaller and 
have narrower,wings than those from, let us say, the river Test. Secondly, 
a large number of individuals have a mark in the central position of the 
hindwings which varies from a diffuse yellowish spot to a minute black 
dot. Breeding experiments which I did, showed that this was in no way 
associated with f. medionigra. Thirdly, the white anal spot on the fore- 
wing frequently tends to be uncinate’”’. 


Watson (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 44) exhibited a series 
from Deal, “approaching brunnescens Kettlewell’; Kershaw (Proc. S. 
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1953-54: 33) exhibited ab. bimacula Cockayne, 
Kent, bred from ova; and Kettlewell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1942-43 (1) 28 et seq.) includes the following abs. from Kent: illustris 
Kettlewell; juncta Cockayne; flavomarginata Kettlewell. 


The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—privata Kettlewell, one, “Woolwich, 
1889, Smart’; basinigra Cockayne, Deal, one, 1938, one, 1940, both bred; 
trans ad basinigra Cockayne, several; paucimacula Schultz, one, “Dover 
bred, 29/7/07”; albomarginata Kettlewell, one, Kingsdown, bred 1942; 
flavoconferta Reich, numerous; hamelensis Pfluemer, three, Kingsdown, 
bred 1942; lutea Staudinger, seventy-eight, many bred, dated 1909, 1915, 
1923, 1926; conferta Schultz, six, bred; diluta Kettlewell, several, including 
holotype, Deal, ex larva, 1937; crocea Scholtz, two; junctasuffusa Kettle- 
well, one, taken St. Margaret’s Bay, 1882; brunnescens Kettlewell, a few, 
including holotype, Kingsdown, bred 1940, ex wild larva; trans ad brun- 
nescens Kettlewell, several; nigra Spuler, one, “Deal, 1884, S. Smith” 
(Barrett, Br. Lep., 2, plt. 70, fig. le); ab., having ground colour of hind- 
wing pale cream, and forewing spots white, Kingsdown, 1883, J. Sorrel. 
Also, several remarkable asymmetrical and pathological specimens. 

First RecorD, 1766: “The best place to obtain this Caterpillar, is at 
Charlton, in Kent, down in the Chalk Dell, near the halfway house to 
Woolwich; and on beating the nettles which grow on tne sides of banks, 
or other eminences, they will roll down in plenty” (Harris, Aurelian, 75). 
“IT did once pick up one at Erith, in Kent, and I endeavoured to discover 
some more, but searched in vain for some time” (Harris, op. cit., 80). 


1This species, because of its attractiveness, the ease with which the larvae can 
be collected and, above all, its extreme localisation, has suffered perhaps 
more than any other local Kentish lepidopteron. Recently, the removal 
from the classic Kingsdown colony of almost every larva, and the un- 
fortunate attempt to establish it elsewhere, must be greatly deplored by 
all who value our native fauna. It is, therefore, earnestly hoped that 
entomologists will be careful to give the few survivors at Kingsdown, 
every opportunity to increase in numbers. 


(114) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ VIII/1963 


SYNTOMINAE 
[Syntomis phegea L.: Nine-spotted. 
Suspected vagrant. 
Apparently authentic, and the only known British occurrence. 


8. One taken by J. G. Batchelor, and recorded by W. H. Tugwell 
(Entomologist, 7: 89), who fully vouches for the bona fides of the captor, 
and quotes from a letter from him as follows: “I took it on the coast, 
between Folkestone and Dover, on the wing, about half-past twelve o’clock, 
July 24, 1872, weather bright and hot... .’ Webb (1891) includes the 
species with the remark: “Below the cliff”. The specimen, which was 
exhibited by Tugwell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1885: 6), was 
later purchased at the Tugwell coll. sale by E. R. Banks for £3 
(Entomologist, 29: 60), and is now in the Br. Mus., S. Kensington (C.-H.)] 


NOCTUIDAE 


AGROTINAE 


Actinotis polyodon Clerck (perspicillaris L.): Purple Cloud. 
Immigrant. 


8. Reinden Wood, <¢, taken at sugar by E. W. Brown, June 4, 1892 
(Ent. Rec., 3: 159; Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 26; Proc. S. Lond. 
ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1926-27: 102). 

[(One, “at Ashford in Kent” (Young Nat., 1 (29), 231), is almost cer- 
tainly an error for the one taken at Ashford, Hants., exhibited by Hawker 
at Entomological Society of London in May 1855)]. 

First REcorD, 1892: Reinden Wood, near Folkestone (Brown, Ent. Rec., 
3: 159). 


Euxoa cursoria Hufn.: Coast Dart. 
Immigrant? 


8. Dover.—d, taken by G. H. Youden in m.v. trap in his garden, August 
6, 1957. I have examined the specimen, and there is no doubt at all that 
it is cursoria; it is a rather large example of al. expanse 37 mm., is in good 
condition, and is referable to ab. mixta Fab. (C.-H.). 

[(The species has been erroneously recorded from Kent in the past 
owing to confusion with E. tritici L. Thus, Tutt (Entomologist, 18: 95) 
states: “I took some very extreme and beautiful forms of A. cursoria [at 
Deal, in August 1884], some closely resembling the Shetland forms”. This 
he corrected at some length (in Br. Noct., 2: 20, 26-27) as follows: “My 
Kent specimens are purely and simply cursoria-like varieties of tritici .. .”; 
and remarked (in Entomologist, 23: 143) that the reticulated form of tritici 
without pale costa is often mistaken for cursoria. The following records 
are very probably based upon wrong determination: Kent coast 
(Zoologist, 4484) (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1912-13: 134); Rams- 
gate neighbourhood (Entomologist, 23: 140); Greenwich; Deal (V.C.H. 
(1908)).] 

First (CONFIRMED) RECORD, 1957: Dover (G. H. Youden). 


E. nigricans L.: Garden Dart. 

Native. Gardens, marshes, cultivated and waste places; foodplant 
unrecorded. Found in all divisions, but with seemingly a preference for 
low-lying areas. 

The species was noted in abundance during the 19th century, par- 


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209 


A Code of Entomological Nomenclature 
FRANK BALFOUR-BROWNE, M.A., F.R.S.E. 
Formerly Professor of Entomology at the Imperial College, London. 


I have long retired from active life and it was only because a friend 
brought to my notice a book by Theodore Savory entitled “Naming the 
Living World” that my interest in the subject of nomenclature was re- 
awakened. This book attracted me because of the simple way in which 
the subject is handled. Having read it I sought out a book published in 
1961 entitled “International Code of Zoological nomenclature” in which 
there was a Code which had been adopted at a meeting of the Zoological 
Congress in 1958. I had had this book from shortly after the date of its 
publication, but after looking through it I had put it aside as being too 
long and too difficult to understand. The history of attempts to create 
an international code of nomenclature dates back to the middle of last 
century when the British Association took the first step, and by about the 
beginning of this century, the International Congress of Zoology adopted 
a Code which was generally accepted. At each succeeding meeting of the 
Congress, amendments and additions were adopted so that the rules be- 
came more and more confused, and by 1958 things had got so bad that it 
was decided that a new code should be constructed and the production of 
this new code was handed over to the International Commission of Zoo- 
logical Nomenclature. The 1961 Code is very long, by no means simple 
and the language is legalistic which, in itself is frightening to the average 
individual. But there had been a reasonably good code in 1901 and 
doubtless because it was becoming obvious that the Congress and the 
Commission were getting nowhere with all the amendments, a party of 
graduate students and professors of Stanford University, California, after 
several years’ work, produced a book entitled ‘Procedure in Taxonomy 
in 1935”, hereinafter called the ‘1935 Code’, which reached its third 
edition in 1956. This code, based upon the 1901 code, is short, simple and 
easily understood, three requisites for any usable code of nomenclature. 
Whereas the 1961 code has 87 ‘articles’ the 1935 code has 36 and a few of 
these might be reduced to sections of some of the others, e.g., 26, 27 and 
28, could well be sections of 25, but, except for a few emendations, this 
set of rules forms a reasonable working set, at least for entomologists. 
I shall return later to the 1935 code but I have some criticisms to make on 
the 1961 effort. 


The inclusion of 87 articles has certainly tended to frighten off entomo- 
logists and probably other groups of zoologists. Many of the so-called 
articles are not rules and are of different standards of value. Why should 
“Regulations governing this Code” be of the same standing as the rules? 
Article 38 consists of a title and ‘“‘see Article 55”. From about article 66 
onwards, none of the so-called articles are of the standing of rules. In 
fact, it is a misfortune that the Commission were allowed to publish such 
a large amount of print of such little value. This code is so long that 
it would be impossible to amend it so as to make it of any value to the 
ordinary systematist for whom a code is in demand but, on the other 
hand, the 1935 code, with a few small changes, would suit all classes of 
entomological systematists as a permanent code of basic rules. 


During their gestation the rules have caused much discussion and of 
them, one often described as “the law of priority’, the basic rule of 


210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 79 15/1X/1963 


nomenclature, was the most difficult of acceptance. It is obvious that 
some one name must be the name of a genus and some one name added to 
it must be the name of a species and this remark makes it seem easy to 
agree that the first name given is to be the true name. But one of the 
difficulties which at that time became apparent was that many of the 
names in use required to be replaced and many ancient names, some- 
times more than a hundred years old, were being discovered, so that 
well-established names were being suppressed. The searching for 
earlier names became an interest with some of the younger enthusiasts 
who, lacking knowledge of the objects of nomenclature, did quite a large 
amount of damage to our lists of species. Many of us objected to the free 
use of this valuable rule of priority and one good point in the 1961 code 
is that at last even the Commissioners seem to be recognising that excep- 
tions to rules must be permitted. Thus, Francis Hemming, who was 
Secretary to the Commission and was really responsible for the 1961 code, 
makes an admission in this direction. In his article 40, “Synonymy of 
the Type-genus” he wrote “If a family-group name....has won 
general acceptance, it is to be maintained in the interests of stability”. 
Apart from the breaking of the rule of priority the mention of stability 
is unfortuate in the face of a brand new code in which earlier codes are 
treated as never having existed. 


An homonym, in biological language, is different from one in 
ordinary vernacular which the dictionary defines as “the same word used 
to denote different things” and it is the failure of those who have made 
the rules to recognise this difference that has caused some unnecessary 
changes in names. In biology the homonym is an important occurrence 
in, both generic and trivial names but the generic homonym differs from 
the specific one. The generic homonym is but one word (Art. 8. 1935 
Code “A generic name must consist of a single word’) the name of the 
genus, but the specific one is of two words, the trivial name together with 
the generic name. A genus name is complete in itself but the trivial name, 
by itself conveys nothing to anyone. Take for example the trivial name 
‘obscurus’. For anyone to say or to write that he has captured an 
‘obscurus’ is of interest to no one. There may be hundreds of obscurus 
scattered among the genera of many groups. But everyone recognises 
that Dytiscus obsciurus is a definite entity and that if obscurus is trans- 
ferred to another genus, e.g. Laccophilus obscurus, we still have an entity 
which is known to anyone interested in the group. Moreover, the name 
obscurus with the sign of the creator of the name added, conveys the 
information that Laccophilus obscurus Panzer was a species named by 
that author and the fact that there was once a Dytiscus obscurus Panzer 
indicates that the same species has passed from one genus to the other. 

For some unexplained reason it was early decided to classify homonyms 
and there were primaries which originated within a genus and secon- 
daries which were produced because a species was removed into a genus 
in which there was already a species with the same trivial name. in 
1912 “The Entomological Code”, the work of Messrs. Banks & Caudell, 
was published in Washington and the authors wrote of species homonyms 
“in case of primary homonyms the later name shall be changed, no 
matter to what genus they are now referred” but “in case of a secondary 
homonym which has had its name changed on that ground being trans- 
ferred out of the genus, its former name is to be restored”. In his 
article 59, Hemming states the rules with regard to homonyms thus :— 


A CODE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 2pE 


a. Primary homonyms. A species-group name that is a junior primary 
homonym must be permanently rejected. 

b. Secondary homonyms. A species-group name that is a junior secon- 
dary homonym must be rejected by any zoologist who believes that 
the two species-group taxa in question are congeneric. 

c. Revival of secondary homonyms. A name rejected after 1960 as a 
secondary homonym is to be restored as the valid name whenever a 
zoologist believes that the two species-group taxa in question are not 
congeneric, unless it is invalid for other reasons. 

How much more easy to understand is the same statement as made by 
Messrs. Banks & Caudell as quoted above! 

I have already stated that Hemming’s articles are of very different 
values. Some of them are rules but the majority appear to be odd items 
which occurred to him at odd moments. For instance take what he says 
about homonyms. In article 33 there appears the word ‘homonymy” in a 
sentence about incorrect spelling. Article 38 consists of five words and a 
reference thus:—‘Homonymy between family-group names.—see Art. 
55”. Article 39 mentions ‘junior homonym’ although, so far, I have found 
no definition of what an homonym is! Chapter XII is entitled 
HOMONYMY, and commences with article 52 which reads thus:—In the 
meaning of the Code, homonymy is the identity in spelling of available 
names denoting different species-group taxa within the same genus or 
objectively different taxa within the genus-group or within the family- 
group. 

When one looks at the details concerning homonyms as given in the 
1935 Code where all the necessary facts are in three short articles, 34, 35 
and 36, and compares those in the 1961 Code where the homonym is 
mentioned in about a dozen articles, one calls to mind Pooh-Bah’s famous 
justification for his contribution to a conversation with the Mikado :— 
“Merely corroborative detail intended to give artistic verisimilitude to a 
bald and unconvincing narrative”. Primary and secondary homonyms 
are not defined until article 57, and chats about homonymy continue from 
article 52 until article 60. However, I have only dealt with the subject of 
homonyms at some length as showing the lack of concise expression, a 
lack which is by no means confined to this part of the 1961 Code. The 
classification of homonyms is of no interest to the systematist, as was 
realised by those who produced the 1935 Code. 


To turn to Savory’s book, he has given an excellent history of the 
evolution of the nomenclature code, although he says nothing about its 
increasing complexity. He does, however, say that a code should be short, 
simple and easy to understand and we may take it that that isa hit at 
the 1961 complications. He directly criticises very little, but he leaves the 
reader to draw his own conclusions from odd remarks which occur now 
and again. A mystery concerns his statement as to the use of italics for 
names. He describes them as ‘an unthinking following of tradition that 
has nothing to recommend it and only a pointless irritation”. Having 
said that there is nothing to recommend it, he says a few pages on “there 
is only one recommendation which suggests the use of italics and none 
that explains why the practice is desirable’. Having thus contradicted 
himself, he gives no clue as to why the practice is undesirable... 

His statement in the preface that “words are in themselves among the 
most interesting objects of study, and the names of animals and plants are 
worthy of more consideration than biologists are inclined to give them” 


212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


is unfortunate, as etymology is no part of the work of the creator of a 
nomenclature. But his anxiety concerning the use of words crops up 
more than once in the book. He gives a whole paragraph to explain the 
difference between binominal and binomial and decides in favour of the 
former after going into Latin origins and meanings. As if any of this 
matters to the systematist! As long as there is a general understanding 
as to the meaning of a word, that is all that matters. 


He recognises that, by priority, the species-name should be known as 
the trivial name and he adopts that name but he argues about it over 
most of two pages as to whether the name should be established as the 
“specific name” or the “species-epithet” or the “binomen”, names invented 
long since Linnaeus produced the name ‘trivial’ to fit the case. The 
author’s regret at having to differ from others on this point he describes 
as cutting the Gordian knot. This anxiety about the words and the 
association with their meanings reminds me of a professor of English 
who was discovered by his wife with a pretty housemaid on his knee. 
When she said: “Oh! George, I am surprised”, he at once replied: “No, 
no, my dear, I am surprised, you are astonished”. Let us not bother 
about the possible meaning of words, but attend to the subject of nomen- 
clature. 


Savory never deliberately counters the views of others. At several 
places in the book he expresses his respect for the rule of priority, but he 
definitely accepts the view that there must be exceptions. Nowhere does 
he directly point to the incompetence of the International Commission 
but he gives two excellent examples of it. As early as page 7 he states 
that both the Zoological and the Botanical Commissions were in favour 
of ignoring the rule of priority in the case of the word ‘trivial’ and 
adopting one of the more recent names. Later (p. 84) he gives the case of 
the generic names of certain Diptera. In 1800, several genera were 
named my Merigen who, three years later, changed these names, and the 
new names became established by a number of entomologists. About one 
hundred years later, someone dug up the old names, and on the matter 
being referred to the Commission, they declared that the 1803 names must 
be suppressed! 


Our author states in the preface that “there is no doubt that the 
custom of writing the names of organisms in Latin, or in Latinised form, 
does not now recommend them to the close attention of biologists’; a 
statement which suggests that as little as possible Latin should be used 
in nomenclature. But no! His attitude is that Latin is good for 
systematists and therefore they must have it. It soon becomes evident 
that, in his opinion, nomenclature is based upon Latin grammar. He 
believes that adjectives must agree in gender with their substantive 
genus and lays it down that all names used in biology shall be in good 
Latin. When he mentions “common nouns” which can be either mascu- 
line or feminine, he appears to be annoyed by the fact that “the gender 
appears to be a ‘matter of chance’.” 


He writes: “If the name of an animal or plant is, in effect, a Latin 
phrase, it should at least be capable of translation” (p. 31). Who, among 
systematists, wishes to translate latin phrases? We are trying to get a 
stable nomenclature, an attempt which Savory approves, but we don't 
want to discuss meanings of names. Haliplus flavicollis is a water beetle 
and the trivial name translated means ‘yellow neck’. A Latin phrase 


A CODE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 213 


capable of translation. But other species of that genus also have yellow 
necks in the sense that flavicollis has, so that the translation is of no 
value to systematists. But the word, when associated with the generic 
name, does convey something definite to anyone who is dealing with 
species of that genus. 

On p. 42 is a section entitled “A first set of rules” and I expected to 
find a list of what were to be regarded as fundamental rules of nomen- 
elature. On p. 119 is a section entitled ‘The Essentials of a Code” and 
here again there is only a series of 24 paragraphs which are do’s and 
dont’s for code formation. 

The author wants stability towards which he writes “all Codes are 
directed” but he seems content to let things slide. ‘In another generation 
or more we shall almost or entirely have reached stability”. What? With 
Congress meetings at intervals where the Commissioners, like shop- 
stewards, feel that they must justify their existence? 

My experience in connection with nomenclature has been almost 
entirely concerned with entomology where, with so many amateurs, 
systematics require to be run on simple lines and I suggest that 
entomologists examine the Code put forward in 1889 at the Paris Zoo- 
logical Congress and which has been little amended in the “Procedure in 
Taxonomy” by Messrs. Schenk & McMasters and which reached its third 
edition in 1956. It requires some amendments, but it would certainly 
form a basic code, and a basic code is all that is required. 

An important point about the rules is that these rules must oul be 
basic and must not go too far into details. Even Hemming seems to have 
recognised this as, for instance in article 59, he mentions that a zoologist 
must form his own opinion as to whether a secondary homonym name 
must be rejected or restored. 

It seems probable that most systematists have given up hope of ever 
getting a stable nomenclature since the appearance of the 1961 edition, 
but if there is still sufficient interest in the subject among entomologists, 
it might be possible for some recognised body, such as the Royal 
Entomological Society, to make an official effort to establish a code based 
upon the 1935 one and simplify any difficulties there are in that code, and 
I put forward the following suggestions as a basis to start such an effort. 


1. All references to grammar, gender and Latin should be cut out and 
this could be done without much trouble. 
2. The prior name ‘trival’ should replace ‘specific name’ wherever it 
occurs. 
3. Article 14 requires to be re-written as it deals with substantives, 
adjectives, genetives and genders and I would modify it thus :— 
It is preferable, but not necessary, that the trivial name should 
have a suffix of the same apparent gender as the generic name, 
merely for the sake of appearance. There is no need to intro- 
duce such words as substantive and adjective and thus create 
the idea that Latin grammar is involved. 
4. To article 27 I would add :— 
In the interests of stability it is essential that this rule should 
not be applied where some name has been in use, and has won 
general acceptance. 
(I have avoided using the words “for a long time” after “been 
in use” as that would assuredly lead to endless argument as 
to how long a time was necessary and there will still be some 


214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


argument as to what is meant by general acceptance.) 


5. Article 19 must be strictly observed. No change in suffix of the 
trivial name is to be made under any circumstance except an error 
of transcription, a lapsus calami or a typographical error. 


6. Article 36 requires the removal of 9 words, but only in reference 
to the example given:— 


“Taenia ovilla, 1878, is suppressed as a homonym and can never 
be used again; it was stillborn and cannot be brought to life, 
even when the species is placed in another genus”. 
(I have already explained a species-homonym. It consists of 
two words, the generic name and the trivial name, so that 
there is no justification for wiping out the trivial name if it 
is transferred out of the genus where the combination made 
an homonym.) 


I sincerely hope that the blundering of the Commission and the im- 
possibility of the 1961 Code have convinced working entomologists that 
it is time that they had their own code and cut themselves off from the 
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Banks, N. & Caudell, A. N. 1912. The Entomological Code. Washington D.C. 
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1961. New Code. 
Savory, Th. 1962. Naming the Living World. English Universities Press. London. 
Schenk, T. E. & McMasters, J. H. 1956 (3rd edit.). Stanford University Press. 
Odd Papers. 


1. Concerning the names of two British Water-Beetles. Ent. Mon. Mag., 1939: 
Q75. 


2. What shall we call the Dark Green Fritillary. ibid, 1943: 46. 

3. Limitation of the Rule of Priority. ibid, 1943: 108. 

4. Further to the problem of a changing nomenclature. ibid, 1945: 108. 

5. Nomenclature. ibid, 1947: 23. 

6. Amendments to the Rules of Nomenclature. Ent, Rec., 1950: 108. 

7. Orthography of trivial names. Ent. Mon. Mag., 1950: 254. 

8. Problems in Nomenclature. ibid, 1954: 41. 

9. The failure of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. 


ibid, 1957: 74. 


MELANISM IN BOoURNEMOUTH.—On 19th July, a moribund female Biston 
betularia L. var. insularia was found on a window ledge of my house. It 
was in good condition but had clearly finished laying its eggs. This was 
the third specimen of insularia that I have seen here. Last year a milkman 
brought me a dead female, minus its head, that he had picked up on his 
rounds, and in 1955 I bred a male from a pupa that I had dug up in my 
garden.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 26.vii.1963. 


ARCHIEARIS NOTHA Hijsn. NeaR Oxrorp.—With reference to Dr. Ainley’s 
note (antea 175), I found a few larvae of this species in Hell Coppice on 
9th June 1935. It is good to know that notha still survives in this area.— 
H. Symes, Bournemouth. 26.vii.1963, 


FROM MACHAON TO ICARUS 215 


From machaon to icarus 
By Major General C. G. Lipscomps, C.B., D.S.O. 


This year I determined to realise two long planned entomological 
ambitions. The first was to visit the haunts of Papilio machaon L., to see, 
and I hoped catch, the largest of our British butterflies on the wing; the 
second, in the furthest possible opposite direction, to make an expedition 
to the west coast of Ireland to take a series of the Irish form of 
Polyommatus icarus Rott. 

For machaon the weather was kind, as a hot spell in early June 
coincided with their period of emergence. My wife and I had to be in 
Cambridge during the second week in June, and from there on to the 
broads is no great distance. So on 8th June, when we set off by car after 
breakfast, the stage seemed all set to realise the first of these ambitions— 
a friend had already told me that Sutton Broad was as good a place as 
any to make for and we arrived in its vicinity about mid-day. I had 
never been to this part of the world before and thought it prudent to 
ask for permission before plunging into the reed beds, some of which are 
still privately owned. This we proceeded to do, and as I drove my car 
up to a large house situated on the edge of the marsh, I was more than 
delighted to see a fine machaon feeding with quivering wings on the fower 
of a lilac bush by the front door. The owner of the property, although 
no entomologist, could not have been more helpful and we were able to 
spend some time in his garden watching the lovely butterflies as they 
visited the various lilac bushes surrounding the house. Later on we 
tackled the marsh itself, but here we saw only one of the butterflies and 
came to the conclusion that the part we were in was altogether too dry, 
and the foodplant too infrequent and of poor quality, so where those 
that came to the garden originated we were unable to find out. Later we 
discussed the state of the marsh with our temporary host, and he told us 
that it is getting steadily drier, and that the area of open water marked 
on our map no longer exists. So machaon’s days in this district seem to 
be numbered. 

As compensation for the lack of machaon, we had a good view of a 
harrier as it quartered the marsh, and another of a wryneck on a dead 
tree stump in a copse near the house. 

In the afternoon we visited Catfield Common, but found it difficult to 
approach, and even more difficult to move about on, intersected as it was 
with numerous deep ditches and other obstacles. We were, however, en- 
couraged by seeing several of the butterflies flying at a great pace over the 
undergrowth and it was not long before I was able to net one as it settled 
to feed on ragged robin flowers. In a limited area there was a good 
growth of hog’s fennel and on this we found a few eggs that had recently 
been laid. They are large by butterfly standards, and not difficult to spot 
as they show up well against the light green of the foliage of the foodplant. 

We had originally planned to make our last stop of the day at Horning 
Ferry, but when we got there we were so horrified by the crowds of 
people and the mass of boats on the water, that even I, a hardened 
entomologist, lost courage and suggested to my wife that we call it a 
day, and with this she readily agreed. 

Icarus presented a very different problem as neither my wife nor I had 
ever visited Ireland, nor did we know anything of the habits of its fine race 
of this butterfly. I remembered that John Marcon had made a successful 


216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


expedition for the same insect some eleven years ago, and he was able to 
give me much valuable advice. Belmullet and its sandhills, he said, 
was the place to make for, and my atlas showed this to be a peninsula on 
the furthermost point of the west coast of Co. Mayo—a large scale map 
was an obvious necessity, but an order placed with a shop which specializes 
in these things could produce nothing better than one-inch sheets based 
on a survey of 1837/38 as revised by the Royal Engineers Director General 
in 1901! Needless to say this was before the days of contours, and in 
addition they lacked all essential details. J.M. again came to the rescue, 
and lent me a half-inch sheet which covered the area, and although it was 
dated 1914, it proved invaluable. 


The next thing to be decided was where to stay; Belmullet has a hotel 
of sorts, but I was warned that it was hardly a place to take one’s wife to 
for a restful holiday and so in the end we decided to make our head- 
quarters at Newport House Hotel on Clew Bay; it proved a happy choice 
as we could not have been more comfortable or better looked after. 


We landed with our car at Rosslare after an uncomfortably rough 
crossing on the morning of 21st June and from there made our way 
diagonally across country to Newport. We were struck at once by the 
emptiness of the roads, which generally speaking are good, and for once 
driving became a pleasure as the only hazards one is likely to meet are of 
a four-footed nature. We were struck, too, by the quantity and variety of 
wild flowers growing on the roadside verges and in the fields. Large 
purple bog thistles, margurites, orchids and ragged robin, to mention a 
few, were in profusion and the hedges were full of honeysuckle, fuchsia 
and wild roses. It made one realise what our own countryside has lost 
in the cause of so-called progress and agriculture. 


In marked contrast we thought the numerous provincial towns through 
which we passed were all of the same drab pattern and lacking in any 
sort of imagination or architectural appeal. 


The weather throughout our time in Ireland was quite disgusting 
being cold and wet, while an unrelenting gale blew throughout the whole 
of our stay in Newport. In fact the conditions for butterfly hunting were 
far from ideal. 


As we travelled northwards, we had decided to stop for lunch when 
there was any sign of the sun appearing, and this did not happen until we 
were a few miles short of Roscommon, where we turned up a by-road to 
stretch our legs and eat our sandwiches. Almost at once my wife spotted 
a white butterfly fluttering about at the roadside, and in the next quarter 
of an hour, during fitful gleams of sunshine, I collected a short series of 
both sexes of Leptidea sinapis L., all remarkably fresh considering the 
late date. 

Further along, near Castlebar, we stopped the car again to take 
advantage of a brief appearance of the sun, and once more I was in luck, 
as I disturbed a large, fresh Eupnhydryas aurinia Rott. 9 f. proeclara on a 
patch of bogland at the side of the road. Curiously, a further search 
failed to produce any more specimens. 

By tea time we had reached our hotel with Nephin and Nephin Beg of 
Erebia epiphron fame behind us and the hills of Clare and Achill Islands 
looming out of the sea to the westwards. We decided we had found an 
attractive spot, and one full of promise. 

During the following week we made three trips to the Belmullet 


FROM MACHAON TO ICARUS 217 


peninsula, and on two of these, the weather made collecting all but 
impossible, and it became a question of searching the sandhills in gum- 
boots, mackintoshes and warm clothing for odd icarus resting low down on 
any cover they could find. On the third occasion there was a certain 
amount of sun, but a gale blowing off the sea made collecting difficult. 
None the less, we never returned empty handed, and hard work produced 
a satisfactory series of this lovely insect. The females are almost as large 
as coridon, nearly all are blue, and the best of them with sealing-wax 
red lunules on all wings. 


There are some ten miles of sand hills running down the westward 
side of the peninsula, but we only found one place where the butterfly 
was in any numbers. Here, the yellow flowers of the foodplant, Lotus 
corniculatus, were everywhere to be seen growing amongst the marram 
grass, and this we thought gave vital protection both from the elements 
and from browsing cattle which wander all over the area. I have no 
doubt that there must be other places amongst the mass of dunes, but 
they would take some finding, and with the conditions so bad, we felt 
disinclined to explore the whole area in detail. 


Apart from Belmullet, we had a look at other coastal sandhill areas 
marked on the map on the north coast of Achill Island, Benwee Head and 
Mallaranny. Although all of them were well covered with the foodplant, 
they were heavily grazed and there was no marram grass or other cover. 
We saw no sight of icarus on any of these dunes except in one very limited 
area at Mallaranny, where the grass and foodplant were growing together, 
and here we at once found the butterfly. This discovery was made on the 
last morning of our stay at Newport, and I felt it justified my theory. 


Inland the foodplant seemed to be scarce, and only rarely could one 
pick out the telltale yellow flowers on a suitable hillside or patch of rough 
ground. We examined several such places, but never found more than 
two or three of the butterflies at any one, and these were generally odd 
males flying at speed over the area. So it would seem that if you want 
to collect a series you must stick to the coast and look for the conditions 
I have described. 


On lst July we motored south in pouring rain, breaking the journey at 
Lisdoonvarna for a look round the Burren before going on to the Dingle 
peninsula for the second half of our holiday. This peninsula has two 
large areas of sandhills that stick out like a pair of pectoral fins on either 
side. They are both well covered in marram grass and in parts with L. 
corniculatus. We searched this thoroughly but not a trace of icarus did 
we see, which was really what we had expected after reading in the 
Record of January 1963 that de Worms had taken it in the Burren in early 
June last year. Unless it occurs in Connemara, and the weather made it 
impossible to check this, Co. Mayo must be near the southern limit for 
this single brooded form. 


10. viii.1963. 


STERRHA VULPINARIA H.-S. IN SoutHwarRkK.—I took a single fresh 
specimen of Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S., the least carpet, at a lighted window 
of Guy’s Hospital, Southwark, on 24th June this year. Southwark has the 
least green space of any London borough, so this is a very pleasing record. 
—Timotny PEEt, 49 Trinity Church Square, London, S.E.1. 8.viii.1963. 


218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe 
By. H.C; Huceins; PRES: 


I have read with much interest the account of this moth in Mr. Dobson’s 
paper (antea 162) and agree with him as to the localities in which it 
flourishes. 


My late friend, Samuel Tuke, lived in a house he built in a wooded 
valley at Colwell, near Honiton. Except for about an acre round the 
house, which was cleared and planted with azaleas as a wild garden, the 
surroundings were untouched woodland, with a stream flowing through. 
As he was a widower, and wanted an occupation, he had the windows of 
his study built so that moths could get in easily, but found it harder to 
get out, and every night he would sit until after midnight with two Aladdin 
lamps 3n a large table covered with a white cloth, a book to read, and a 
killing bottle (not often used), and a journal to note down the moths and 
their time of arrival. 


I used to visit him for a few days every year in the early thirties to 
talk moths and to name any difficulties. Amongst his regular visitors was 
otregiata; at least one used to c3me every good night when it was on the 
wing. 

In June 1935, my wife and I stayed with him for several days, and 
soon found the headquarters of otregiata was in the bushes and small trees 
on the side of the stream. We beat these and got one or two every day, 
but were a bit late in the season, and their condition was posr. On the 
fourth day of our stay, however, it was a wonderful night for insects, 
which arrived in the room in a stream, including two or three otregiata. 
I particularly remember that night as my wife had put on a white silk 
frock for dinner, and she was literally plastered with moths when we 
adjourned to the study. 


It struck me that it might be worth looking for otregiata where we had 
been beating for it, and Tuke’s manservant produced a petrol vapour lamp . 
for me to try. It was in very poor condition, with a cracked mantle, but 
it did the trick all right. Directly I reached the stream an otregiata 
fluttered across and I netted it. I stood the lamp on a small flat piece of 
ground covered with dead leaves, whilst I boxed it, and when I had done 
so I saw otregiata appearing all over the place. They did not require 
netting; I simply examined and boxed them as fast as I could whilst they 
hopped over the dead leaves. I must have seen over thirty in about 
twenty minutes. I carefully selected and bcxed fifteen, and when I got 
back, I found that a dozen of these were practically perfect; these I killed 
and set, and still have nine, having given away three as types. 


As a finale to that memorable evening, when my wife suggested bed 
soon after twelve, Tuke said we must wait up for the lobster, which 
always came on a good night between twelve and one. Sure enough, at 
a quarter to one, a very large male fagi arrived and was bottled, and I 
still have it as a memento, though I have bred and given away plenty 
since. 

Another insect we found commonly on this visit was Crambus 
margaritellus Hiibn., which has seldom been caught in the south of Eng- 
land. It abounded in a rough meadow on Tuke’s estate; the Devon form 
is very small and dull compared with the Cannock or north of England 
ones, 


NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 219 


I do not think that otregiata is as rare as is usually considered; it is 
very sluggish and likes squashy ground, but I should never despair of 
finding it anywhere from Hampshire to South Wales where conditions were 
suitable. It had, of course, been known for many years before Metcalfe 
differentiated it. Barrett, 8: 277, describes the “small second brood 
suffumata as found casually in June or even July in Devon and Pembroke”, 
and his figure on Pl. CCCLIX, fig. 1j, of suffumata called “sec3nd brood, 
S. Wales” is a very good one of Otregiata. 


Notes on the Microlepidoptera 
By H.C. Hueeins; F:R.E.S. 


Irish plumes: As I have already recorded last year, my wife found 
the first authenticated specimen of Platyptilia calodactyla MHiibn. 
(zetterstedti Zell.) in a bohireen off the road from Dingle to the Connor 
Pass. This year I determined to go further into the status of the moth, 
and accordingly Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and myself joined forces at Dingle 
on June 26th. On the 27th, we went to the locality in his car and found 
the moth comparatively common, not only in the original bohireen but 
also in another abs3ut half a mile up the road. 

Two days later we found a specimen in a moth trap which we had 
set near Milltown, a good mile from Dingle in the opposite direction, and 
a day later there was a wasted specimen in our trap at the hotel itself, 
so evidently calodactyla is well distributed in the district, where golden 
rod grows. This increases the probability that the record for Valentia, 
discredited by Beirne, and unprovable from the disappearance of the 
specimen, may be correct. 

The Irish calodactyla are rather dark and well marked, but differ 
little from the Kentish specimens except that some run very large indeed; 
I took a few nearly as large as P. gonodactyla Schiff. I submitted two 
ordinary males and a female, unset, to Mr. Whalley at the B.M., and he 
informs me that they appear structurally to be typical calodactyla. 

It is odd to find this moth, usually considered typical of woodland rides 
and clearings, in these small lanes and in gardens in the Dingle area. 

On July 8th, whilst working another bohireen at Dingle of a much 
wetter character than those in which we fsund calodactyla, I netted a 
beautiful specimen of Amblyptilia punctidactyla Haw. The moth was 
freshly emerged and much greener than any specimen I possess from the 
south of England, although I have bred a good number from the Isle of 
Wight, Seaton and Beer, and particularly from a big batch of larvae my 
wife collected at Bow, in Devon, in 1940. The Bow specimens particularly 
are much more black and white than this Irish one. I have previously only 
found hibernated ones in Ireland, so tried several times to get others 
without success. Most unfortunately the moth fluttered in the box on 
the way home and broke the characteristic falcate tip from one of its 
wings. 


ARGYNNIS AGLAIA L. IN JUNE.—This species was well out at Formby, 
Lancashire, on 22nd June. Normally, in this locality, it is not on the wing 
until. the following month. A few fairly fresh examples were noted in 
the same area to-day; six weeks later.—M. J. Lercu, The Cottage, Hall- 
gates, Cropston, Leicestershire. 3.viii.1963. 


220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


Overwintering 
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.ES. 


Mr. H. Symes’s interesting notes on Eriogaster lanestris L. (Ent. Rec., 
75: 171) have stimulated my memory and also a few reflections and ques- 
tions. I bred this species from a Sussex nest of larvae found in the 
summer of 1946. and the >»verwintering spread was five years, the last 
few emerging in Feb.-March 1951. I opened the few remaining cocoons 
in Feb. 1952 and found that they all contained dried up partly emerged 
imagines which clearly failed to open their cocoons unaided in 1951, and 
thus the saga ended! The numbers emerging each of the five years was 
approximately the same, and the period between February and March 
except in 1948, not a cold spring, when for some unkn>wn reason they 
extended to 20th April. Times of emergence were nearly always around 
noon, as found by Mr. Symes, but a very few came out just before mid- 
night. Every year I opened a few cocoons and confirmed that Tutt 
(Practical Hints, III: 40) was correct; invariably only the autumn fsrming 
pupae produced moths the following spring. I had divided the cocoons 
throughout the whole period into two batches, one cold, kept in a cold 
outdoor shed; the other warm, kept in a warm living-room. The only 
effect was, as expected, that the warm group emerged a few days or so 
earlier than the cold ones, but both groups were equally affected in 1948 
by whatever factor it was that caused the lateness that year. 

Now for a few mental ruminations! It is, I suppose, axiomatic to start 
with the assumption that nearly all lovers of Entomsalogy are so rooted 
and grounded in Darwinism after a century of experience, that we tend to 
look for solutions to all the varied problems of our study in terms of 
survival value. YetI feel that we should be careful to keep 3ur eyes open 
to the possibility that Natural Philosophy may still discover other and 
perhaps equally important principles governing the life-cycles of insects. 
Humility is surely an essential attribute of the good entomologist, and 
this is inescapable when we consider how much remains t? be found out. 
Life is obviously hard indeed for all living creatures, including insects, 
and it is very natural to apply the successful theory of natural selection 
to the study of defence mechanisms, the weapons of stings and jaws, 
chemicals as used by the Bombardier beetle and Puss Moth, toughness 
and distastefulness coupled with warning colouration, mimicry both 
Batesian and Mullerian, and procrypsis. The essential fascination of 
Entomology as a hobby and study is surely an appreciation of the vast 
variety and kaleidoscopic nature of the insect creation. I doubt if 
“survival of the fittest” doctrine will ever give an entirely satisfactory 
explanation of the Creator’s mind! If so, why are so many diverse methods 
of survival still successful at this stage of world history? This is not to 
deny the conclusively proved reality of much of the successful genetic 
research in so many particular cases. What I should like to see set up 
would be a long-term research project to compare the great number of 
survival methods developed by insects, with a view to establishing why 
so many appear to be successful. The peculiarly modern laboratsry 
passion for statistical analysis would have wonderful scope in this, and 
dangerous opportunity for drawing wrong conclusions! 

At long last I come to overwintering! Even bearing in mind a few 
mental reservations as above, it seems to me reasonable to assume that 
all species of ancient lineage, at least, will have evolved the most success- 


REARING THE JERSEY TIGER 221 


ful method for each under its particular circumstances. Why then should 
such equally abundant species in many different micro-habitats from 
the Highlands of Scotland to London back-gardens as Tryphaena pronuba 
L. and Apamea monoglypha Hufn. hibernate as larvae, while Orthosia 
gothica L. choose to do so as pupae? Presumably there must be com- 
pensating advantages in the month of the year, late or early, in which the 
imagines fly, and also for those species which have developed hibernating 
ova or adults. Many multivoltine species only emerge as a partial last 
brood, a very variable number lying over the winter as pupae which 
reinforce the spring brood. Perhaps the mechanism here which determines 
which individuais shall so behave is the same as that operating in the 
case of normal winter pupae which, like E. lanestris, lie over for 3ne or 
more seasons. In the case of lanestris the habit appears to be ingrained 
and also predictable. Other species such as Saturnia pavonia L. I have 
never known to lie over, while Endromis versicolora L. is quite un- 
predictable; sometimes a complete batch from one parent will lie over 
to the second year, but this is unusual. If some of our learned Professors 
could tell us something of the mechanism of this curious behaviour, we 
may be able to get a little nearer to assessing whether it has real survival 
value. 


Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 20.viii.63. 


Rearing the Jersey Tiger: 


Failure followed by Success 
By L. G. F. WabDDINGTON 


In August 1961 a kind and sporting member of the A.E.S. sent me about 
200 ova of the moth which I fondly imagined would at last enable me to 
fill a gap in my ‘Tigers’. 

I also managed to obtain a copy of the Record for December 1921 which 
contained an article by Bird on how to rear this difficult insect. 


He used chip boxes followed by cardboard ones with pin holes in same 
for ventilation. I can imagine no container guaranteed to dry up food- 
plant quicker than chip boxes; as for cardboard boxes with pin holes, my 
mind revolted at the crudity; yet apparently they worked. 


South, Leeds and Allan gave assorted information regarding foodplants; 
Honeysuckle, plantain, rose, groundsel, dead nettle, etc., seemed to be 
the usual pabulum, so when the ova began to hatch out in late August I 
thought I would try 2” plastic hoxes as containers, and honeysuckle as 
foodplant. 


This was virtually ignored by the larvae, but they nibbled rose and 
dandelion; dead nettle was tried and clearly preferred to all other varied 
offerings. 

It is important to know where I kept the boxes. 


Warmth was indicated by Bird, so I kept them on top of a cabinet in 
the kitchen, between the ’frig and a coke stove which was kept in day and 
night. 

The larvae appeared to make satisfactory progress for a few weeks 
and changed skins two or three times, but condensation began to take toll, 
and in spite of every care and drying out with tissue, 4 or 5 died daily, 


PPP. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/1X/1963 


so I removed them to plastic sandwich boxes, which were appreciably 
larger. 


The rot continued, and by November, 95% had died, the last of the 
Mohicans conked out in January 1962. 


Looking up the Record for May 1958, I read an article by A. T. Postans 
who described his astonishing success in rearing the moth. 


He used 33” glass topped boxes and kept them in a warm bathroom, yet 
I fail to see how my own methods were so radically different from his up 
to November when he transferred them to a breeding cage. 


By that time most of mine had died and I realised the truth of South’s 
statement that it was difficult to get through the winter. 


Humbled and disappointed, I wrote my friend who sent me the ova, 
and he generously promised a further supply in August 1962. 

The great day arrived and once more I was in possession of about 
200 ova. 

As the larvae hatched out they were transferred to plastic boxes about 
3” in diameter, and fed on stinging nettle, a foodplant which A. T. Postans 
found to be most satisfactory 

For the first two or three weeks the larvae thrived, but towards the 
end of September, possibly on account of the kitchen being too warm, 
deaths began to assume serious proportions. 

I therefore decided to transfer a number into a hurricane glass cage, 
and place it in the garage where it was cooler. 

I must digress here to describe the aforesaid glass cage. 

It is an inverted hurricane glass with a muslin cap, and stands on a 
square board with a hole in the centre for foodplant to be inserted; a 
‘washer’ of lint is glued on the board to seal the small end against 
escapees; the lot then stands on a jar of water. 

It is fully described in the A.E.S. Bulletin, Vol. 8, p. 39, also in their 
publication “‘Practical methods and hints”. 

I know of no cage which for permanence, ease of cleaning, and keeping 
foodplant fresh, can compare with it. 

The effect was noticeable, not a single death occurred in this cage for 
six months; after another week had elapsed I transferred the survivors 
from the plastic boxes in the kitchen to another glass cage and kept the 
two in the garage. There were roughly 40 odd larvae in each cage. 

In feeding them I put nettle in of such a length that the top fronds 
just touched the muslin cap, as it was observed that during the day, the 
larvae all clustered on the muslin. This habit lent credence to Bird’s 
statement that ventilation was essential. 

The larvae progressed rapidly, and I noticed they invariably retired 
to the top of the cap to change skins, and consequently had little distance 
to travel when feeding was resumed. 

Towards the end of October cold weather commenced, so I brought the 
cages back into the kitchen and put them on top of the ’frig. 

Late in November we had intense frost, and every scrap of stinging 
nettle was converted into a black mess; dead nettle however survives? 
and was readily accepted by the larvae. 

The larvae fed up very irregularly, some hardly ate except at intervals, 
others never stopped while food was available. 

To give you an indication, by early December, while many were about 
2” long, about 30 odd were 4”, 20 odd 3”, and one was 14”. 


REARING THE JERSEY TIGER 223 


In mid December half a dozen of the largest were isolated in a third 
glass cage. Wintry conditions prevailed outside, and great difficulty was 
encountered in getting even the smallest quantity of dead nettle; by 7th 
January these were nearly full fed. 


10th January. A slight break in the frost enabled me to obtain a fair 
supply of dead nettle. 


llth January. Tragedy. I was taken ill for several days and not 
allowed out for 5 weeks. Keen frosts and heavy snow ruined all attempts 
to get fresh foodplant. In spite of the coke boiler going day and night, 
the kitchen curtains were frozen solid to the windows every night. 


17th January. About 20 nearly full-fed larvae were put in a breeding 
cage 20 x 10 xX 10 which was placed on top of a cabinet in the lounge 
and close to a radiator, as the lounge was warmer than the kitchen. 


25th January. Unrelenting frosts and everywhere snowbound. An 
O.A.P. managed to dig up a few bits of dead nettle, cutting his hands in 
the process, soon healed by a packet of Players. 


Most of the half-starved larvae in the lounge cage ate their way through 
the muslin and escaped; none were recovered but corpses came to light 
later in various parts of the bungalow. 

The survivors were put into a smaller breeding cage—zinc covered and 
brought into the kitchen. This cage was 10 x 10 X 11 and stood on a 
square tin 2” deep containing peat and covered by a layer of moss; another 
similar one covered in muslin was used when about 20 larvae had been 
finally put in the zinc one to pupate. 

At this time the glass cages contained larvae half to three-quarters 
grown. 

28th January. One larva pupated. 

30th January. Small supply of dead nettle obtained, also bramble. 

1st February. Another 15 full fed larvae transferred to zinc cage. 

2nd to 6th February. Intense cold and constant snowfalls. 

7th February. Managed to get old bramble leaves, the relics of dead 
nettle being reserved for the glass cages where a few larvae were 3” to 
3”, but most were ready for last instar. 

13th February. Warm and sunny, and managed to get a little dead 
nettle. 

15th February. Every scrap of food eaten down to the bottle neck, and 
I was now resigned to losing the whole lot from starvation, but salvation 
was just round the corner. 

Casually looking up Scorers Log Book, I saw that lettuce was stated 
to be a foodplant, so I promptly telephoned the office and told the clerk 
who daily brought me office letters, to bring a lettuce (1/9d). 

Leaves were at once put in all four cages, and the effect was staggering 
—the larvae all slithered down the sides and fell on it like Burma leeches 
on a nudist colony. The problem was solved and the larvae rapidly 
became full-fed and vupated. 

By the end of February, 4 had died, presumably from diarrhoea, as the 
lettuce undoubtedly engendered wet frass, but it was lettuce or nothing. 

12th March. A female emerged at 6.45 a.m., very slightly undeveloped 
on the right side, span 22”. However I got a tremendous kick out of this 
modest success. 

17th March. Obtained a small quantity of dead nettle, and this was 
readily accepted alongside the lettuce. 


224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


21st March. Twenty-four larvae still feeding; dock was tried but 
rejected. 


30th March. Some larvae rejected lettuce and went back to dead nettle. 
2nd April. A perfect imago emerged. 


20th April. Five larvae died; four of these had tried to spin up a few 
days previously in the top of the cage, but made little headway, and they 
ceased to either feed or pupate and just wilted and died. 


In February, while changing foodplant, I carelessly knocked 4 full-fed 
larvae behind the ’frig. One subsequently came to light, but failed to 
survive going through the mangle. 


Let me now summarise the dates of the emergences :— 


March 12. 
April 2;°6) 13.15.18, 22,26: 27 26-30) 
Way 1) 2. 4305. Gieige 69> 111 6.20: 


A total of 28 emerged viz. :— 


24 type. 
1 lutescens. 
1 crippled type and 2 crippled lutescens. 


On 15th June a badly damaged lutescens was observed on the kitchen 
carpet; the larva had probably eaten its way out of the top of the muslin 
covered cage, as I had noticed two or three holes in it, and replaced it by 
a zinc top. 


GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 


On the subject of ventilation, Mr. Postans wrote me to the effect that 
it was not of paramount importance when the larvae were very small, but 
this is at variance with Bird’s advice and certainly cuts right across my 
own bitterly acquired experience. 


The virtual cessation of casualties when the small larvae were trans- 
ferred to the glass cages, was a factor far too striking to be dismissed or 
devaluated. I am now convinced that the glass cages were primarily 
responsible for the success in rearing the larvae in the early and middle 
stages, and are the answer to the Maiden’s prayer. 

I agree with Mr. Postans about starting the larvae on stinging nettle, 
but not with his statement that it is obtainable even in the severest 
weather; I find it is far more vulnerable to frost than dead nettle. 

And—I am going to rub it in—foodplant keeps far longer in a glass 
cage than the usual breeding cage. 

Warmth is a sine qua non, so when the cold weather commenced in late 
October I brought them into the kitchen. 

Here the temperature varied normally between 50 and 60, with spells 
of 70 when cooking was in progress, but during the intense cold it dropped 
to 40 during the night. 

These hardly constituted ‘forcing’ tactics in my opinion, yet on the 
whole the larvae fed fairly continually throughout the winter as evidenced 
by daily frass on the cage bottom. 

In view of losses through larvae eating their way through ciel 
covered cages, I would suggest to readers that all cages used in the final 
stages be covered with wire gauze. 

As soon as the larvae begin to pupate, it is important to see that the 


THREE ANT SPECIES NEW TO NORWAY 225 


moss-covered peat is sprayed daily with tepid water using a fine spray, I 
used one of Messrs. Boots brand with a thumb lever; you need not bother 
about squirting any larvae in the process, but the spraying must be kept 
up daily until you are sure the last imago has emerged. 

An examination of the cages after emergences had ceased, showed that 
the bulk of the larvae had spun up in the bottom of the cage against the 
sides, and only a few in the moss; two or three had died in the pupa stage 
and two had died during emergence. 

I have already remarked that a few larvae which tried to spin up and 
failed, died; this may have been attributable to malnutrition, but I think 
the odds are against pupation in these cases. 

Emergences took place—luckily for me—mostly during breakfast time. 

It was very diverting, when you are just going to wade into the toast 
and marmalade, to glance up at a cage and see that three imagos had 
quietly emerged while you were engrossed with the Quaker oats. 

Mr. Postans stated in his article in the Record that as soon as the 
imago leaves the cocoon it scrambles all over the cage for ten minutes 
before settling down. 

Mine were better educated and quietly ascended half way up the cage 
side and stayed put until fully developed. 


Both Messrs. Bird and Postans refer to the extremely restless nature 
of the moth when fully developed, and I soon had confirmation, as many 
of the imagos began fluttering about the cage a couple of hours after 
emergence. 


Mr. Postans advocated letting them out into the room and here again 
I was in luck’s way as I had a small conservatory-porch about 8 xX 3 and 
facing north. 

As soon as possible I coaxed the moths to settle on the wood frame of 
the porch, below the window, where they usually remained quietly; many 
of them never moved all day, and as a result I was able to kill them after 
tea with ethyl acetate and set them the same evening. 

A few were troublesome and I lost two which got fed up and flew about 
in my absence, hopelessly damaging themselves as a result. 

I had been warned that to try and force the larvae would result in 
under-sized specimens, however the average size of mine was 22” with a 
few 22”. 

In the end I was very pleased to have bred, in the worst winter for 
100 years, 25 specimens including one lutescens; not exactly a howling 
success, but one which provided me with invaluable experience. 

9 Greenleafe Avenue, Doncaster. 


Three Ant Species New to Norway 
By C. A. CoLLincwoop, N.A.A.S., Coley Park, Reading 


Holgersen (1944) listed the ants of Norway and discussed the distribu- 
tion of the species recorded to that time in detail. His paper appeared at 
a time when the nomenclature of the Formica fusca and F. rufa species 
groups was in some confusion but after examining all specimens and 
records available t> him, Holgersen definitely excluded F. cinerea Mayr 
and F. picea Nyl. from the Norwegian list. A third species related to 
F. exsecta Nyl., F. forsslundi Lohmander, had not then been recognised 


226 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/1X/1963 


and has not hitherto been recorded from Norway although widespread 
in Sweden and Finland. 

It is a pleasure to record that I found examples of these three species 
in the neighbourhood of Elverum in Hedmark on June 7, 1963. Formica 
cinerea Mayr occurred in strength nesting in coarse sand along the rail- 
way line to the west of the station and also in sandy banks in the heath 
nearby. One mixed F. sanguinea Latr. F. cinerea nest was also seen. 
Elverum is nearly as far north as the northernmost European locality for 
F.. cinerea near Mora in Sweden. Apart from this locality and another in 
Vastermanas, the species is only recorded from the three counties of the 
southern tip of Sweden, where however it is locally very abundant. Else- 
where in Scandinavia, it occurs along the c3astal sands of Jutland in Den- 
mark and locally in south east Finland. Other species found at Elverum 
did not suggest a southern fauna since apart from Lasius fuliginosus Latr..,. 
which is rather local in south Scandinavia, they included Formica lugubris 
Zett., F. aquilonia Yarrow and Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. instead of F. rufa 
L., F. nigricans Em. and M. schencki Em. as might have been expected. 

Holgersen considered it very probable that Formica picea Nyl., now 
known as F. transkaucasica Nas. (Yarrow, 1954) would be found in Norway 
and it seemed obvious to me that a visit to a suitable area 3f lowland 
forest bog wouid soon reveal its presence. Unfortunately, such bogs are 
small and few in Norway by contrast with their abundance in Sweden 
and Finland and more or less confined to the south east of the country. 
They are also declining rather rapidly through extensive drainage opera- 
tions carried out in the interests of good forest management. At Elverum 
about 2 km. west of the railway station, a suitable small area of bog 
was visited and here F. transkaucasica was found in typical sphagnum 
nests. F. sanguinea appeared to be invading the area as two mixed 
F. sanguinea, F. transkaucasica nests were found. Also F. fusca L. and 
species of Myrmica were well established in tussocks in the drying bog. 

Two nests of Formica forsslundi Lohm. were also found at this site. 
They consisted of small hillocks of fine leaf litter sloped towards the 
south and backing on to stunted pine; the nests were small but appeared 
to be flourishing. Proceeding southward by train, similar stretches of 
forest bog were noticed, in particular between Magnor and the Swedish 
border. This area would repay further inspection as it is quite probable 
that a third bog species, F. uralensis Ruzsky would be found there. Pos- 
sibly a suitable area 3f bog could be protected from drainage so as to 
conserve these species for Norway. 

Holgersen noted that although Lasius alienus Foerst was recorded by 
E. Strand in 1912, no Norwegian specimens were to be found in museum 
collections. Two 93f Strand’s localities were Elverum, where the sandy 
heath would be a likely terrain, and Kornsjo in the extreme south east 
of the country. I took examples of what I supposed to be L. alienus from 
isolated small nests in both places but subsequent examination showed 
them to be depauperate, undersized specimens of L. niger with reduced 
appendage hairs. Other species at Kornsjo included Camponotus 
ligniperdus Latr., F. lugubris Zett, Tetramorium caespitum L., Leptothorax 
tuberum Fab. and L. muscorum Nyl., the latter a new record for Ostfold. 

The Norwegian species of the F. rufa group have not been fully worked 
out since Holgersen’s paper appeared long before Yarrow’s 1955 revision. 
I have given several records in previous notes (Collingwood, 1958, 1961) 
and together with more recent observations bring the subject up to date 
here. 


THREE ANT SPECIES NEW TO NORWAY 227 


F. polyctena Foerst. This species was not recognised by Yarrow (1955) 
but is now generally accepted and has been adequately recharacterised 
by Betrem (1960). The Norwegian localities include Hauerseter, Akershus 
(Collingwood, 1958); Hvaler, Gstfold (as var. ‘nuda’ in Holgersen, 1944); 
Kongsvinger, Hedmark, where I tsok a series in June 1963. I have also 
a good series from Hirtshals in Jutland, Denmark and add Bastad, Halland 
and Vasteras, Vastermanas to previous Swedish records which included 
Uppland, Skane, Smaland and Sodermannland (Collingwood, 1961). Dr. 
J. G. Betrem in correspondence has suggested that all previous records for 
this species in Finland should probably refer to F. aquilonia which in 
south Finland as in south Norway can be very hard to distinguish from 
F. polyctena. I have re-examined my single specimen from near Helsinki 
and agree that it is almsst certainly F. aquilonia since although body 
hairs are almost completely lacking, the minute eye hairs are longer and 
more numerous and the sculpture denser than in F. polyctena from the 
Netherlands. 


F. rufa L. Holgersen (1944) gave no certain records since he evidently 
included F. aquilonia with this species. However, he gave localities for 
Hedmark, Akershus and Rogaland. I have confirmed his specimens from 
Akershus and with additions to my 1958 records complete the list here. 
Hedmark: Kongsvinger, Lillehammer. Ostfold: Halden. Akershus: 
Hauerseter, Blindern, Bga. Hordaland: Bergen, Voss. Sogn og Fjordane: 
Oevre Ardal. 


F. aquilonia, F. lugubris. There is no need to give localities for these 
two species which abound in Norway and are probably to be found in every 
county from north to south. F. aquilonia was abundant at Narvik for 
example in 1958 and equally so at Fagernes, Gjovik and Elverum much 
further south where I also have specimens from Halden in Ostfold and two 
localities in Akershus. Similarly F. lugubris abounds from Karasjok in 
Finmark to Kornsj6 and Halden in Ostfold. Both species ascend to the tree 
line in central Norway. 


F. nigricans Em. MHolgersen (1944) gave no certain record for 
this and Forsslund (1957) omits it from the Norwegian list. So far as 
I know my examples from Hauerseter in Akershus and Svinsund in 
Ostfold in 1958 remain the only confirmed records to date. 


F. truncorum Fab. Holgersen (1944) recorded this from Rogaland and 
from Hordaland where I also have it from V3ss. It is doubtful whether 
there are other authentic records apart from Akershus and Ostfold where 
I took it in 1958. It appears to be relatively less common in Norway than 
it is in Sweden where I have repeatedly found it from Lapland to the 
extreme south. The form referred to as ‘truncicola-pratensis’ by Holgersen 
is probably F. lugubris. 


F. cordieri Bond. This is not so far known from Norway, Finland, The 
Netherlands, N. Germany or the Baltic States, althsugh not uncommon 
in south Sweden and known locally in Denmark. 


REFERENCES 


Retrem, J. G. 1960. Wher die Systematik der Formica rufa-gruppe. Tijdsch. 
Ent., 103: 51-81. 

Collingwood, C. A. 1959. Scandinavian Ants. Ent. Rec., 71: 77-81. 

. 1961. Ants in Finland. Ent. Rec., 73: 191-195. 

Forsslund, K. H. 1957. Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae, XV. Hymenoptera : 
Formicidae. Opusc. Entom., 22: 70-78. 


228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


Holgersen, H. 1944. The Ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). WNyitt. 
Mag. Naturvidensk., 84: 165-201. 

Yarrow, I. H. H. 1954. The British Ants allied to Formica fusca L. (Hym., 

Formicidae). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., IL: 29-44. 

. 1955. The British Ants allied to Formica rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae). 

Trans. Soc. Brit, Ent., 12: 1-48. 


Obituary 


Mrs. ETHEL ADA HUGGINS 


Her many entomological friends will hear with regret of the death of 
Mrs. Huggins, which occurred with tragic suddenness at Dingle, Co. 
Kerry, where she was on holiday. Although in no sense a scientific 
entomologist (she called her most remarkable captures flukes) she had an 
exceedingly keen eye and remarkable powers of discrimination, possibly 
due to the silk embroidery making, which was one of her numerous 
hobbies. 


Her captures began in 1925, when she caught a perfect female 
Dioryctria splendidella H.-S., then a rare insect, sitting on a duster on the 
clothes line, in a Faversham garden, and the same year she brought home 
Nemotois fasciella Fabr. in her spectacle case. Whilst evacuated to Devon 
in 1940, she sent me a batch of about forty larvae of Amblyptilia puncti- 
dactyla Haw. from a river bank near Bow. It was, however, in Ireland 
that she made her most remarkable captures. These included the beautiful 
aberration, black with a few white hair lines, of Euphyia bilineata L. 
which at the instigation of our late friend Cockayne, I named ethelae 
after her, and a huge female Argynnis aglaia L., which the same authority 
informed me was the largest he had ever seen. 


After the first specimen of the remarkable Dingle race of Cryphia 
muralis Forst. had occurred in Mr. Baynes’s moth trap in 1961, she found, 
after a week’s searching, the second specimen, and crowned this a few days 
later by taking the first specimen of ab. nigra Huggins... In 1962 she was 
again the first to take muralis: this time it was an almost uniform 
greenish black insect with white spots, which is quite distinct, but to my 
mind is too near to nigra to merit a name. This year I feared the season 
was so late that we should miss muralis, but two days before her sudden 
illness, she again discovered the first, a “wavy green” as Dudley Westropp 
used to say. 


She is buried in Milltown cemetary at Dingle, overlooking the pier and 
bay she loved, and was followed to the grave by a touching concourse of 
our Irish friends she understood so well.—H. C. H. 


I am sure that all readers will extend to Mr. Huggins their very 
sincere sympathy in the loss of a very excellent “Entomologist’s Com- 
panion”.—Eb. 


Notes and Observations 


EUPITHECIA VIRGAUREATA?—While looking for larvae of Eupithecia 
plumbeolata on cow wheat, I have come across another Eupithecia larva. 
This species is long and somewhat tapering towards the head. When 
they are young, they are pale yellow brown with one dark well defined 


CURRENT NOTES 229 


slender line along the full length of the back. Later the colour is brown, 
and the five middle segments are adorned with darkish diamond shaped 
blotches, edged with light oblique stripes pointing upwards and forwards. 
The three forward segments are faintly striped, and the head has two 
yellow dashes. 

The larvae feed and rest fully stretched out, and are in no wise 
of the stumpy form of some of the Eupithecia larvae. When nearing 
maturity they feed only on the withered flowers of cow wheat and are 
also quite partial to withered Campanula flowers. They do not seem to 
touch the cow wheat seeds (nor de plumbeolata for that matter), and do 
not attempt to bore into the withered flower heads of cow wheat or of 
Campanula. I first found one very small larva on 29th July, which is 
now approaching full growth on 11th August. 

Perhaps some kind friend will tell me what they are; my guess is E. 
virgaureata, but I must confess that the wish is father to the guess. One 
final note: the soil is clay, not chalk.—Prrcy Cur, Lhasa, Malvern Road, 
Ashford, Kent. 11.viii.1963. 


This letter was submitted to Mr. H. C. Huggins, who writes :— 


Thank you for Cue’s note, which I return. I think he is most 
probably right. I have never bred virgaureata from cow wheat, but the 
description seems to agree pretty well with the larva, and it feeds on a 
variety of plants beside solidago. In Ireland it is nearly always found 
on ragwort, South gives Anthriscus, and I once bred it from Angelica. 
The difficulty is that all these pug larvae vary so, including virgaureata, 
but the markings in Cue’s description appear to agree with virgaureata, 
the colour may be almost anything. The species is common at Ham Street 
and Blean. 


ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE L. AT RADLETT, HERTS.—It was on 31st July that 
a designer friend with whom I worked gave me three specimens of 
Zygaena filipendulae L. and told me that he could have scooped them up 
by the dozen. 

He has recently removed to a house at Radlett with large grounds 
which have been neglected for some time and are consequently consider- 
ably overgrown. The area in question was once a tennis court and 
measures about 80 feet by 40 feet, enclosed on three sides by hedges and 
on the fourth by a fruit orchard. 

There had been no exaggeration of the number of Zygaena in the area 
and many pairs were noted in cop. on the vegetation. The main 
emergence would have occurred towards the end of July as practically 
all had left the cocoons by the Monday of my visit. Very few had been 
parasitized. 

On two rough counts, I estimated that about 5,500 of the moths were in 
the area of the tennis court and a small part of the orchard. The ground 
cover apart from grass was mainly birds-foot trefoil.—E. S. BRApDForD, 38 
Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts. 22.viii.1963. 


Current Notes 


COLLECTING IN THE NEW FOREST.—I should like to express 
wholehearted agreement with Dr. Birkett (antea: 174), whose righteous 
indignation over this latest example of bureaucratic high-handedness, at 


230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


the expense (very literally!) of the inoffensive and long-suffering entomo- 
logist, will, I am sure, evoke similar feelings in a great many readers. 
Indeed, I wonder whether we ought, perhaps, to consider some sort of 
corporate action, if at all feasible — however imposing the force of 
authority seemingly arrayed against us. Our leading Entomological 
Societies are, I would think, sufficiently weighty and respected bodies to 
command some attention, and they might be willing to stage a joint pro- 
test. Even were there little hope of achieving much by it, a determined, 
spirited gesture might be of indirect benefit; it could do little harm—and 
could well do some good—to show officialdom that as a class we are not 
negligible, have a fair case, and object to being (in effect) fined for our 
legitimate activities in our last remaining forest area of any extent. As 
Dr. Birkett very rightly warns, this kind of thing could so easily become a 
habit, a precedent for impositions on a much wider scale; it should there- 
fore be nipped in the bud without delay. A guinea a time for a permit 
is not necessarily a trifle for the entomologist of modest means (as, after 
all, most of us are) who may be able to make only infrequent trips to the 
Forest for collecting—and may even be, for example, taking part in a 
survey of the fauna of the locality or some part of it, or other serious 
scientific enquiry. If the permit happens to be required for, say, a single 
day or a week-end only, such a fee is more than ever extortionate; but 
in any case there can be no justifiable excuse for making a charge at all. 
As a friend has remarked, it is not as if the activities of the body in 
question were helping in the smallest degree to preserve what we as 
naturalists value. We know only too well that the very opposite is true, 
and the charging of a fee thus amounts to the addition of insult to injury 
already inflicted. As the sum that the Commission hopes to collect in this 
way can hardly be significant in the context of its total profits, the charge 
imposed will merely act as a (needless) irritant which will further ex- 
acerbate the already somewhat strained relations between the 
Commission and entomologists. It is indeed most necessary to have the 
exact legal position clarified; but in the meantime I feel that we should 
take our stand on a combination of two broadly accepted principles. 
First, that natural history pursuits are not merely legitimate as whole- 
some recreation ,but desirable for their educational and scientific value, 
and as such, provided they do not clash with other public or private 
interests, should not be restricted, taxed or penalised; after the publicity 
given to National Nature Week this proposition will, we may hope, be 
widely admitted. And second, the principle—upheld in English law—that, 
in disputes over land ownership, etc., unopposed use over a long period 
in general establishes the right (at least if publicly claimed) to continue 
such use. In the present instance, it is relevant that nature-lovers have 
for generations harmlessly enjoyed free access to the whole of the New 
Forest—a fact which I, like Dr. Birkett, think entitles us to consider this 
unique area a national heritage. The Forestry Commission ought not to 
be regarded as the true owners; rather are they there in the capacity of 
tenants, on mandate from the Government. The commoners alone may 
possess legal rights in the Forest but the public too—and because of its 
special character, naturalists in particular—have the moral right to enjoy 
its amenities and its natural productions in a reasonable manner; or so I 
should be prepared to argue. When the latter stipulation is ignored, the 
culprit is seldom an entomologist; and while irresponsible persons should 
doubtless be excluded, it can hardly be claimed that ordinary insect- 


CURRENT NOTES 231 


collecting (and even ‘sugaring’, the objection to which is surely un- 
reasonable) is going to interfere materialiy with the Commission’s work. 
They have, we note, been instructed to make the New Forest pay. I 
wonder whether they have also received orders to make the entomolo- 
gist pay?—-A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 28.vii.63. 


COLLECTING IN THE NEw Forest.—Dr. Birkett has done a service to 
entomologists in general in bringing to our notice, through the pages of 
the Record, what has becyme a standard practice in regard to collecting 
in the New Forest. The Forestry Commission are obviously in business 
to make a profit but why we should help to make the area pay by sub- 
scribing an annual fee of a guinea is beyond logical reasoning. If a 
source of income, no matter h>w small, is forthcoming from visiting 
entomologists to the New Forest, it is surely only a question of time before 
all the other Commission’s properties in the country have a similar 
impositi3n placed upon them. 

Even after payment, we are not supposed to use sugar. This method 
of collecting has no doubt been used in the New Forest, as indeed else- 
where, for approximately the last hundred years. Are we to cease this 
pleasant occupation just to satisfy a whim of an official in the Commission? 
Furthermore, have the Commission any right at all to prevent us having 
the thrill of seeing sponsa and promissa feeding on the sugar patch? Can 
we be told, please, why sugaring is now forbidden and yet there is no 
embargo %9n Mercury Vapour lights provided we first obtain another 
document authorising their use? 

Each year it becomes increasingly difficuit to work areas of natural 
woodland. We have in the New Forest an area in which coniferous 
afforestation is not as rampant as in other parts of the country but, 
because of the Commission’s actions, we are slowly but surely being pre- 
vented from carrying out our harmless pursuit. The time has come for 
some positive action to put a stop once and for all to this high-handed, 
dictatorial attitude. 

A visitor to the New Forest is asked to undertake a return by the 
year’s end of insects and larvae taken during a visit. May we know why 
the Forestry Commission require this list? Are the Commission really in- 
terested in the conservation of some species? The policy seems to be to 
grow more and more coniferous trees at the expense of our native oak. 
What good a list of species does when these conditions prevail is beyond 
comprehension.—M. J. LerrcuH, The Cottage, MHallgates, Cropston, 
Leicestershire. 3.viii.1963. 


INSECT PERMITS AND CHARGES THEREFORE, IN THE 
NEW FOREST. 


For some time now I have been in communication with the Deputy 
Surveyor, Mr. W. A. Cadman, on the above subject, with the object of 
finding out just what are the powers of the Forestry Commission in this 
connection, and by what right they make a charge for such permits as 
they are entitled to issue. 

On 12th June Mr. Cadman made the astounding statement that all 
activities over the WHOLE OF THE NEW FOREST were proscribed, 
except the taking of air and exercise, and even this was prohibited in the 
enclosures! 

This of course cannot be, to prohibit normal activities on public land 
(the Open Forest) a Bye-law is required, and on Ist August the Deputy 


232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/1X/1963 


Surveyor agreed with my contention that the present bye-laws do NOT 
prohibit the collecting of Insects. Nevertheless, claiming that this fact 
did not “limit the rights and powers of the Forestry Commission over the 
New Forest”. What rights? What powers? None I am sure with regard 
to Insects and the Open Forest. To visit the enclosures a permit has 
always been required. Mr. Cadman, however, has been unable to refer 
to any Statute or Bye-law authorising a fiscal charge for such permit. 

On 12th June Mr. Cadman declared that it was his intention to apply 
to have the Insects included in the new bye-laws now under revision, and 
be it noted that the new bye-laws will carry a penalty of fifty pounds, 
TEN times the present ones. 

It is up to the Entomologists and their Societies and Publications to 
oppose this proposal, approach our local Members of Parliament, put our 
viewpoint forward, check the legality of a fiscal charge for such permits 
as we rightfully seek to obtain. Make no mistake, once Mr. Cadman has 
his bye-law, even the children may not take a butterfly net to the area, 
without paying a pound to Mr. Cadman, or whatever “fee” is thought fit. 
Costs are always rising! 

I am well aware that some of our Hampshire members agree with the 
principle of paying the Forestry Commission for its permits, indeed have 
advocated it. Would these people also like to pay the twelve or more 
Regional Divisions of the Nature Conservancy for their kind permission 
to collect on their land also? Just how much are they seeking for us all 
to pay, £5, £10 or maybe even £25 per annum? Do not forget that 
the Forestry Commission are the largest landowners in the country.—sS. 
Coxry, Balcombe, Regent Road, Lostock, Bolton. 21.8.63. 

I have received the following letter: 

Dear Sir, 

The Ivinghoe Hills on the Herts.-Bucks. border are noted for 
Lysandra coridon Poda and other “chalk insects’. This piece sf the 
Chilterns is National Trust land and part of the Ashridge Estate, the 
management committee of which is concerned at the extent of collecting. 
They feel it threatens the local fauna. 

The Herts. and Middlesex Trust for Nature Conservation and the 
Bucks., Berks., and Oxon Naturalists’ Trust are in active sympathy with 
the Estate’s views. 

It may not be generally realised that there is a National Trust bye-law 
which, inter alia, forbids the taking of “living creatures”. This the com- 
mittee appeals to entomologists to observe—hence this letter. But 
those with “a special or important purpose” are asked to apply for a per- 
mit through the Ashridge agents, W. Brown & Co., High Street, Tring. 

It is in the interests of all naturalists that our lepidopterous fauna be 
preserved, and I am confident that my fellow entomologists will be ready 
and willing to comply with the committee’s very reasonable request. 

P. J. Bett, Recorder for lepidoptera, Herts. Natural History Society. 


In the case of small colonies of rare insects, I know very well how 
entomologists co-operate in the matter of their preservation, but one 
can hardly call L. coridon a rare or limited insect. I have always under- 
stood that varieties were the material sought, and that the normal insects 
were released after inspection. I would appreciate the views of those who 
have been in the habit of working these hills. The thought of a permit 
being necessary, excepting on private property, is enough to keep me 
away from any collecting ground.—Eb. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (115) 


ticularly in the marshes of north-west Kent. It appears to have become 
generally less numerous since, and there is no recorded instance of its 
having been observed really plentifully in the county for more than 
fifty years. 

1. Lewisham district, 1861 (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 196). Brockley 
(Turner, Ent. Rec., 1: 349). Lee, 1900 (Carr, Entomologist, 34: 108); 
uncommon (Green, Trans. W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 16). Chisle- 
hurst, one, September 6, 1907 (S. F. P. Blyth). Bexley; Farnborough; 
Hither Green; Eltham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Sidcup, singletons, 1910, 1911, 
1914, 1934, two, 1913 (A. R. Kidner). Abbey Wood (Juby & Hards (1925)); 
1952 (A. J. Showler). Dartford (B. K. West). West Wickham, 1949, 1952, 
two, 1958 (C.-H.); two (R. Birchenough). Orpington, 1953, 1956 (L. W. 
Siggs), St. Mary Cray, (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, two, 1959, including 
one on June 16, a very early date, five, 1960, six, 1962 (D. R. M. Long). 


2. Deptford Marshes, in great abundance (Standish, Ent. Mag., 2: 435). 
Gravesend, “banks of the Thames below Gravesend’, larvae June, imago 
July (Stevens, Zoologist, 1787). Northfleet (Hodgkinson, Zoologist, 2328). 
Woolwich district* (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 10: 188). Greenhithe* (Farn 
MS.). Greenwich Marshes, two, August 5, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); “Have seen 
it in thousands in the market-gardens” (J. W. Tutt, in Buckell & Prout, 
Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 70). Rochester district*, com- 
mon everywhere (Chaney (1884-87)). Higham, July 29, 1926 (F. T. Grant). 
Sheppey, 1936 (E. H. Wild). Dartford (B. K. West). 

3. Herne Bay, four, July 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes); one, 1953 (D. G. Marsh). 
Broad Oak, singletons on buddleia, 1944, 1950, 1951, 1956 (C.-H.). Whit- 
stable (P. F. Harris). 

4. Deal (Tutt, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 71). Sandwich, 
July 18, 19, August 22, 1936; August 8, 1938; August 9, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); 
about twelve at sugar between 10 p.m. and 2.30 a.m., July 22-23, two at 
sugar, August 5, 1950 (C.-H.). Reculver (A. J. L. Bowes). 

5. Chevening, August 7, 1912 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. 
Edwards. 

6. Cuxton* (Tutt, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 13). Graves- 
end, numerous at sugar, 1911-12 (F. T. Grant). Pinden, uncommon (E. J. 
Hare). Dartford (B. K. West). Meopham, August 3, 13, 15, 1960, August 
26, 1961 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 125); 1894 (James, Entomologist, 
28: 86). 

7. Westwell, several, August 6-14, 1938; Charing, August 16, 1938 (Scott 
(1950)). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Folkestone* (Knaggs (1870)). Dover—two, July 18, one, August 1, 
one, August 3, 1901; two, on the cliffs, July 25, 1901; Kearsney, nine, July 
23, two, July 27, 1901, all at flowers (H. D. Stockwell, Diary); one, August 
Sloan (C.4H.). 

[Folkestone Warren (Morley (1931)), is unconfirmed (A. M. Morley, in 
litt.) ] 

9. Ramsgate (J. W. C. Hunt). Margate, July 27, August 3, 1951, few, 
August 18, 1954 (W. D. Bowden). 

10. Sevenoaks, at light, 1950 (F. D. Greenwood). 

11. Tonbridge (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 
Bethersden, August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). 

12. Canterbury, at buddleia, c.1947 (J. A. Parry). Brook* (C. A. W. 
Duffield). Wye, fifteen, July 21-September 15, 1953, fifteen, August 4-19, 


(116) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


1954, seven, August 2-26, 1955, fifteen, July 22-September 2, 1956; Willes- 
berough, eighteen, August 3-31, 1954, six, July 22-August 16, 1955, thirty- 
four, July 21-August 31, 1956, with maximum of six, August 9 (W. L. 
Rudland). Ashford, in garden in town and on golf-course (P. Cue). 


13. Tunbridge Wells, fairly frequent (Knipe(1916)); scarce (Given 
(1946)). 


14. Hawkhurst (B. G. Chatfield). Iden Green, one, 1951 (H. Boxall). 


15. Littlestone, August 12-14, 1922 (Gillett, Diary). Dungeness, one, 
August 12, 1932, several, August 16, 1934, two, July 26, 1935, two, August 
5, 1945, two, August 5, 1950, all at sugar (A. M. Morley); August 6, two, 
September 11, 1988 (Bowes, Ent. Rec., 51: 109); one, August 12, 1938 
(C.-H.); July 27, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); 1957 (E. Philp). Greatstone, one, 
August 5, 1935 (A. M. Morley). 


16. Folkestone Town, one in house, August 8, 1947; six, July 13-August 
5, 1952, twenty-three, July 15-August 20, 1953, seven, August 15-26, 1954, 
six, August 3-21, 1955, four, July 28-August 27, 1956, one, August 13, 1962 
(A. M. Morley). Sandgate, one, 1860, one 1961 (N. Reay-Jones). 


VARIATION.—Robson (Br. Nat., 3: 67) states that ‘“Agrotis nigricans is 
blacker from the Greenwich marshes than from the fields and marshes in 
the neighbourhood of Rochester’; and A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes:— 
“All my specimens from Romney Marsh and Folkestone, are of the usual 
Kent form, rubricans Esp. 


Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 34-38) records the following abs. from Kent:— 
pallida Tutt; flavo-pallida Tutt; rufa Tutt; ruris Haw., fairly common; 
obeliscata Haw., very common; rufo-variegata Tutt; rubricans Esp., com- 
mon; gqguadrata Tutt; ochrea Tutt; fusco-variegata Tutt; rustica Ev. 


The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—rufa Tutt, Strood, 1903; ruris Haw., 
Strood, 1903, Darenth, 1904; quadrata Tutt, Strood, 1903; marshallana 
Westw., Herne Bay, 1936, A. J. L. Bowes; fumida Warren, Sandwich, 1936, 
Herne Bay, 1936. Also, the following referable to typical nigricans L.:— 
Lydd, one, 1938, Herne Bay, one, 1936, Sandwich, one, 1938, one, 1939. 

First Recorp, 1809: “Habitat in Cantio rarissime. Exemplarium uni- 
cum solum vidi’ (Haworth, Lep Britannica, 2: 222). This iS the 
original reference to ab. obeliscata Haw. 


E. tritici L.: White-line Dart. 
Native. Coastal sandhills, heaths, etc.; foodplant unrecorded. Plenti- 
ful on the blown sand of div. 4; less numerous elsewhere. 


1. Abbey Wood; Eltham (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 10: 188). Lee, one, 
1899 (Carr, in Buckell and. Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. iat, asi ease 
1899: 70). Bostall Heath; Dartford Heath; Paul’s Cray; Farnborough 
(Wool. Surv. (1909)). West Wickham (V.C.H. (1908)) (de Worms, Lond. 
Nat., 1954: 73). Chislehurst; Sydenham, 1901 (Hammond, in Buckell and 
Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 64). Chislehurst, two, at 
ragwort, August 1910 (S. F. P. Blyth). Sidcup, two, at light, 1912, one, 1913 
(A. R. Kidner). Dartford, at honeysuckle and ragwort (B. K. West). 
Abbey Wood, at m.v., 1953 (A. J. Showler). St. Mary Cray, about six 
annually, 1955-58 (R. G. Chatelain). Blackheath, at m.v., several, August 
1960 (A. A. Allen). Bromley, one, July 30, 1961, two. August 25-28, 1962 
(D. R. M. Long). 


2. Northfieet, six, 1848 (Hodgekinson, Zoologist, 2328). Sheppey, 1873 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (117) 


(Hodgson, Ent. mon. Mag., 10: 180); 1936 (E. H. Wild). Plumstead Marshes 
(J. A. Clark, in Buckle & Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 
70). Greenwich Marshes (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Dartford (B. 
K. West). 


3. Herne Bay (A. J. L. Bowes). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Broad Oak, 
at buddleia blossom, annually (C.-H.). 


4. Deal, 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 187); since noted plentifully 
by many observers on the sandhills between Deal and Sandwich (C.-H.). 
Reculver, not common, July 20, 24, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Ickham (D. G. 
Marsh). 

6. Rochester district* (Chaney (1884-87)). Gravesend, 1910-12 (F. T. 
Grant). Pinden, not common (E. J. Hare). Meopham, fairly common, 
1960 (J. Ellerton). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Bentley, Entomologist, 1: 256). 

7. Westwell, July 24, 1947 (Scott (1950)). 

8. Folkestone, 2, 1858 (H. Tompkins, Diary). Dover (Coverdale, 
Entomologist, 16: 221). Wye Chalkpit, August 2, 1945 (E. Scott). 

9. Ramsgate (J. W. C. Hunt). Margate, 1914, 1919, 1920; Birchington, 
three, July 21, 1922; Brooks End, two, August 11, 1922; Kingsgate, one, 
July 6, 1921 (H. G. Gomm). Margate, July 15, 1951, one, July 29, 1954 (W. 
D. Bowden). 

11. Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). ; 

12. Ham Street (Scott (1950)). Ashford (P. Cue). Willesborough, ten, 
1954, eight, 1955, twenty-five, 1956; Wye, fourteen, 1953, one, 1954, four, 
1955, seventeen, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). West Ashford, fairly common at 
light, 1959 (M. Singleton). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan). 

14. Sandhurst, at sugar (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst (B. G. Chatfield). 

15. Littlestone, August 9, 1919, August 12-14, 1922 (Gillett, Diary). 
Lydd-on-Sea, July 19, 1930, six, 1935; Littlestone, two at marram, July 7, 
1933, six at light, August 5, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Dungeness, three, August 
6, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); July 7, 1959 (C. R. Haxby). Greatstone, a larva 
excavated from sandhills, May 25, 1963 (C.-H.). A. M. Morley says that 
he has taken it more often at Dungeness than elsewhere in this division, 
owing to more numerous visits, but the small numbers suggest that it comes 
from the sandhills rather than the shingle.—1936: one at sugar, Septem- 
ber 10; 1938: one at sugar, August 19, and another on August 30, a night 
when there were about 3700 moths on the posts; 1945: four at sugar on 
another crowded night; 1950: one at sugar, July 29, one, August 13. 

16. Folkestone, one, 1946; one, 1948; three, 1953; three, 1954 (A. M. 
Morley). 

VARIATION.—In my series of some 150 Kent tritici, which includes many 
from the Sandwich-Deal sandhills, the variation is indescribably com- 
plicated, with no two individuals exactly alike, and a comparative assess- 
ment of the variability of the species in the county would require at least 
five times this number of examples in my view, as well as a great deal 
more time than is at my disposal. Briefly, however, the ground colour of 
these specimens ranges from pale greyish-white, through pale slate-grey, 
dove-grey, slaty-fuscous, pale greyish-fuscous, dark greyish-fuscous, pale 
yellowish-ochreous, reddish-brown, dull brown, blackish-brown, to greyish- 
black; thus covering most of the colour gradations as designated by Tutt. 
It is noteworthy that in Britain, the greyish-white, dove-grey, and slate 
forms are perhaps peculiar to the coastal sandhills of east Kent. About 


(118) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


one quarter of the examples in my Kent series have a pale costa. Only 
two specimens have the reniform and orbicular prolonged so that they 
reach one another, and in each case are joined under one encirclement 
(C.-Hi.). 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 44 et seq.) records the following abs. from Deal:— 
obsoleta Tutt; costa-obsoleta Tutt; nana Zell.; caerulea Tutt; eruta Hubn.; 
vitta Hubn.; pallida Tutt; obsoleta-pallida Tutt; fusca Tutt; ochracea Tutt; 
valligera Haw.; albilinea Haw.; aquilina God.; fictilis Hubn.; aquilina 
Hubn.; venosa Steph.; nigro-fusca Esp.; gypaetina Gn.; nigra Tutt; ocellina 
St.; virgata Tutt. 


In V.C.H. (1908), aquilina Hubn. is recorded from Eltham; Folkestone; 
Greenwich; and aquilina (author?) is recorded from Northfleet (Hodge- 
kinson, Zoologist, 2328); Abbey Wood; Eltham (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 10: 
188; Wool. Surv. (1909)); Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)); Dover (Coverdale, 
Entomologist, 16: 221). 


The following named abs. are in R.C.K.:—obsoleta Tutt, Dungeness, 
1934; fusca Tutt, Sandwich, 1936; ochracea Tutt, Deal, 1899; fumosoides 
Culot, two, Sandwich, 1936; fusca Tutt, Sandwich, two, 1936, Dungeness, 
one, 1932, three, 1934; costa-caerulea Tutt, Sandwich, three, 1936; sordida 
Haw., Deal; nigrofusca Esp., Deal, 1899; costa-fusca Tutt, Dungeness, 1934; 
albilinea Haw., Deal, 1899. 


FIRST RECORD, 1842: Darenth Wood (Bentley, Entomologist, 1: 256). 


E. obelisca Schiff.: Square-spot Dart. 
Suspected adventivel. 


15. Dungeness, 9, taken at sugar by Austin Richardson, August 8, 
1945 (Chalmers-Hunt, Bull. K. Fld. Cl., 4: 21), is the only known occur- 
rence. 

[(Its inclusion by Grove & Morgan (in Trans. K. Fld. Cl., 1 (3), 130) 
for Burham Down was based upon erroneous determination (C.-H.). The 
species has also been recorded in error by Tutt (Entomologist, 18: 94; 
Br. Noct., 2: 20); and Browne (Entomologist, 35: 269, 288).)] 

First REcORD, 1945: Dungeness (A. Richardson). 


Agrotis segetum Schiff.: Turnip Moth. 

Resident, probably reinforced by immigration!. Vegetable fields, 
gardens, waste places, etc,; on roots of cabbage, celery. Found in all 
divisions. “Generally abundant” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

The moth is ordinarily found more often in the first than in the 
second brood. It is usually fairly numerous, but is very much less 
plentiful some years, and appears in fact to be at a rather low ebb at the 
present time, judging by the comparatively small numbers noted at 
regularly run m.v. traps. Thus, in 1962, at Folkestone (div. 16), only 
twenty-three occurred June 19-August 6, with none at all in September, 
and but three, October 1-24 (A. M. Morley); at Sevenoaks Weald (div. 11), 
altogether only five in 1959, and nine in 1960 (E. A. Sadler); and at Dunge- 
ness, in 1962, although a trap was run there almost every night from 
April to early September, a total of only three segetum was noted thus: 
June 20, July 1, 15 (R. E. Scott). 

From time to time the species has appeared in vast numbers, odeneripe 
on or near the coast. An instance of when it reached pest proportions is 


1The species is perhaps a casual from Sussex, where it is resident on the coast. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (119) 


recorded by Harding (Entomologist, 3: 348), who states that at Deal in 
August 1867, the larvae were so abundant, that they completely destroyed 
crops of cabbages, celery, etc., in gardens. In the autumn of 1938, the 
moth occurred in prodigious numbers at sugar at Dungeness. Thus, on one 
night between August 30 and September 30, there were some 7,500 moths 
on the posts, of which about 5000 were segetum, and the number of moths 
noted on August 30, was 3,700, of which 800 were this species (A. M. 
Morley); de Worms (Entomologist, 72: 262) records that on September 4, 
there were at least 10.000 moths there, mostly segetum, A. ipsilon Hufn., 
and Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. It is also on record that segetum ap- 
peared in thousands on September 14, 1938, on the cliffs at Dover (B. 
Embry, per Dannreuther, Entomologist, 72: 14)!. 


Occasionally the moth has been noted very late in the season. In 1954 
and 1956, it continued on the wing to the beginning of November, and in 
1$55, one occurred at m.v. at Wye as late as November 21 (W. L. Rud- 
land). An exceptionally early date, is of a fresh dG taken by me at 
sallow bloom, at Farnborough, March 18, 1950 (C.-H.). 


I have occasionally unearthed the pupa in the spring. from the herba- 
ceous border in my garden at West Wickham, and bred the moth (C.-H.); 
from three pupae dug in his garden at Folkestone, May 17, 1943; May 9, 1945; 
May 8, 1950; A. M. Morley reared the moths in June of those years, and A. 
R. Kidner (Diary) records the following in his garden at Sidcup: two pupae, 
August 1917; single larvae, May 6, 1918; September 6, 1920; pupa, May 31, 
1930; several pupae and larvae, September 1935—May 1936. There is 
very little information on record, however, of the foodplants in nature of 
this species, though its pabula must be very varied. H. C. Huggins has 
bred the moth from a larva found in Kent, feeding on cabbage roots; and 
there is Harding’s record above, of larvae destroying crops of cabbages 
and celery. 


VARIATION.—Abs. monileus Haw., subatratus Haw., and fuscosa Esp., 
form the majority of Kent examples in my experience; but I have only 
one that appears to accord with the nymotype, a 3. taken Ham Street, 
September 9, 1949; Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 11) records ab. catenatus Haw.., 
from Deal, and I have a ¢ of this from Sandwich, taken September 25, 
1938 (C.-H.). 


A. M. Morley (in litt.) writing on the variation in this species, says: 
“T have a good many labelled as varieties according to Tutt, and these 
were seen by Cockayne, who agreed with the naming”. The following 
abs., all taken, Dungeness, 1938, unless otherwise stated, are among those 
he lists: —pectinatus Haw., ¢, Folkestone; venosus Haw., 2 9 9; catenatus 
Haw., ¢, New Inn Green, 1928, 5 ¢ 6; segetis Hiibn., 2 ¢d; monileus 
Haw.; fuscosa Esp., caliginosa Esp., 8 99; subatratus Haw.; and among 
unnamed abs., three ¢ 4, with “a dark border to each forewing”; anda 9, 
al. expanse 46 mm. Also, a striking ab., infuscofasciata C.-H., of which 
the holotype ¢ was taken, Dungeness, 1938, and exhibited (Morley, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1938-39: 27, plt. 2, fig. 3). 


FIRST (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1860: ‘“‘Noctua (Agrotis) segetum . .. I have 


1The appearance of vast numbers of segetum on the East Kent coast during the 
autumn of 1938, suggests an enormous invasion, particularly as they were 
accompanied by many undoubted immigrants. The moth is classed as 
a migrant by Williams et al. (1942). 


(120) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


taken it on the sand-hills near Sandwich in the middle of October” 
(Curtis, Farm Insects, 121). But the species was doubtless first noticed in 
the county long before. 


A. vestigialis Hufn.: Archer’s Dart. 
Native. Coastal sandhills, casually elsewhere; foodplant unknown. 


The moth appears to be single brooded, with an extended emergence 
from June to September, reaching its optimum about August 20. 

1. West Wickham, one, at light, August 6, 1957 (R. Birchenough). 

4. Deal-Sandwich sandhills.—1848, at sugar (Stevens, Zoologist, 2331); 
exhibited by H. J. Harding, at Society of British Entomologists, September 
6, 1853 (Zoologist, 4071); 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 163, 187); com- 
mon, 1858 (idem, Ent. week. Int., 4: 197); August 1902; with Euxoa tritici 
by far the most plentiful here (Browne, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 
1903: 41); 1906 Gdem, Proc. S-.Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1906-07: 86); 
abundant (V.C.H. (1908)). Deal, four at sugar, September 4, 1930, fifty at 
sugar, 1932; Sandwich, twenty at sugar, 1933 (A. M. Morley); Sandwich, 
June 27, 1936, with noticeable increase in numbers in August and improve- 
ment in condition (A. J. L. Bowes, Diary); usually numerous at sugar, light, 
and at marram grass, by St. George’s Golf Course; fairly plentiful, July 25, 
two, September 25, 1938; June 30, 1939; about eighty, many freshly emerged, 
August 25, 1950 (C.-H.); appears about June 10 (E. & Y. (1949)). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). 

9. Ramsgate, ¢, in garden, August 23, 1948 (A. H. Lanfear). 

15. Littlestone, August 9, 1919, August 12-14, 1922 (Gillett, Diary); 
1930 (Morley (1931)); many, July 26, August 5, one, August 18, 1936 (A. M. 
Morley); four, at marram grass, June 29, 1956 (C.-H.). Greatstone, one, 
July 7, 1933, one, August 5, 1935 (A. M. Morley); several, August 3, 4, 6, 
1948 (P. le Masurier); 1957 (S. Wakely); one, August 1960 (D. Youngs); 
a larva excavated from sandhills, May 25, 1963 (C.-H.). 

16. Sandgate, one, 1961 (N. Reay-Jones). 

VARIATION.—My series of some seventy Sandwich examples may be 
classified as follows, though the colour forms intergrade so closely, that 
allocation of aberrational names can in many cases be only approximate: 
sagittifera Haw., with considerable variation inter se, by far the com- 
monest form; brunnea-obsoleta Tutt, three; olivacea Hartig, four; valligera 
Bork., three; pseudochreteni Heydm., one; lineolata Tutt, two; juncta 
Lempke, five; pseudovalligera Turner, one; angustipennis Bart., two; 
nymotypical vestigialis Hufn. is apparently scarce, and I have only one, 
an CC =F 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—indistincta Cockayne, holotype gd, 
Sandwich, 1936; sagittiferus Haw., Deal, several; valligera Schiff., Sand- 
wich, eight; brunnea-obsoleta Tutt, Deal; also, three, Sandwich, 1936, refer- 
able to nymotypical vestigialis Hufn. 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 18) includes the following abs. from Kent:—signata 
Bdv.; clavis Esp., very rare; valligera Bork.; lineolata Tutt. 

First REcorRD, 1848: Deal (Stevens, Zoologist, 2331). 


[A. crassa Hiibn.: Great Dart. 
Doubtfully Kentish. 
The specimen alleged to have been taken in 1873 is considered doubt- 


fully genuine; and the other records were probably based on misidentifica- 
tion, 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (121) 


1. Plumstead (Courtney, Entomologist, 1: 227). Lewisham, 1845 
(Stainton, Zoologist, 1194). Note: Stainton omitted the species from his 
Manual. 

8. Near Dover.—One, in Horne coll. sale, February 20, 1923, catalogued 
as “crassa, near Dover, 1873” (Adkin, Entomoiogist, 56: £5) (one, in S. 
Stevens’s coll., “received among a lot of common species taken at Dover” 
(Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 287), may refer to this specimen).] 


A. clavis Hufn. (corticea Schiff.): Heart and Club. 

Native. Coastal sandhills, downs, chalky places, eic.; foodplant un- 
known. Recorded from all divisions, but with seemingly a preterence for 
light soils. Frequent in 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16; fewer records for 2, 3, 6a, 9, 11, 
13-15; plentiful on the blown sand of 4. 


Bexley, September 18, 1898 (Carr, Entomologist, 31: 295), appears to be 
a case of a partial second generation, the only instance of this to our 
knowledge. 

2. Gravesend (Miller & Jones, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 114). Sheppey, com- 
mon at sugar, 1872 (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 9: 163). Higham (H. C. 
Huggins). Sittingbourne, two, 1949 (C.-H.). 

3. Reculver, July 21, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). Herne Bay, a few (D. G. 
Marsh). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Tankerton, 1951 (J. L. Atkinson). 
Broad Oak, one, 1952 (C.-H.). 

6a. Chattenden (Chaney (1884-87)); c. 1902 (H. C. Huggins). 

9. Ramsgate, one (J. W. C. Hunt). Margate, three on lamps, June 20, 
1919 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Minster, one, June 17, 1920 (H. G. Gomm, 
Diary); three, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). 

10. Brasted (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks (Gillett, Entomologist, 53: 
23; idem, Entomologist, 55: 278); at sugar and light (F. D. Greenwood). 

11. Hever (Meade-Waldo, Entomologist, 48: 225). Edenbridge, at 
Sugar and light, 1930 (F. D. Greenwood). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 
Sevenoaks Weald, three, at m.v., June 18-July 21, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); 1956-59, fairly common (C. A. 
Stace). Goudhurst, common (W. V. D. Bolt, personal communication, 
1961). 

14. Tenterden (Stainton, Man.) Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst (B. 
G. Chatfield). Iden Green (H. Boxall). 

15. Greatstone, one, July 3, 1986 (A. M. Morley). Dymchurch (Wakely, 
Ent. Rec., 65: 48). 

VARIATION.—So far as I can judge, my series of some 100 specimens 
from Sandwich includes the following abs.:—brunnea Tutt, brunnea- 
suffusa Tutt, and irrorata-fusca Tutt, are numerous; irrorata-pallida Tutt, 
obscura Freyer, mulleri Hanel, subfuscus Haw., and transversa Tutt, have 
occurred to me _ severally; orbiculella-brunnea Strand-Tutt, strigosa 
Strand, virgata-pallida Tutt, nigra Tutt, and obsoleta-fusca Tutt, are all 
single specimens. Also, one only of the nymotype, clavis Hufn. (C.-H.). 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 62) records ab. clavigerus Haw., and ab. virgata- 
pallida Tutt, both from Deal; and Meade-Waldo (Entomologist, 48: 225) 
describes ab. obsoleta, ¢ holotype, taken Hever, July 5, 1915. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—obsoleta-fusca Tutt, Sandwich, 1938; 
sincerii Frr., Sevenoaks, one, June 23, 1922 (Gillett, Entomologist, 55: 278); 
irrorata-fusca Tutt, Ashford, 1935; virgata-fusca Tutt, Sandwich, 1938. 


First REcORD, 1809: “Habitat in Cantio rarissime. Exemplarium uni- 
cum solum vidi” (Haworth, Lep. Brit., 2: 222). 


(122) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/1X/1963 


A. denticulatus Haw. (cinerea auct.): Light Feathered Rustic. 


Native. Chalk downs, shingle beach, casually elsewhere; foodplant 
unknown. 


1. Dartford Heath, ¢, on fence (1875), taken by A. B. Farn (Fenn, 
Diary). Petts Wood, two, 1948 (E. Evans). Farningham Wood, two worn 
specimens, June 26, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 


5. Chevening, May 17-18; June 1, 1912; May 29-30, June 4, 1913; May 
16, 18-20, 22, 24, 29, 31, 1914, all in light trap; June 18, 1916, 9 on valerian 
(Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 


6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Sevenoaks* (Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 301). 
Otford (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent nat. Hist. Soc., 1902: 50). Gravesend, 
two, at street lamps; Near Clay Lane Wood; Eynsford; Luddesdown (H. C. 
Huggins). Shoreham (Crewdson, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933- 
34: 48). Pinden, not uncommon (E. J. Hare, personal communication, 
April 1956). Meopham, one, May 28, 1960 (J. Ellerton). 


6a. Near Darenth (see First Record). Occasionally on a heathy com- 
mon north of Darenth Wood, flying by day (Stephens, Haust, 2: 128). 
Darenth Wood (E. J. Hare). 


7. Hambley Hill, one, 1873, by J. J. Walker (Chaney (1884-87)). Boxley, 
one, 1904, one, 1905 (Goodwin coll.); 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). MHolling- 
bourne (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, two, May 22; ten, May 27, 1933 (A. M. 
Morley) (Scott (1936)). Broad Street, two, May 28, 1955 (E. Philp). 


8. Folkestone.—Warren, 9, 1868 (Knaggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 5: 78); a 
series, 1897 (Woodforde, Entomologist, 58: 179); Warren, one taken by A. 
G. Riddell, June 1, 19386 (A. M. Morley). Dover.—Diggles, 1888 (Webb 
(1891)); St. Radigunds Wood, gd, June 9, 1908; downs above Maxton, <d, 
June 4, 1909 (Cardew, Diary); Whinless Down; Poulton Valley; Kingsdown; 
Betteshanger (F. & Y. (1949)); one, June 8, 1951; one, May 17, 1956, both 
at m.v. in the town (G. H. Youden). Tilmanstone, 4, at car lights, June 9, 
1934 (A. M. Morley). Wye (V.C.H. (1908)); common at light, June 2, 1935, 
forty, May 29, 1936 (Bowes, Diary); Crown chalkpit, five, June 5; three, 
June 9, 1939; three worn specimens, May 28, 1949; about seventy 3d, at 
two Coleman lamps, May 30-31, 1953 (C.-H.). Stowting; Brook (C. A. W. 
Duffield). 


10. Sevenoaks, May 28, 1920 (Gillett, Diary). 
11. Aylesford, c, 1953 (G. A. N. Davis). 


12. Long Rope Wood, dg, at m.v. June 3, 1950 (C.-H.). Chartham, c. 
1955 (P. B. Wacher). Wye, nine, May 20-June 3, 1953; five May 12-June 12, 
1954; one, May 25, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, one, June 1960 
(D. Youngs). 


13. Tunbridge Wells district*, 1898 (Phipps, Entomologist, 31: 267); 
one or two only (R. H. Rattray, in Knipe (1916)). Southborough (Given 
(1946)). 


15. “New Romsey” [New Romney] (1896, Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 301). 
Dungeness, three ¢ ¢, June 4; one, June 8, 1932; one, June 3, 1947; all at 
sugar; three, including one 9 at light, June 1938 (A. M. Morley) (the moth 
is apparently seldom noted at sugar, and these are the only instances of 
this known to me (C.-H.)); common, June 11, 1932 (J. H. B. Lowe); 9, on 


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Spring Butterflies in Greece, April 1963 
By C. G. M. bE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.E.S. 


After one of the most severe and long winters on record it seemed only 
fitting to seek somewhere in the sun as soon as spring was at hand in 
order to counteract the effects of this gruelling spell and also to sample 
more of the early lepidoptera in the southern regions of Europe. Greece 
seemed to offer some of the best opportunities at this time of year and 
especially as I had been much taken by an article entitled “Three months 
butterfly collecting in Greece” by the late Brig.-Gen. C. H. van Strau- 
benzee (vide Entomologist 1932, 75: 154) who had had a most successful 
trip there in 1931 with headquarters at Delphi and at Kalavryta below 
Mount Khelmos, from April to June of that year. I also had equally 
glowing accounts of that part of the world from Mr. Frank Sowells who 
visited Delphi in April 1930 and also from Dr. and Mrs. Ernest Scott 
who brought back a very good harvest from there in 1954, also at that 
time of year. 

My arrival in Greece was somewhat different from that of Gen. van 
Straubenzee who travelled in the conventional manner by the Orient 
Express. Leaving London Airport in the early hours of 6th April in a 
jet air liner of the Olympus Airways which did the 1,700 miles to Athens 
in 34 hours, I reached the Greek capital before daybreak and had the 
thrill of seeing the sun rise over the Acropolis. I then took the regular 
‘bus at 7.30 a.m. to Delphi which covered the 110 miles in just over 4 
hours, winding through some very fine mountain scenery till we dropped 
down to the famous ancient site situated in a bowl at the foot of the high 
cliffs below Mt. Parnassus. The small town of Delphi is growing apace to 
eater for the hundreds of tourists who arrive daily to see the ruins of 
this sacred place of the Ancient World. New hotels are springing up 
annually, squeezed in among the dozens of souvenir shops bordering the 
single main street. Shortly after settling in at one of the small, modern 
hotels, I set out to explore the countryside with much to guide me from 
the General’s sojourn there in 1931 which had started some ten days 
later. But it was rather a dull afternoon when I tried to dodge the sight- 
seers round the temple of Pallas Athene below the main road. But little 
seemed to be moving in the rough herbage except Euchloé ausonia Hbn. 
and Glaucopsyche alexis Poda (cyllarus Hbn.). I was beginning to think 
that I was too early for the choicer species. These fears were soon dis- 
pelled when the morning of the 7th broke with continuous sunshine and a 
temperature nearing the 70’s. I made my way down the main road the 
3_mile to the Castalia Spring which gushes out of a cleft in the mountain 
and rushes down a gorge towards the gulf of Corinth. All the way the 
spring flowers along the sides of the road were at their best, and so were 
many of the spring butterflies. I soon realised that several species of 
Pierids were all flying together, for besides Euchloé ausonia Hbn., I took 
a few male Pontia daplidice L., while patches where the longer grass grew 
were alive with Pieris rapae L. in many forms together with another 
Pierid with heavier black tips to the wings which proved to be the first 
brood of P. manni Meyer. Almost every White had to be scrutinised, as a 
few turned out to be P. ergane Geyer, distinguished by its more pointed 
forewings and the absence of spotting both above and below them. It was 
not long before that delightful little Orange-tip Anthocharis gruneri 
H.-S. flitted along the roadside, but it was not till I reached the precincts 


234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


of the Spring that I came on its close and larger relative A. damone 
Feisth. with its brilliant yellow wings in the male and its paler female 
lacking the large orange-tips. Flying with these two species was our own 
A. cardamines L. and all were so numerous at this spot that I christened 
it Orange-tip Corner. But my activities on the nearby path leading up to 
the ruins were soon hampered by an invasion of schoolboys from Britain 
who had landed from a holiday cruise ship at the small port of Itea and 
had come to Delphi for the day in a fleet of ‘buses. So I had to beat a 
hurried retreat further along the undercliff above the ruins which even- 
tually proved one of the richest collecting grounds. Here was a small 
gully where it was only possible to stand at the bottom and try to catch 
some of the stream of butterflies as they sped up and down it. It was in 
this spot that I came across the first Brimstones which presented quite a 
problem, as it soon became evident that besides our Gonepteryx rhamni 
L. there was another species which proved to be G. farinosa Zell. 
separated from our common Brimstone by a rather paler ground colour 
and much more indistinct discal spots, but above all by an extra undula- 
tion at the base of the hindwing which is very pronounced in the female 
of this species. Later I also found G. cleopatra L. so that one had to 
cope with these three insects careering about together round the small 
rhamnus bushes growing out of the cliff face. It was in this rocky ground 
that I came across the first of that small Lycaenid Turanana vicrama 
Moore which replaces T. baton Bergstr. in Eastern Europe. Colias croceus 
Foure. seemed to be everywhere, as also did Pararge megaera L. in a 
rather dark form. 8th April proved rather a dull day compared with 
its predecessor. I spent it exploring the undercliff near the ancient 
stadium which is situated several hundred feet above the main road. 


Here I added to most of the species I had seen the previous day with the 
addition of Pieris brassicae L. with very heavily marked females. It was 
on returning from this walk that I saw someone else with a net approach- 
ing. It turned out to be Mr. Grunwald and his wife from Munich whom 
I had known for many years. They were, naturally, very surprised to 
meet me in these famous surroundings. On the 9th, another very fine day, 
I followed in Gen. van Straubenzee’s footsteps and made the ascent to the 
upper plateau above the cliffs on the route to Mt. Parnassus. A very 
rough and zig-zag path winds up from near the stadium. It is flanked by, 
an assortment of bushes, and after some 14 hours and a climb of over 
1,500 ft. it lands you on a flat area covered in scrub and interspersed 
with patches of flowery slopes. Along the stony path was flying a very 
small form of Issoria lathonia L. but little else except an occasional A. 
gruneri H.-S. I continued for quite a distance till I came to a spring in 
the hillside which was as welcome a sight to me as it was to the General. 
It was when I was about to descend that I noticed a butterfly alight on 
some flowers. It turned out to be a very fresh Zerynthia hypsipyle 
Schulz (polyxena Schiff.) On further search I soon found a number of 
these fine insects flying low over the slopes in a very large and rich form. 
The next day, the 10th, began a spell of unbroken sunshine. I once more 
did my round of the undercliff, penetrating to a slope towards the east 
which proved to be the best for many of the Whites and for the Brim- 
stones. It soon became evident that G. farinosa Zell. was the commonest 
ot the three species. I saw the first Papilio machaon L. in this area and 
also caught an unfamiliar looking insect which turned out to be the very 
handsome and local, Pieris krueperi Staud. Aricia agestis Schiff. was 


SPRING BUTTERFLIES IN GREECE, APRIL 1963 235 


also just starting to appear. On 11th April I thought I would explore some 
of the low-lying ground near the gulf of Corinth. So I took a ’bus down 
the 15 miles of winding road to the small port of Itea. But I was most 
disappointed on covering quite a lot of country in its vicinity to find a 
real dearth of insects. There was the ever-present E. ausonia Hbn. and 
I found a cornfield in which Z. hypsipyle Schulz was fluttering about in 
numbers, mainly past their best. I soon realised why the site of the ruins 
at Delphi was such an oasis for insect life. It was the only area where 
there was a luxuriant growth of plant life and, above all, flowers. A few 
hundred yards outside these preserved confines was intense culitvation 
with a comparative wilderness of endless cornfields or a sea of olive 
groves harbouring very little lepidopterous life. The Easter week-end 
which coincided with our own, from 12th April, Good Friday, to the 15th, 
was the best period of my stay in Delphi, with continuous sunshine and 
temperatures in the 70’s, which brought on many species. Each day I did 
a tour of the undercliff near the stadium which was surrounded by fir trees 
all festooned with nests of larvae of one of the Processionaries. Over- 
head used to sail a party of Griffon Vultures, occasionally joined by a pair 
of the white Egyptian Vultures, while the shrill cry of the Rock Nut- 
hatch or the sharp chirp of the Blackthroated Wheatear made one ap- 
preciate the richness of the bird life in this region. 


Many species of butterfly were now much more numerous, especially 
of the Lycaenids, such as Glaucopsyche cyllarus Hbn., Polyommatus 
icarus Rott. from which had to be separated many P. thersites L., while 
T. vicrama Bergst. was to be found in most rocky localities in small 
numbers. The Pierids, too, were in great plenty with all three Orange- 
tips in dozens. Papilio podalirius L. and that grand insect, P. alexanor 
Esp. f. maccabaeus put in their first appearance on the 15th, together 
with several of the Vanessids including Nymphalis polychloros L. and 
Polygonia egea Cramer which used to hover about the small café by the 
Castalia spring. Spilothyrus alceae also made its appearance then, the 
only Hesperid I saw. 

The 16th was the only really overcast day. On the morning of the 
following one, I walked downhill along the road towards Itea, surveying 
the many rocky slopes covered with scrub, but only saw a few E. gruneri 
H.-B. and also found a small colony of Cupido minimus Fuessl., ap- 
parently quite a rare insect in the Balkans. It was on returning from 
this expedition that I walked back along one of the upper roads in Delphi 
and found Celerio livornica Esp. sitting about in numbers under the 
large street lamps accompanied by dozens of Arctia hebe L. with most 
variable markings. Many Noctuids were also at rest on the walls, in- 
cluding several Plusia gamma L., Leucania vitellina Hbn., Phlogophora 
meticulosa L. and a single Synvaleria oleagina Fab. Evidently there had 
been a large scale migration of most of these species. 

The 18th was once more a glorious day when I ascended to the Stadium 
to find the Melitaeas just appearing. There were several M. phoebe Knoch 
flitting over the grassy slopes and I took the first M. trivia W.V. on 
ground where its foodplant, one of the mulleins, was in plenty. ee 
alexanor Esp. was now getting numerous, but very difficult to catch, as 
they skimmed over the rocky slopes, often just over one’s head when you 
were looking the other way watching the many G. farinosa Zell. sailing 
about the same area. I once more found a number of C. livornica Esp. at 
rest under lamps along one of the higher streets. My last two days in 


236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


Delphi were spent mainly along the undercliff at the back of the ruins. 
On the 19th, M. phoebe Knoch was again in evidence with all three 
species of Swallowtails, and I spent my last morning, the 20th, trying to 
waylay P. alexanor Esp., of which it was possible to see four or five on 
the wing at once. After much patience and a good deal of effort, I 
managed to obtain a few good specimens. I left Delphi for Athens that 
afternoon with a heavy heart, but with the hope of seeing more interesting 
lepidoptera during my further week in Greece, but I was very much dis- 
appointed. I spent rather a moist week-end in Athens with a tour of the 
northern part of the Peloponese on the 21st, the only wet day of my 
trip. On the evening of the 22nd I embarked on a Greek ship on a set 
cruise round some of the Aegean Islands, but in spite of mostly very fine 
weather I saw very little on the wing, both on Crete and Rhodes. TaN 
few Pierids were on the wing, mainly the ever-present Euchloé ausonia 
Hbn. which was abundant on Delos, but on a very warm afternoon of the 
26th on Myconos, I only saw besides E. ausonia Hbn., Colias croceus Fourc., 
Heodes phlaeas L., Maniola jurtina L. and Nymphalis atalanta L. These 
species were the only ones on the 27th at Cape Sounion, south-east of 
Athens on my last day in Greece. So ended a most delightful, and on the 
whole, successful collecting trip which I can highly recommend anyone 
to undertake at this time of the year when the flora is at its best. 

I have thought it of interest to make a resumé, with notes of the 
butterflies and moths I saw in and around Delphi. The dates given in 
many instances are the first on which the particular species was observed. 
Brig.-Gen. van Straubenzee enumerated 35 species of butterflies at Delphi 
between 17th April and 15th May 1931, while I observed 39 species be- 
tween 6th and 20th April, just a fortnight there. 

Those species marked with an asterisk are not mentioned from Delphi 
in the 1932 paper. 

List oF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED AT DELPHI FRomM 6th To 20th ApRIL 1963. 


Papilio machaon L. 9th April. About a dozen seen along the undercliff. 

Papilio alexanor Esp. f. maccabaeus 15th April. Becoming increasingly ~ 
common from this date, careering over rocky ground on the under- 
cliff, but very difficult to catch. 

Papilio podalirius 13th April. Only three seen. 

Zerinthia hypsipyle Schulz. (polyxena Schiff.) First seen on plateau above 
cliffs on 9th April. Thereafter commonly round Stadium and in 
gardens at Delphi, also near Itea on 11th April. 

Pieris brassicae L. 7th April. Males abundant, but only one very 
heavily marked female noted. 

Pieris rapae L. 6th April. Abundant round the ruins. Most variable 
and not always readily distinguishable from the following two species 
with which it mingled freely. 

Pieris manni Meyer 7th April. Males only seen. Fairly common round 
the ruins. Distinguished from P. rapae by heavy black tips to the 
forewings. 

Pieris ergane Geyer 7th April. A few males taken among P. rapae on 
the undercliff. 

Pieris krueperi Staud. Only one male taken on 10th April. Mentioned 
as common in the 1932 paper. ; 

*Pontias daplidice L. Only two males seen on 7th April. 

Euchloé ausonia Hbn. 6th April. By far the commonest Pierid at Delphi 
and in its surroundings. 


SPRING BUTTERFLIES IN GREECE, APRIL 1963 237 


*Anthocharis cardamines L. 7th April. Males abundant with an oc- 
casional female along the undercliff and at the Castalia Spring. 


Anthocharis gruneri H.-S. 7th April. Males very numerous along under- 
cliff and everywhere on rocky ground with bushes. Quite a number 
of females also seen. 

Anthocharis damone Feisth. 7th April. Not quite as plentiful as the last 
species, but flying everywhere along the undercliff and at the 
Castalia Spring with a iarger proportion of females. 

Colias croceus Foure. 7th April. Common everywhere. 

*Gonepteryx rhamni L. 8th April. A few of both sexes round Rhamnus 
bushes on undercliff. 


Gonepteryx farinosa Zell. 8th April. The most numerous of the three 
Brimstones, flying all along the undercliff and slopes. 


Gonepteryx cleopatra L. 12th April. Only three males noted flying with 
the other Brimstones. 

*Aglais urticae L. 7th April. Only a few seen round the ruins. 

*Nymphalis polychloros L. 12th April. Only seen flying fast along 
undercliff. 

Pyrameis atalanta L. April 8th. A few seen in vicinity of the ruins. 


*Pyrameis cardui L. 7th April. Fairly numerous in most places. 

Polygonia egea Cram. 12th April. Only three seen near the Castalia 
Spring. 

Issoria lathonia L. A few of a very small race noted on 9th April flying 
fast over rough ground on Parnassus plateau. 

Melitaea trivia W.V. First seen near stadium on 18th April. 

Melitaea phoebe Knoch. 18th April. On grassy slopes near Delphi and 
above Stadium. 

Pararge megaera L. 7th April. Fairly common in most places. 

*Maniola jurtina L. First seen in fields near Delphi on 14th April. 

Coenonympha pamphilus L. Also first observed on 14th April. 

*Callophrys rubi L. 9th April. A few worn specimens seen on rocky 
slopes. 

Heodes phlaeas L. A few seen from 15th April. 

Polyommatus icarus Rott. 10th April. Not so numerous as the next 
species. 

*Polyommatus thersites I. 19th April. The dominant Blue along the 
undercliff, much commoner than the preceding species. 

Aricia agestis Schiff. 10th April. Quite plentiful among rocks. 

Glaucopsyche cyllarus Hbn. (alexis Poda). 6th April. This small race 
plentiful along the undercliff and in most rough ground. 

Turanana vicrama Moore f. schiffermuelleri Hemming. 7th April. Both 
sexes of this striking little insect fairly numerous on rocky slopes. 

Celastrina argiolus L. 10th April. Only two seen near ruins. 

*Cupido minimus Fuessl. 17th April. A few taken on rocky slopes along 
road to Itea. 

Spilothyrus alceae Esp. 12th April. Only three seen, the only Skipper 
observed. 
The following moths were also recorded from Delphi. 

Celerio livornica Esp. About twenty seen at rest under lamps on 17th 
and 18th April. 

Macroglossa stellatarum L. Numerous over flowers. 


238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


Arctia hebe L. Very plentiful at rest under street lamps and most 
variable. 

Phlogophora meticulosa L. and Agrotis puta Hbn. Both moths numerous 
at lamps. 

Leucania vitellina Hbn. Several at lamps on 17th and 18th April. 

Leucania scirpi Dup. A few at lamps. 

Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. One taken. 

Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. Plentiful at light. 

Synvaleria oleagina Fab. One taken at street lamps. 

Piusia gamma L. Abundant by day and night. 

Sterrha filicata Hbn. Few at light. 

Cosymbia puppillaria Hbn. Two at light. 

Lithostege farinata One flushed by day. 

Anaitis efformata Guen. A few by day. 

Coenotephria ludificata Staud. Numerous at light. 

Oulobophora internata Pung. One taken of this scarce geometer. 

Gymnoscelis pumilata Hbn. A large form recorded. 

Gnophos glaucinaria Hbn. Plentiful at light. 

Ethmia bipunctella Fab. One or two flushed by day. 

Synaphe moldavica Esp. This striking Pyrale abundant on Delos and 
Myconos. 

Three Oaks, Woking. 20.ix.63. 


Shetland macro-Lepidoptera 
By EpGar J. HARE 


The review of the macro-Lepidoptera of Shetland by Dr. Kettlewell 
and Mr. C. J. Cadbury in the course of their article on Non-Industrial 
Melanism (Ent. Rec., 75: 149-160) was of special interest to me, as I have 
paid several visits to Unst. I append the following brief notes by way 
of supplement. 

Operophtera brumata L. I can confirm the suspected occurrence of | 
this species, for in June 1946 I found a few larvae on stunted black 
poplar growing in a garden fence at Baltasound. From these I bred, 
in the following November, four males and a female; the forewings of the 
males have a distinctly darker central band, but in other respects the 
specimens are normal. This, then, is an addition to the Shetland list. 

Leucoma salicis L. In late July 1932 I found a rather worn male at 
Petester at rest on herbage. I regret that I did not keep it for its value 
as evidence, but I suspect it had been a passenger on the s.s. St. Sunniva 
and was not either a resident or a true migrant. 

Eurois occulta L. I took four specimens at sugar on the famous 
exulis fence in July 1932. All are of the grey form. 

(?) Polyommatus icarus Rott. At the end of my stay in 1932 I was 
told by two lady visitors that they had seen blue butterflies at Belmont; 
and in early August 1955 a schoolboy of fifteen, who said he had given 
up collecting butterflies, claimed to have seen a “Chalkhill Blue” at 
Woodwick, a fairly sheltered valley on the west side of the island. Further, 
a Lerwick resident who was returning home from a visit to England in 
August 1956 pointed out to me from the deck of the steamer a spot on 
the east coast of Mainland where she had seen blue butterflies. I offer 
this evidence for what it is worth, but in my opinion it is unlikely that 
all these witnesses were relying on their imagination for their facts, 


AN ACCOUNT OF REARING SCOPULA NIGROPUNCTATA HUFN. 239 


An Account of Rearing Scopula nigropunctata 
Hufn. (strigilaria Hb.) 


By G. HaGGETT 


Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt had in 1961 told me that he had grounds for 
believing this large Wave to be breeding again in Kent, and I became 
keen to join him in a search for the moth which we finally arranged 
for 15th July 1962. We saw one male that day, and on 28th July C.-H. 
went to the same locality and caught three males. I followed with my 
mother two days later and we caught two males. During this period we 
knew of two other moths taken including a female that had laid about 
thirty eggs, some of which were given to C.-H. and he in turn generously 
gave some to me. I had to go north at the end of July but my mother 
volunteered a last visit on 5th August when to her delight (and my 
unbounded admiration—for it is no easy matter to flush this moth) she 
caught a female that subsequently laid 86 eggs. It is the history of these 
that I wish to record. 


Most of the eggs were laid on 12th and 13th August, they were pale 
blue-green at first becoming mottled after two days, then coral-red and 
progressively darker until totally black during the two days; they began 
hatching on 20th August and were at peak hatch two days later. The little 
blackish larvae were put on to dandelion leaves, cinquefoil and Clematis 
foliage. I had the considerable benefit of knowing that the larva had 
been reared until hibernation in the previous year after having fed 
entirely on dandelion, but all died in the spring without having fed again: 
it has been my experience with overwintering geometer larvae that 
successful hibernation depends partly upon the larva accumulating 
sufficient food reserves during the autumn and the larva visibly shrinks 
as these reserves dwindle during the winter. I was resolved to bring the 
larvae along as far as possible on a selection of foods so that they might 
have the stamina to come through vigorously. The well-known foodplant 
of this species at the turn of the century was Clematis but this plant 
appears to be absent from the particular locality where the moths fly 
to-day, so alternatives might be thought desirable. 


The larvae in fact ate all three plants but mostly dandelion, and the 
first to moult did so on 28th August. During the second instar dandelion 
was less frequently eaten and a second moult was passed on 4th September 
after which only Clematis was taken freely. For the first three weeks of 
September the larvae were kept at ordinary room temperature and their 
activity slowed perceptibly, but none the less they continued to grow and 
indeed a third moult was made on 4th October and during the following 
period. They were never very active and spent the greater part of their 
lives at rest but now they became even more sluggish, choosing to rest. 
on fine dry stalks of cinquefoil or standing upon each other to form comic 
little circus-like companies. On 28th October forty-two larvae were 
placed in a cool room along with fine woodwool and soft withered 
Clematis leaves; they soon stopped all movement and settled down to 
hibernate. A further thirty larvae were added to these on 9th November, 
having been kept in a warmer room but they had eaten little during 
the intervening period. Twelve larvae had been selected to undergo 


240 ENTOMOLCGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


forcing and had been put into a temperature of 75-85° F. on 8th September; 
one went ahead but by the end of the month the rest were no larger than 
their fellows in the cold. The lone exception then grew quickly and 
passed a fourth moult on 16th October and spun up three days later, 
pupating on 27th and produced a smallish moth on 7th November. 
Another then fed up, also took eight days lying up and the moth came 
out on 28th December. The rest were still showing no signs of feeding 
and some began to shrivel and die so I abandoned the treatment and put 
these to join the main batch in the cold room on 25th November. 


During January and February the temperature dropped to 35° F. One 
death occurred at this time in the batch put into cold on 28th October 
and one also in the batch that had been forced. On 31st March, after 
one of the coldest winters of this century, I examined the larvae and 
found the following survivors: 


(a) 42 larvae put into the cold on 28.x.62, 24 alive, 18 losses. 
(b) 30 larvae put into the cold on 9:xi.62, 29 alive; 1 oss: 


(c) 7 larvae put into the cold on 25.xi.62 after having been forced, 
4 alive, 3 losses. 


All larvae had been kept together in batches in separate glass-topped tins 
and covered by a dark cloth, and I am quite unable to account for the 
heaviest loss which amounted to 13 larvae out of 16 in one tin. Apart 
from this one batch the survival rate could be counted as high. 


Sprigs of cinquefoil leaves were given from this time but the first signs 
of feeding were not detected until 13th April. Now many larvae began to 
die, they simply shrivelled up without feeding, so all the survivors which 
numbered thirty-three were brought into a warm room, at 60° F. All were 
feeding on cinquefoil or dandelion by 21st April. The fourth moult was 
passed by the most advanced larvae on 26th April and the rest followed 
throughout May. They were still exceedingly sluggish but there were no 
further losses, indeed they were very easy to rear. Pupation began on 
28th May and continued until 6th June, the pupa being enclosed in a loose 
web of strong silk strands and dried foliage. Moths emerged from 11th 
June to 26th June either in the early morning or early in the evening. 
They were all large moths with little variation, and when freshly emerged 
the males appeared rather more pink, the females more grey. There were 
three larvae that hung back from the main batch and then fed up 
suddenly during June to pupate from 9th-15th July and produce moths on 
24th July and 4th and 5th August. 


One pairing was made from the June emergences and just over 200 
eggs were laid during the period 22nd June to 12th July, the parent female 
living on sugar-water. By mid August ten of the larvae from these eggs 
had reached the penultimate instar, having fed entirely on cinquefoil; four 
were preserved and the others given to Mr. Robin Mere who bred one 
moth on 21st September. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS LINN. IN Sussex.—A fully-grown larva of the 
Death’s Head Hawk moth was brought to me, having been found on 
potato at Lyminster, Sussex, on 21.viii.1963—G. Haacett, 1 Torton Hill, 
Arundel, Sussex. 


WHY ONLY LATIN NAMES? 241 


Why Only Latin Names? 
By J. F. Burton, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Bristol) 


Speaking as an amateur entom3logist, who is also an ornithologist and 
familiar with the literature of the latter science, I feel strongly that 
contributions to entomological journals like The Entomologist’s Record 
and The Entomologist should use vernacular names, where these exist, in 
their contributisns. Thus I have been very interested in the recent articles 
by Messrs Irvin, Waddington and P. W. Parkinson Curtis. 


It is the custom in ornithological journals such as The Ibis (journal of 
the British Ornithologist’s Union—perhaps, the leading journal of 
ornithology in the world), Bird Study, British Birds, and Ardea (Nether- 
lands) t> publish both vernacular and scientific names (e.g., Golden Plover 
(Charadrius apicarius). It is also the custom of some other biological 
publications (e.g., The Journal of Animal Ecology) to do likewise. 


As it seems to me, the great advantage of this system is that workers 
in other fields can consult an ornithological journal with a reasonable 
degree of understanding and much less inconvenience. For example, an 
entomologist, interested in butterfly or moth migration, can consult papers 
on recent advances in bird migration, which might have a bearing on 
his subject, without the inconvenience of having to 130k up every scientific 
name in The Field Guide to The Birds of Britain and Europe. Many 
ornithologists are fairly familiar with the popular names of most British 
butterflies and many of the moths, so why shouldn’t they expect the same 
from the entomslogical literature? After all, these subjects are not poles 
apart and the advances in knowledge of each are of interest to the 
students of both. 


Serious entomological journals like “The Record” and “The Entomol- 
ogist” deserve to be more widely read by other biologists and not thrown 
down in disgust as I have seen done more than once. At present, most 
of these workers, professional and amateur alike, find the business of 
translating the average entomological article far too time-absorbing and 
tedious. 

I believe this is the paramount reason for us adopting the procedure 
normal in the ornithological journals. To date, I have followed the usual 
custom in our entomological journals, but have now resolved in future 
to follow that of the ornithological journals. It will not, incidentally, be 
necessary to repeat the popular name after the first mention in a par- 
ticular paper. 

English names, so far as English collectors are concerned, have provided 
an infallible means of identification for over 100 years, and the Tower 
of Babel he refers to is the sole creation of those self-same educated 
gentlemen who spend their time and money mucking about with old 
established Latin names, concocting synthetic jargon, and spreading 
dismay and confusion among the old hands. 

What Mr. Curtis lacks in factual observation he makes up with in 
supposition. 

Neither Irvin’s article or my own bore the slightest hint of sneering 
at science, though I have no scruples in tilting at some of the present 
day scientific poseurs. 

His final jibe at Irvin and myself in the last paragraph anent amassing 
corpses of dead insects, comes ill from a man who is himself guilty, 


242, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


judging by an article he wroste to the “Record” in 1962, p. 130, where 
he refers to a series of Coenobia rufa forming part of his collection. He 
can sort that one out. 

In conclusion, Ornithology is just as much a science as Entomology, 
and has many more adherents, yet English names are used exclusively. 


Can anyone imagine Peter Scott churning out Latin names on T.V.? 


Perhaps readers of the “Record”, enjoying ring-side seats, can throw 
light on this glaring anomaly. 


9 Greenleafe Avenue, Doncaster. 


More About Latin 


By L. G. F. WADDINGTON 


Mr. Curtis’s article on Latin in the July issue is so larded with diffuse 
and discursive irrelevancies that I began to wonder if he was worth 
powder and shot. 

Little attempt was made at specific refutation of the statements and 
opinions expressed in my article, but instead 50 per cent of his was 
redolent of a class-room lecture on Latin. 

With ill-concealed contempt he refers ts certain ‘popular’ works using 
English names as if they were kids books. 

No one, with any regard to the truth, can deny that the works of 
Edward Newman, South and Frohawk are accepted standard works; yet 
all these time-hallowed contributions to the literature on lepidoptera 
give precedence to English names—both text and illustrations. 

To say that the above works would be vastly improved by the authors 
adding the date and author of the name to each scientific name when 
first used is so much boloney; I am utterly indifferent as to who officiated 
at the christening, I am interested in the accredited name only, one that 
enables me to identify the insect. 


Scientific Names 
By S. N. A. JACOBS 


I have received several articles and many more letters asking that 
vernacular names should be mentioned at least once in an article, for 
the sake of those whose interest is not of a scientific nature. The trouble 
is to decide when to, and when not to, use these vernacular names. If 
the reader’s interest is sufficient to bring him to study insects at specific 
level, he is surely sufficiently interested to apply to them the names which 
are known and accepted throughout the warld, and thus make 
any observations that he may publish understandable throughout the 
world. 

Great stress is laid on Latin names (as though a very high proportion 
of them were not of Greek origin), suggesting that a knawledge of these 
languages were requisite before the insects could be known. In many 
cases, of course, a knowledge of Latin or Greek would increase the 
descriptive value of the names, but how many of us have this knowledge 
nowadays; my Latin is of fourth form level and I have no Greek other 
than the few roots which were taught me as the origin of English words. 


SCIENTIFIC NAMES 243 


These names are simply appellations of world wide application, given to 
creatures of any given species, thus enabling writings on the subject to 
be understood in any part of the world. In these days sf widening 
frontiers, it seems foolish to try to revert to the parish pump. 

Where an article or note is of popular rather than scientific interest, 
the vernacular name is often mentioned, but this can mean nothing ts our 
readers living outside this country, and not much to many of our scientific 
entomologists. 

Further, the manufacture of vernacular names for our many species 
of micro-lepidoptera is a shocking attempt to make confusion worse con- 
founded. Many of these have useful vernacular names, such as the meal 
moth, the mill moth and clothes moths, the first two to describe particular 
species and the third to describe any member of a very large family, 
which are in close contact with the layman. The scientific warker or 
observer still, however, prefers the more precise scientific name, and I 
would have thought that all those with sufficient interest to study insects 
would be pleased to exert the small amount of effort required to know 
insects by their c3rrect names. 


Much use has been made of bird watchers in correspondence, where 
it is pointed out that very few of these people make use of scientific 
nomenclature and even give English names to foreign species, but few 
of them are interested on a systematic basis, and outside museums, collec- 
tions sf specimens requiring arrangement are in these days practically 
unknown. However, I do suggest that the use of scientific names would 
make their work much more interesting to themselves and to their counter- 
parts in other countries. 

Reference has been made to Peter Scott who ws3uld not “churn out 
lists of Latin names’. I cannot imagine this very well informed naturalist 
“churning out” anything, but I have heard him refer to bird families in 
his broadcasts by their scientific name, and have blessed him for it. 
He knows the people to whom he is speaking, and when there is a matter 
which would interest the more scientifically minded of his audience, he 
gives it to them in a way that is satisfying to them and passed unnoticed 
by the majority of his audience. 

There is also the financial aspect of the general adoption of both 
scientific and vernacular names; in articles involving long lists of names, 
these might well run td another two pages, involving not inconsiderable 
additional and unnecessary expense, to the benefit of no one, for I cannot 
imagine these lists being read by the “vernacular name only” class of 
reader. Gardeners and botanists have no claim to greater erudition than 
have entomologists, but they are happy with scientific names. 

No, the rightness of adhering to the general use of scientific names is 
not a matter for polemics. We are referring t> particular species, which 
are definitely designated by a world-wide system of names, and to com- 
plicate this arrangement only makes unnecessary trouble, with no material 
gain. 

Finally, it would seem that some of the correspondence has got away 
from the point, and Mr. Irvin has been reprimanded for wanting to 
dispense with scientific:names, when his original article merely put 
forward the good suggestion that popular works such as South’s Butterflies 
and Moths of the British Isles, which are used by both scientific and not so 
scientific naturalists, should give the scientific names first, followed by 
the vernacular, and not vice-versa as at present. 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


Notes and Observations 


PEMBROKESHIRE Coast INsEects.—I paid two _ short visits to the 
Pembrokeshire coast this year, staying at a house on the very edge of the 
cliff between St. Davids and Solva. This stretch of cliff is sheer rock 
with Selene maritima abundant. Though my captures were probably 
commonplace to those collecting regularly in West Wales, to a stranger 
they were interesting. 

On my first visit, 15th and 16th June, Hadena barrettii Dbld. was 
moderately common at m.v. light on the cliff. The campion flowerheads 
I collected produced a great quantity of small larvae of H. conspersa 
Schf. and rather fewer H. lepida Esp. The former were very little 
different from normal Gloucestershire specimens but the latter were all 
subspecies capsophila and as black as specimens from southern Ireland. 

On my second visit, Ist, 2nd and 3rd August, m.v. light on the cliff 
edge produced, among many others, Agrotis trux Hbn., subspecies lunigera 
Steph. in quantity, a fair sprinkling of Ammogrotis lucernea L. and 
Leucania putrescens Hbn. as well as what I should have considered un- 
likely cliff-dwellers such as Apamea ophiogramma Esp., A. scolopacina 
Esp. and Celaena leucostigma Hbn., and also one female Plusia chryson 
Esp. There are numerous small valleys and damp hollows running down 
to the cliffs with hemp-agrimony (chryson’s foodplant) growing 
abundantly. 

There was no sign of Hadena caesia Schf. in any stage. Conditions 
seemed suitable, but I have never yet found caesia where conspersa was 
abundant.—R. P. DEmMuTH, Watercombe House, Oakridge, Glos. 25.viii.63. 


A COMMERCIAL Motu Trap.—On a visit this autumn to Southern France, 
I stayed the night at an hotel with a large open-air restaurant. In the 
centre of the open-air restaurant, presumably to keep moths out of the 
champagne and mosquitoes off the ladies’ backs, there was placed a 
moth trap which seemed to me to be more advanced in type than the - 
familiar Robinson trap. It consisted of a large metal funnel hung 
vertically on a metal stand, the wide end of the funnel uppermost. This 
wide end was cut off at 45° and in it was fixed a circular fluorescent tube. 
The tube was stamped General Electric (of America) FC 879/BL Rapid 
Start Black Light and emitted a low-powered violet light which I imagine 
contained a large proportion of ultra-violet rays. Further down the 
funnel and below the circular tube was fixed an electric fan and attached 
to the bottom narrow end of the funnel was a large muslin bag. This bag 
was kept inflated by the current of air being ejected from the narrow end 
of the funnel. All moths approaching the light were sucked down the 
funnel into the bag where they did not fly about but hung like grim death 
to the muslin. When the light was switched off at the closing of the 
restaurant, the moths then flew out but a certain number remained in the 
bag, and these I examined in the morning. Considering that the moths 
had passed through the fan on their way into the bag, few had been 
damaged, but some had in fact lost wings or were otherwise seriously 
crippled. The whole apparatus appeared to be factory made as a standard 
product and, I imagine, was probably of American manufacture. Un- 
fortunately, there was no maker’s name or mark. 

I do not suppose, considering the risk of damage to insects, that this 
would be a suitable apparatus for the mere collector who requires say 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 


a dozen moths of a species in perfect condition for his cabinet, but for 
our scientific friends who require bushels of insects for sampling purposes 
and who only need them in good enough condition to be identifiable, it 
seemed to me that this was an even more efficient weapon than the 
Robinson trap.—R. P. DrEmMutTH, Watercombe House, Oakridge, Glos. 
25.ix.63. 


MEESSIA ARGENTIMACULELLA STT. AT FOLKESTONE.—On 12th June this 
year, while spending several days with friends at Folkestone, I managed 
to be away on my own for a few hours. I decided to collect some lichens 
from the Leas that had looked promising the day before. My intention 
was to visit Dungeness, but I had not the time. 

I scraped about half a pound of lichen into a plastic bag, and on 
returning home I spread out the contents in two plastic boxes. 

During the ensuing three weeks, I noticed more of the meandering 
tubes which had attracted my attention on the Leas, and on two occasions 
I noticed a larva protruding from the end of a tube and feeding on the 
lichens round about the mouth of the tube. On opening the end of 
another tube, I found a pupa, and the moth emerged two days later. 

The head and first few segments of the larva seemed to be a dark 
reddish-brown, but the larva disappeared back into the tube at the 
slightest disturbance. The first moth appeared on 26th June and the 
last on 14th July, and in all eight moths emerged from the lichen collected. 

The lichen was collected in the late afternoon along the path leading 
down to the Leas wherever it was accessible; there were other patches 
away from the path but the authorities have put up notices prohibiting 
the public from leaving the main pathways down the Leas. 

I returned home the following morning, so I was unable to ascertain 
how extensive the colony of argentimaculella was.—E. S. BRapDFORD, 38 
Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood. 10.ix.1963. 


HERSE CONVOLVULI L. IN M.V. TRap at MorecamBe.—A slightly worn 
male of this species was found in my garden trap on 5th September. 
The weather was mild, with a light north-east wind and occasional rain, 
conditions which had persisted for several days previously. A number of 
tobacco plants (Nicotiana) have been grown in the garden this year; 
possibly these acted as the primary attraction. The last occurrence of 
this species known to me was on 10th September 1962, as I recorded in 
the Ent. Record, Vol. 74, No. 10, p. 223.—C. J. Goopa.., F.R.E.S., 2 Derwent 
Avenue, Morecambe, Lancs. 27.ix.1963. 


YPONOMEUTA SPP. IN EXETER.—On the night of lst August 1963, my 
mercury vapour light on the outskirts of Exeter was ‘invaded’ by large 
numbers, probably amounting to several thousand, of moths of the genus 
Yponomeuta. Four species appeared to be involved. This same night 
produced my first record for the year of Nomophila noctuella Schiff., and 
also a specimen of Apamea ophiogramma Esp. which may have wandered 
from the low ground at the head of the Exe estuary, some three miles 
to the south-east. 

I attributed these large numbers to a sudden emergence, but when I 
mentioned this occurrence to Mr. Anthony Dobson he remarked that he 
had seen large numbers of this genus on shop windows in the harbour 
area of Torquay and the Manor district of Paignton on 4th August. It is 


246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


possible that there was a movement of these insects and it would be 
interesting to know if others have noted any sudden increase in numbers. 
—ALAN KENNARD, Fredaclare, Littlejohns Cross Hill, Dunsford Hill, Exeter. 
ix.1963. 


LIMENITIS CAMILLA L. IN DEVONSHIRE.—I found Mr. Heslop’s notes on 
the Wiltshire Macro-lepidoptera in the August issue (75 199) most stimu- 
lating. Im his remarks on Limenitis camilla Linn. he. Says, ~seassaene 
recession that appears to have set in during the last few years from the 
extreme limits of its expansion (e.g. Devon ...) that were reached about 
between 1945 and 1950”. 

By about 1950 this butterfly had been noted in small numbers from 
the Bovey Tracey area, Broadclyst, Tiverton and Chulmleigh. In sub- 
sequent years it appeared to become more common in the Bovey area 
and to ‘fill gaps’ in the Haldon Hills. In 1960 it was noted commonly 
in the Buckland Woods, near Ashburton, where it had not been seen 
previously. I have not heard of recent reports from the Chulmleigh and 
Tiverton area, but perhaps other readers may be able to provide further 
information. This continued expansion contrasts with the dwindling 
numbers of Polygonia c-album Linn.—ALAN KENNARD, Fredaclare, Little- 
johns Cross Hill, Dunsford Hill, Exeter. ix.1963. 


HaBpits OF LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA METCALFE.—The discovery in 1962 
by Cmdr. Harper that it occurred commonly in the New Forest has at 
last enabled us to learn much about this hitherto rather elusive little 
moth, and Mr. Dobson’s account (Ent. Rec., 75: 162) has further added to 
our knowledge. I worked Cmdr. Harper’s spot in May of this year and 
saw as many as forty moths at dusk on 28th May. From four females I 
obtained about 200 eggs and reared these entirely on leaves of Marsh 
Bedstraw (Galium palustre) after an initial failure with Goosegrass. G. 
palustre grows abundantly throughout the New Forest. The larvae fed 
up very quickly and were pupating within three weeks. There were no - 
further losses despite overcrowding of the fullgrown larvae in large tins 
on wet food; like those reared by Mr. Dobson, my larvae when in the 
last instar were very wet and greasy looking but they seemed to thrive 
in the damp conditions. The parent females lived on sugar-water for 
twenty days, being enclosed in tins that were kept damp; moths left in 
a dry chip-box died within a couple of days. A few moths emerged at 
the end of July but the greater number of pupae appear to be lying 
over.—G. HaacceEtt, 1 Torton Hill, Arundel, Sussex. 


A NoTtTE ON CORDULEGASTER BOLTONII DOoNOvaN.—While walking down the 
Lansdowne Road in the middle of Bournemouth shortly before noon on 
21st September (a particularly gloomy and chilly day), I was surprised 
to see a Cordulegaster boltonii alight on a privet hedge a yard or two in 
front of me. I think the locality and the lateness of the date are both 
rather noteworthy. (The only specimen mentioned in the Dorset N.H.S. 
Report for 1962 was found dead on 7th July.) 

I have often seen this fine dragonfly in the New Forest, generally early 
in August, and I once watched one on a small branch overhanging a stream 
at Brockenhurst devouring a honey bee that was still alive. It had started 
on the bee’s head, and was carefully holding that insect’s business end 
at arm’s length—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 28.1x.1963. 


CURRENT NOTES 247 


Current Notes 


BOVEY VALLEY WOODLANDS NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE, 
DEVON 


One of the earliest National Nature Reserves to be acquired in 1952 was 
Yarner Wood in the Bovey Valley, north-west of Bovey Tracey on the 
eastern edge of Dartmoor. Recent plans for extensive conifer plantations, 
in some cases replacing scientifically interesting semi-natural woodlands, 
led the Nature Conservancy to review their Nature Reserve plans and to 
begin adding a number of further small woodlands to the Yarner nucleus. 
Three such adjoining woodlands, Rudge (thirty-six acres), Woodash and 
part of Houndtor Wood (sixty-one acres) have been purchased as a step 
towards forming an enlarged Bovey Valley Woodlands National Nature 
Reserve within the Dartmoor National Park. 

The upper reaches of the River Bovey between Lustleigh Cleave and 
the little valley including the well-known Becka Falls contain one of the 
best remaining series of Dartmoor native hardwoods. Rudge Wood 
occupies one side of the steep slopes at the lower or southern end of the 
valley and extends through a short succession of wet and boggy fields, 
carrying much Willow, Alder and Birch, almost to the southern extremity 
of Houndtor Wood. The latter takes in the very steep northern flank of 
Houndtor Ridge, which shows the geological transition from the Culm 
through the metamorphosed Cuim to the Granite, where it adjoins Wood- 
ash Wood. 

Oak is the predominating tree throughout the Reserve, and the two 
species, Pedunculate and Sessile, are both well represented. Ash is 
frequent mainly on the damper alluvial sites and also on granite-derived 
soils. The woodlands are rich in the smaller forms of plant life, such as 
mosses, liverworts and lichens, especially along the river margins where 
large strewn boulders and damp shade provide a favourable habitat for 
them. 

The present declaration will safeguard the scientific interest and 
amenity of an integrated mosaic of indigenous woodlands in face of the 
spread of commercial afforestation. Acknowledgment is due to the 
Economic Forestry Group and the Forestry Commission and to the owners 
concerned, for their helpfulness in this matter. 

Access to the Reserve away from the public footpath will be by permit 
only. Applications to visit the Reserve for scientific research, or to collect 
animals or plants, should be addressed to the Regional Officer (South- 
West), Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset. 


CHIPPENHAM FEN NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE, 
CAMBRIDGESHIRE 


Chippenham Fen, one of the few remaining fragments of the great 
tracts of fenland which once covered much of eastern England, is in a 
shallow basin on the eastern margin of Cambridgeshire about three and 
a half miles north of Newmarket. The new Reserve, which covers 193 
acres, is a valley fen, unlike Woodwalton and Holme Fen National Nature 
Reserves and the National Trust’s property at Wicken Fen. 

The Reserve is covered with peat varying in depth from a few inches to 
several feet, and the presence of springs ensures a plentiful supply of 
water. On the open fen the dominant plant is Saw Sedge or Purple 


248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


moor-grass but some areas are partly or wholly covered by invading 
scrub. There is also some mixed fen woodland. 


The mown rides are of particular interest because they contain many 
plants including some, such as Butterwort and Bog Pimpernel, which 
are now rare or local elsewhere in East Anglia. Owing to the variety of 
habitats and because the Reserve is near the edge of the Brecklands, there 
is a rich invertebrate fauna which includes some very rare insects. 


The Chippenham Park Estate Company, who are the owners, have 
granted a long lease to the Conservancy with the consent of the National 
Trust with whom the land is covenanted. 

Access will be by permit only. Applications to visit the Reserve for 
scientific research, or to collect animals or plants, should be addressed to 
the regional officer for East Anglia, the Nature Conservancy, Government 
Offices, Bishopsgate, Norwich, NOR 22P, Norfolk. 


UPPER TEESDALE NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE, YORKSHIRE 


The Nature Conservancy announced on 23rd May 19638 that negotiations 
had been completed successtully with the Earl of Strathmore and his 
tenants for a Nature Reserve Agreement covering 6,500 acres in Upper 
Teesdale. The formal declaration on 17th September establishes this 
important area as the second largest National Nature Reserve in England 
and Wales, and a Warden-Naturalist, Mr. J. C. Peters, is now in post. 

Bounded in the north by the River Tees and by the summit of Mickle 
Fell (2,591 feet) in the south, the Reserve is nowhere less than 1,000 feet 
above sea level. Its north-western boundary is separated by two miles 
of open fells from the ten-thousand acre Moor House National Nature 
Reserve in Westmorland which the Conservancy established in 1952. High 
Force, one of England’s greatest waterfalls, is partly within the new 
Reserve. 

Upper Teesdale is perhaps known best for its unique flora and it 
probably has more rare plants than any other area of similar size in- 
Great Britain. Most of the Reserve consists of typical Atlantic or western 
types of moorland vegetation with Sphagnum bogs and heather-covered 
moors, and the more unusual plant communities occur only where the 
rock reaches the surface. Outcrops of “sugar” limestone weather to give 
a lime-rich granular soil with some of the physical properties of sand, and 
in such places many of the Teesdale rarities grow. For example, the 
Reserve contains arctic-alpine, alpine, continental and southern species— 
a diversity which has aroused much speculation about the origin of the 
Teesdale flora. 

The meadows alongside the River Tees have a decidedly “alpine” 
appearance and support communities including Wood Cranesbill, 
Melancholy Thistle and Globe Flower. This clearly indicates their 
affinity with the herb-rich type of relict woodland, but unfortunately 
little woodland survives in Teesdale. 

The Reserve is of considerable geological interest and shows a good 
sequence of Lower Carboniferous rocks which are over 300 million years 
old. More ancient strata occur on the eastern margin of the Reserve in 
the Tees Valley where the exposures of the Teesdale Inlier of Lower 
Palaeozoic rocks are nearly five hundred million years old. The scenery 
owes much of its impressiveness to the Great Whin Sill, an intrusive 
sheet of quartz dolerite. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 249 


The main objects of the Reserve will be to extend the important 
researches of highland Britain and those on water conservation which are 
in progress at Moor House National Nature Reserve, as well as to safe- 
guard the flora and fauna. For some research purposes the two Reserves 
will be worked together. With growing national concern about water 
conservation the Tees, with its long record of scientific studies, assumes 
increasing importance for hydrological and hybrobiological work. It was 
for such reasons that the Nature Conservancy successfully resisted an 
attempt in 1957 to drown the most important part of this Reserve under a 
new reservoir at Dine Holm. 

Access away from the rights of way will be by permit only. Applica- 
tions to visit the Reserve for scientific research, or to collect animals or 
plants, should be addressed to The Regional Officer (North), Merlewood 
Research Station, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire. 


Current Literature 


The Physiology of Insect Senses. By V. G. Dethier. 8vo. London: 
Methuen, 1963. Pp. ix + 266; 99 figs.; 9 tables. 42s. 


This latest addition to the series of Methuen’s Monographs on Biological 
Subjects is a worthy scion of an aristocratic family. The authors of earlier 
volumes (including such eminent scientists as E. B. Ford, K. Mather and 
V. B. Wigglesworth) are now joined by the Professor of Zoology and 
Psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. An acknowledged 
authority on insect physiology (especially, perhaps, on the mechanism 
of chemoreception), V. G. Dethier has, in this small book, shown himself 
also to be a research worker whose self-effacement at once places him 
among the truly great, and whose conciseness of style and economy of 
words marks him as a master of the English language. Within the last 
two decades, developments in the field of electronics have brought about 
an acceleration in the advance of knowledge of sensory physiology re- 
sulting in an almost overwhelming volume of literature on the subject. 
Dethier has succeeded in extracting the essentials from this mass of 
detailed observation and presenting it in a mere 213 pages. Following 
the main text are no fewer than 42 pages of bibliography containing some 
700 references. That only 31 of these are to Dethier’s own publications is 
a tribute to his humility. A book which contains this amount of informa- 
tion in such a small space in a readable form can only have been written 
by an expert at self-expression. 

The subject treated in the volume is strictly circumscribed as, indeed, 
the title implies. After a preliminary chapter on the General 
Characteristics of the Sensory System, we are told of the different 
stimuli which impinge upon an insect, how these stimuli are received at 
the insect’s surface, sorted out, and passed into the nervous system. 
By this stage, of course, the stimuli whether mechanical, chemical, 
auditory or visual, will have been converted into electrical impulses, and 
there we leave them. As the author states in his preface (p. viii), “I 
have not ventured farther into the central nervous system than the 
lamina ganglionaris of the optic lobes, partly because I have been 
interested primarily in sensory input and the interaction of sense organs 
and their environment and possibly because one naturally hesitates to 
venture far into an unexplored jungle”. 


250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


The interpretation by the insect, and its response to different stimuli 
constitute “behaviour”, a subject outside the scope of this volume. Per- 
haps yet another short quotation will help to define the scope of the book: 
“The sensory physiologist is interested in the way in which accessory 
structures filter or direct the energy going to a receptor, the way in which 
the receptor transduces this energy into another form, and how there is 
generated a propagated nerve impulse which is a code relating to the 
central nervous system or to special effectors the nature and parameters 
of a stimulus”. 

This is not, perhaps, a book for bed-time reading: it has the stimulating 
effect of provoking a desire to enquire further into every fact stated (and 
every sentence states a fact!). Furthermore, a basic training in physics, 
chemistry and zoology is essential, together with a working knowledge of 
the jargon of those sciences. 

It may be that there are one or two misprints; if so, the reviewer was 
far too interested in the subject matter to notice them; the tables occur 
at the right moments, and the figures are clear and apposite.—PatTrick 
ROCHE. 


Your Book of Butterflies and Moths. By H. B. D. Kettlewell. Faber 
& Faber. 10s 6d. The writing of “hints” to young collectors of Lepi- 
doptera was, in my youth, a feature of all the “boys’ papers”, and since 
then several books of this nature have appeared on the market, each with 
its own particular slant on the subject. 

The present book consists of 60 pages with an excellent coloured 
plate of the crimson-speckled footman, which visited us last year so well, 
and sixteen half tone blocks, each illustrating matter referred to in the 
text. Dr. Kettlewell has taken the very wise line of treating the young 
enthusiast as an intelligent being, and has put the subject in a general 
form so that the book is always suitable for reference. 

The foreword sets out the good reasons for taking an interest in the 
lepidoptera, and the remainder of the book is divided into two parts, 
Part I. being divided between Classification, which finishes up with the 
very sound advice that, from the start, the young collector should acquaint 
himself with the scientific names as well as the English ones, Biotopes 
under the name of Our British Heritage, and The Four Stages, giving 
enlightening accounts of metamorphosis. Part II. consists of practical 
hints on collecting, preserving and breeding insects, and also notes on 
apparatus, books, and societies, with a useful list of suppliers of the 
various requisites of the lepidopterist. 

Throughout, Dr. Kettlewell has kept his language simple without talk- 
ing down to his readers, and to my mind, this is indeed a welcome 
accomplishment, and one which will make the book popular with its 
readers.—S. N. A. J. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (123) 


post, few at light, June 2, 1935 (Bowes, Diary); many pupae by digging 
under moss, May 1937, from which a fine series was bred, including many 
OQ 9° (D. G. Marsh); seven pupae by digging under moss, May 18, 1946 (D. 
G. Marsh and C.-H.); May 18, 1952, imagines plentiful at dusk on railway 
posts, 9 99, 24 dd, at light (de Worms, Entomologist, 85: 185); May 25 
(5), then noted nightly May 27-June 29, 1962 (excepting June 21, when no 
m.v.), with maximum (218) in my m.v. trap on June 12 (R. E. Scott). 
Lydd-on-Sea, a few at m.v., 1958 (S. Wakely). 

16. Folkestone Town, two, May 31, 1951, by A. G. Riddell; 5 ¢d,1 &, 
May 11-June 11, 1952; 16 dd, May 14-June 10, 1953; one, May 29, 1956; 
all at m.v. (A. M. Morley). 

VaRiATION.—Kentish (Wye and Dungeness) specimens are appreciably 
finer than the small, narrow-winged f. tephrina Stgr. from Sussex, 
Dorset, etc. Dungeness ¢d¢ have the ground colour predominantly pale 
bluish-grey, but in those from Wye, this is normally brownish-grey. I 
have no specimens from elsewhere in Kent, but suggest that a comparison 
of series from other localities in the county would prove interesting, not 
forgetting that the neighbourhood of Darenth is the type locality of 
denticulatus Haw. (C.-H.). De Worms (Entomologist, 66: 50) states that 
some fifty moths taken at Dungeness, June 11, 1932, ranged from ‘almost 
white through various shades of grey to nearly black’; and the same 
observer (ibid., 85: 185) records that of 24 ¢d¢ and 9 92 Q, taken there 
May 18, 1952, whereas the “prevailing hue of the males was a dove grey, 
only two females were of this colour, the rest varying from dusky brown 
to one which was quite black with the cross lines only barely visible’, 
De Worms (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 45) also records taking 
“an intense black female’, at Wye, May 31, 1958. A.M. Morley (in litt.) 
mentions two gd from Dungeness in his coll., “very pale with the 
central band pink’; also, a 9, taken there June 18, 1938, having “a sort of 
crescent mark indicative of the usually absent orbicular’’. 

In R.C.K., are ab. pallida Tutt, Dungeness, two, 1938, Lydd, one; and ab. 
cinerea Hubn., Dungeness, 1938. 

First REcoRpD, 1803: “In com. Cantio prope Darn nuperrime capta, et 
mihi donata amicissimo meo J. Hatchett’” (Haworth, Lep. Brit., 1: 133). 
This is also the original type reference to denticulatus Haw. 


A. puta Hubn. (radius Haw.): Shuttle-shaped Dart. 
Native. Cultivated and waste ‘places; foodplant unknown. Fairly 
frequent, and found in all divisions. ‘Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The moth occurs at sugar, at light, and at rest on fences, from about 
mid May to early June, and as a second brood from late June or July 
throughout August to early September, with apparently, in some years, 
a third generation in October. Thus, at Folkestone (div. 16) in 1951, A. M. 
Morley noted 105, from April 26-June 7, with maximum 5 ¢¢ 5 9Q on 
May 25, then 225, from June 26-August 30, with maximum 6 ¢¢ 6 929 
on August 6, and one (9) on October 28; 1953 was much the same, with 
first appearance April 28, and last October 21; in 1961,a ¢ appeared October 
12; the same observer also records taking one in 1933, on ivy at Denton 
(div. 8) as late as October 31. In 1959, J. Ellerton first noted it at Meopham 
(div. 6) on May 10, then on July 26, and lastly on October 17, therefore 
clearly indicating three generations that year.. 

In April 1950, I dug two pupae in my garden at West Wickham, and 
reared the moths the following May (C.-H.); and A. R. Kidner (Diary) 


(124) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


records larvae dug up in his garden at Sidcup, November 20, 1921 (1), 
June 29 (2), September 2 (2), October 7 (1), 1922. In 1929, A. M. Morley 
dug up a pupa from under an elm by the Hythe canal on February 2, from 
which the moth emerged August 10, thus missing out the first brood. 

VARIATION.—Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 72-75) records the following abs.:— 
renitens Htibn., Deal; radius Haw., Shooters Hill, Greenwich; lignosa Godt., 
Deal; obscura Tutt, Deal. Nymotypical puta Hubn. appears to be very 
scarce; Tutt (loc. cit.) had only one, from Deal. My series from Sandwich 
consists of abs. renitens and lignosa, also several ab. nigra Tutt; I have 
ab. radius from Broad Oak, and West Wickham, but this ab. does not 
seem to occur on the coast at Deal or Sandwich (C.-H.). 

The following are in R.C.K.:—d abs. radiola Steph., Sandwich, Lydd; 
lignosa Godt., Ashford, 1938. 9 abs. nigra Tutt, Ashford, Dungeness, Sand- 
wich; juncta Berio, Sandwich, 1936; erythroxylea Tr., Deal, 1898. 

Cardew (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 96; Entomologist, 
41: 229) records that he took a halved gynandromorph, left side ¢, Deal, 
August 24, 1908; which specimen is now in R.C.K. Another halved gynan- 
dromorph, right side d, was taken by P. Cue at m.v., in his garden at 
Ashford, September 12, 1962. 

First REcoRD, 1847: Lewisham (Stainton, Zoologist, 1790). 


[(A. trux Hubn. ssp. lunigera Steph.: Crescent Dart. 
Apparently recorded in error. 


Tutt (Entomologist, 18: 95) recorded that (in August 1884) he was 
“fortunate in securing a fine male specimen of A. lunigera, which I believe 
is new to the Deal district”. Later, however, (in Br. Noct., 2: 16), he 
indicated that this specimen was a form of A. segetum)]. 


A. exclamationis L.: Heart and Dart. 

Native. Cultivated and waste places; on Poa annua. Found in all 
divisions, and probably the most consistently numerous of all the macro- 
lepidoptera. ‘Generally abundant’ (V.C.H. (1908)). 


In favourable seasons there seems to be a partial second generation, 
e.g., Sheppey, one at ivy, October 10, 1868 (J. J. Walker MS.); Tonbridge 
district, August-September 1911 (Buxton, Entomologist, 44: 407); Sidcup, 
September 1911 (Kidner, Entomologist, 44: 49); Sandhurst, October 16, 
1928 (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1928-29: 85); Folkestone 
Town, fifty-eight, September 3-October 16, 1953, one, September 3, 1954, 
one, September 12, 1955 (A. M. Morley); Wye, one, September 18, 1955, 
Willesborough, six, September 3-9, 1955 (W. L. Rudland); Ham Street, 
one, September 22, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton); Sevenoaks Weald. August 30, 
September 28, 1959 (EB. A. Sadler). 

Very occasionally the imago has been noted flying naturally by day. 
Thus, one was seen at High Halstow, flying by day, June 13, 1959 (A. A. 
Allen); and at West Blean Wood, June 17, 1952, I observed a worn ¢ flying 
in the late afternoon sun and imbibing at bramble blossom (C.-H.). 

A remarkable spate of this insect at light was recorded by de Worms 
(Ent. Rec., 72: 246), who states that at Ham Street Village, on June 24, 
1960, he estimated a total of 3000 moths in his m.v. trap, of which some 
2400 were exclamationis. 

H. C. Huggins has bred the moth from a larva which he found in Kent 
feeding on P. annua; it is deserving of notice, however, that although 
exclamationis is so numerous, and undoubtedly feeds naturally on a variety 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (125) 


of plants, this is the only one it is possible to cite. 

VARIATION.—I find that the nymotype, together with abs. rufescens Tutt 
and brunnea Tutt form the majority of exclamationis on the sandhills at 
Sandwich, but that abs. picea Haw. and plaga Steph. are also fairly 
numerous there. From the same locality, I have taken single specimens 
of what appear to be abs. pallida Tutt, brunnea-lineolatus Tutt, and 
conjuncta Hirschke (C.-H.). A. M. Morley observes that in some years the 
insect is much more variable than in others, and that this was par- 
ticularly so at Folkestone in 1962. He mentions amongst other abs. 
several pallida Tutt, including ‘‘one or two with very strong dark mark- 
ings”; costata Tutt, not scarce, but “a rarer form has the costal area brown 
or even quite dark”; rufescens Tutt, common, with brunnea Tutt rather 
less so; unicolor Hutbn., one; also, a few specimens with orbicular and 
reniform joined, but none with all three stigmata joined. 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 67) records ab. plaga Steph. from Deal, 1888; and 
ab. juncta Tutt from Deal and Greenwich. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—serena Alph., ¢, Sandwich, 1938; 
rufescens Tutt, 9, Sandwich, 1936; conjuncta Hirschke, one, Wye, 1912; 
juncta Tutt, both sexes, Ashford, Wye, Sandwich; unicolor Hubn., 2, Deal, 
1888. Also, several nymotypical specimens of both sexes from Sandwich. 


First REcoRD, 1861: Lee, usually a pest in this neighbourhood, but 
this year practically absent (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 197). 


A. ipsilon Hufn. (suffusa Schiff.): Dark Swordgrass. 

Suspected resident reinforced by immigration!. Waste places, etc.; 
foodplant unknown. Recorded from all divisions, except 10 (almost cer- 
tainly occurs). “Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The figures for ipsilon, particularly those shown by A. M. Morley’s 
careful recording of the species for East Kent over the past 35 years, well 
support the view that its numbers depend on immigration. The first brood 
is about as uncommon as that of Vanessa cardui, and the moth is most 
numerous in the autumn and near the sea. It is also liable to considerable 
numerical change from year to year, and occasionally occurs in enormous 
numbers, accompanied by many undoubted immigrants. 

Its appearance in spring and summer usually consists of odd examples 
in May, June, July, with an occasional specimen in late March and April. 
In 1862, Cortissos took one at sallow bloom at Lewisham about March 10— 
an abnormally early appearance (Fenn, Diary, 13.3.1862). In 1956, at 
Wye, W. L. Rudland first observed it on March 29 (1), then from May 22- 
30 (6), and again from July 9 onwards, last noting it on December 4, an 
extraordinarily late date. 

In some years it has occurred in considerable abundance, as for example 
at Dungeness, on September 4, 1938, together with P. porphyrea and A. 
segetum (q.v.) (de Worms, Entomologist, 72: 262); on September 9, 1946 
(C.-H.); on August 1, 1950, when 300-400 were noted at sugar (A. M. 
Morley); and at Sandwich, in 1951, when it “swarmed there about mid 
September” (R. A. Jackson, fide A. M. Morley). 

The moth is most often noted at sugar, less frequently at light, and only 
occasionally at ivy and reed blossom. Like many noctuae, however, it is 
seldom observed by day, and the only record of this to hand, is of one 
noted by A. M. Morley as having been found on a fence in the Folkestone 
area on October 21, 1928. There does not appear to be a single instance on 
record of the finding of any of the early stages in nature. 


(126) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


VARIATION.—There is considerable variation among Kentish specimens, 
and my series includes single ¢ examples of what appear to be abs. clara 
Lempke and obscura Lenz, from Ham Street and Sandwich respectively; 
also, several that are apparently referable to ab. rufa Lempke, of both 
sexes and from various localities. Nymotypical ipsilon Hufn. seems to be 
the commonest form in Kent (C.-H.). 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 9) records ab. annexa Steph., from Deal; and one 
exhibited by Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1934-35: 50) may 
be referable to this. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—Q abs. fusca Dannehl, several, 
Dungeness; obscura Lenz, one, Dungeness, 1935; nigrostriata Cockayne, 
holotype, N. Kent. 1926 (Ent. Rec., 66: 65); pallida Tutt, two. 

First Recorp, 1829: Birch Wood, Darenth Wood; occasionally 
(Stephens, Haust., 2: 117). 


1Classed as a migrant by Williams e/ al. (1942). 


A. ripae Hubn.: Sand Dart. 


Resident, perhaps native. Coastal sandhills; on Salsola kali, Cakile 
maritima, Eryngium maritimum. 

It is noteworthy that ripae remained unnoticed in Kent until 1891, 
although the area in which it was discovered had been worked for many 
years previously. The species is now locally plentiful, but was apparently 
very scarce up to about 1930. 

4. Deal, two, July 4, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203). Deal, Sandwich; 
scarce (V.C.H. (1908)). Deal, one on marram, July 5, 1930 (A. M. Morley). 
Sandwich, common, June 16, 1938, very common, June 5, 1934 (J. H. B. 
Lowe); estimated 300 seen at dusk, sugar, and light, June 9, 1934, seven 
larvae dug up under Sea Holly, September 9, 1936, four larvae, August 21, 
1938 (A. M. Morley); larvae usually common under any succulent vegeta- 
tion on sea shore; over 100 larvae excavated, September 1934, 1935, by 
gentle raking over the sand under succulent vegetation; in 1937, 1938, high 
tides washed the plants away, and the larvae retreated inland; imagines, 
June 16, 1934, June 22, 1935, June 22, 27, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes); commonest 
insect at dusk and light, June 14, 1934 (de Worms, Entomologist, 68: 101); 
usually common at marram, light, and sugar the seaward side of St. 
Georges Golf Course; June 30, 1939; about 100, many freshly emerged and 
in cop. on marram stems, June 19, 1954; about thirty, June 24, 1956 (C.-H.); 
three, June 1, 1954 (W. D. Bowden); several at sugar, early July 1963 (B. 
K. West). 

15. Littlestone, larva, 1926 (H. C. Huggins) (W. A. Cope); one, 1953 
(P. Cue). Jesson, one, June 7, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Dungeness, at sugar, 
June 23, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). Greatstone, three at marram, July 1936 
(A. M. Morley); several larvae on Salsola kali, September 22, 1955 (EK. C. 
Pelham-Clinton); July 5, 1949 (R. F. Birchenough); larvae on Sea Rocket, 
September 23, 1962 (de Worms, Entomologist, $6: 58). Lydd-on-Sea, June 
16, 1957 (T. G. Edwards). 

VARIATION.—My series of some eighty examples from Sandwich exhibits 
much variation, but the specimens are very difficult to classify in accor- 
dance with the nomenclature. Briefly, however, they range in the 
colouration of the forewing from the pale greyish-white to grey-brown; 
in many there is a distinct bluish-grey shading along the costa and termen; 
and several are decidedly ochreous, but with no tendency to reddish so 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (127) 


characteristic of some of the western forms. A recurrent but apparently 
un-named ab., with the ground generally somewhat paler than in the 
nymotype, has a conspicuous dark subterminal band about 2 mm. wide 
extending from costa to dorsum, and is represented in my coll. by 6 ¢<¢; 
another ¢ of this ab., also from Sandwich, is in A. M. Morley coll. (C.-H.). 


The following named abs. are in R.C.K.:—obotritica Schmidt, Dunge- 
ness, one, bred 1938; grisea Tutt, Sandwich, one 1936; albicosta Tutt, 
Sandwich, one, 1936; nymotypical ripae Hiibn., Dungeness, two, Sandwich, 
one. Also, one rather striking un-named ab., almost markingless, with 
cream-coloured ground, Dungeness, bred, 1938. 


First REcorRD, 1891: Deal (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203). 


Lycophotia varia Vill. (strigula Thunb.): True Lovers’ Knot. 
Native. Heaths, commons, casually elsewhere; on Calluna vulgaris. 


1. Near Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 19). West Wickham, larvae 
on heath (Fenn, Ent. Week, Int., 10: 117); 1951, 1953 (E. E. J. Trundell); 
one at m.v., 1963 (C.-H.). Abbey Wood; Paul’s Cray Common; Holwood; 
Bexley (Wool. Surv., (1909)). Sidcup, one 1911, one 1913; Hayes Common, 
three larvae, October 8, 1919; larvae plentiful, September 29, 1920 (A. R. 
Kidner). Petts Wood, one, 1948 (E. Evans). Orpington (L. W. Siggs); one, 
1957 (R. G. Chatelain). Greenwich Park; Keston (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 
1954: 73). Dartford Heath, several at m.v., August 28, 1954 (C.-H.). Black- 
heath, one at m.v., 1959 (A. A. Allen). Bromley, eight at m.v., July 7- 
August 13, 1962 (D. R. M. Long). 


3. Thornden Wood, one, July 30, 1865 (Fenn, Diary); one, July 12, 1922 
(8. G. Gomm); one (P. F. Harris): Church Wood, 1895 (S. Wacher). 
Herne Bay, one at light, June 1933 (D. G. Marsh, teste A. J. L. Bowes). 

5. Chevening, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Chelsfield, 1948 (A. M. Swain). 

Gy) Pinden: CE..-J... Hare). Meopham, fairly common, 1960-61 (J. 
Ellerton). 

7. Near Stockbury, common (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, June 23, 
1948 (E. Scott). 

8. St. Margaret’s, a small colony on a patch of heather in 1938; Dover 
(E. & Y. (1949)). Dover, one in m.v. trap, July 10, 1954 (G. H. Youden). 

9. Minister, ¢, July 12, 1915 (H. G. Gomm). 

10. Brasted (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 22); June 
16, 1913 (Gillett, Diary). Sevenoaks, 1920 (Gillett, Diary); at light, 1946, 
1949-51 (F. D. Greenwood). Westerham, larvae (Eagles, Proc. S. Lond. ent. 
nat. Hist. Soc., 1932-33: 102). Seal Chart, one at m.v., July 3, 1954 (C.-H.). 

11. Yalding; Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Mereworth Wood, 1912 
(Gillett, Diary). Benenden; Hoads Wood (G. V. Bull). Aylesford (G. A. N. 
Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, one, August 2, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Ham Street, 1934, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); four larvae at night on 
heather, April 30, 1937 (A. M. Morley); imagines fairly plentiful in Burnt 
Oak Wood, July 29, 1946 (C.-H.); Orlestone Woods, June 2, July 28, 1956 
(R. F. Bretherton). Hothfield (Scott (1936)). Ashford Town, one, 1954, and 
odd ones almost annually (P. Cue). Chartham, several (P. B. Wacher). 
Willesborougnh, two, 1954, one 1955; Wye, three, 1954, three 1955, one, 1956 
(W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, three at m.v., 1961; West Ashford, two, 
1961 (M. Singleton, M. Enfield and D. Youngs). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62), ii); larvae common (H. 
E, Hammond); 1956-58, occasional (L. N. Tesch); “flying in daytime”, 1957 


(128) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


(C. A. Stace). Goudhurst, common at light (W. V. D. Bolt, personal com- 
munication, 1961). 


14. Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 1: 227). Hawkhurst, two at light, c.1950 
(B. G. Chatfield). Iden Green, one 1950, two, 1951 (H. Boxall). 


15. Dungeness, July 27, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); two, 1962 (R. E. Scott). 
Lydd-on-Sea (Edwards and Wakely, Ent. Rec., 70: 93). 


16. Folkestone Town, one at m.v., July 27, 1951 (Morley, Trans. Folke- 
stone nat. Hist. Soc., 1950-52: 12); one at m.v., July 30, 1955 (A. M. Morley). 
Sandgate, one, 1961 (N. Reay-Jones). 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. reducta Lempke, one, Ham Street, August 
20, 1939. 

First RECORD, 1829: Near Birch Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.). 


Actebia praecox L.: Portland Moth. 
Resident. Coastal sandhills; foodplant unknown. Very local. 


[1. West Wickham, at sugar, 1891 (Wells, Ent. Rec., 3: 35); J. W. Tutt 
queried the correctness of this record at the time, but no further com- 
munication appeared. ] 

4. Deal neighbourhood, July 1858 (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 134). 

15. Greatstone, three taken at m.v. by G. B. Bransby in 1955, one, 
August 13, one, August 15, ¢, August 17 (G. B. Bransby, in litt.). Having 
for some time suspected it might be resident in Kent, on May 25, 1963, we 
excavated suitable sandy spots within a hundred or so yards of the place 
of Bransby’s captures, and although none was found in this manner, soon 
after dark G. Haggett located a single larva crawling over Galium verum, 
from which I bred a ¢, July 6 (C.-H.). 

16. Folkestone Town, ¢ in m.v. trap, August 12, 1955 (Morley, Proc. 
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 37). Doubtless casual, possibly from 
Greatstone (C.-H.). 

First REcORD, 1858: Deal neighbourhood (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 
134). 


Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (saucia Hubn.): Pearly Underwing. 
Probable immigrant. Waste places, etc. Recorded from all divisions. 


This species was regarded as generally fairly scarce during the 19th 
century, but has become noticeably more frequent since, though its 
numbers vary considerably from year to year, and there is no record to 
knowledge of the discovery of the larva in nature. 

The imago appears mainly in the autumn, and is then sometimes 
numerous, particularly on or near the coast. In 1867-69, according to 
Barrett (Br. Lep., 3: 374), it was “in hundreds” at Deal, but this appears 
to be the only record prior to the 1930’s of its having been at all abundant. 
In 1938, it appeared in phenomenal numbers at Dungeness; occurring there 
in great abundance at sugar on September 4, together with Agrotis segetum 
(q.v.) and A. ipsilon (qv.) (de Worms, Entomologist, 72: 262); and was 
noted in hundreds at sugar on several dates between September 1 and 
October 15 (A. M. Morley). At Sandwich, in 1950, I estimated there were 
some 500 porphyrea on August 26 on about 150 sugared posts, together 
with Agrotis ipsilon (q.v.), which though still fairly numerous, was 
evidently much less so than when A. M. Morley was there on August 1 
(C.-H.). 

The moth is sometimes seen at ivy and flowers of reeds, and occasion- 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (129) 


ally occurs not uncommonly at light, particularly m.v. W. L. Rudland 
recorded that in 1955 there were ninety-one porphyrea in his trap at Wye 
between August 23 and October 24, an exceptionally large number for an 
inland locality, and that single specimens appeared there that year on 
June 22 and November 17. 

Only occasionally is the moth noted in May, June, or July, and then 
nearly always as single examples. An abnormally early occurrence is of 
one that was taken at sallow bloom at Keston (div. 1), apparently in 
March 1896 (Fuller, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1896: 11). Even 
more remarkable is that of four specimens noted at Wye, December 2-5, 
1956, and another there on January 9, 1957, all by W. L. Rudland at m.v. 

A pupa found in a garden at Willesborough by D. Youngs, from which 
the imago emerged in 1957, is the only instance on record of any of the 
early stages in nature, though unfortunately the exact dates were not 
recorded. 

VARIATION.—The some eighty specimens in my coll. taken at Sandwich 
in 1950 appear to consist mainly of ab. brunnea Tutt and more or less 
typical porphyrea Schiff., but in each case with considerable variation 
inter se. Also included in this series are twenty examples conforming in 
various degrees to ab. nigrocosta Tutt; and ab. majuscula Haw., which Tutt 
(Br. Noct., 2: 4) said he had not seen, is represented by three specimens 
(Co-H). 

Morley (Entomologist, 72: 262) records that ab. nigrocosta Tutt was 
numerous at Dungeness on September 4, 1938. The same recorder notes 
(in litt.) that so far as he can judge the following abs. from Kent are 
represented in his coll.: margaritosa Haw., Dungeness, six; brunnea Tutt, 
three; ochreacosta Tutt, ten; nigrocosta Tutt, Dungeness, six, Folkestone 
Warren, one, Ham Street, one; majuscula Haw., Dungeness, three. 

The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—ochreacosta Tutt, Sandwich and 
Lydd; rufa Tutt, Hythe, October 26, 1902; nigrocosta Tutt, several, Sand- 
wich and Lydd; majuscula Haw., Lydd, one, Sandwich, five. 

First Recorp, 1842: “Kent” (Bentley, Entomologist, 1: 373). 


Ammogrotis lucernea L.: Northern Rustic. 
Native. Chalk sea-cliffs and undercliff; foodplant unknown. 


4. Sandwich (V.C.H. (1908)); probably casual (C.-H.). 

8. Deal.—Deal coast (1852), specimens exhibited by H. J. Harding at 
Society of British Entomologists on November 19, 1852 (Zoologist, 3720): 
several in 1858 (Baldwin et al., Ent. week. Int., 4: 134, 141, 146); July 3-20, 
1859 (Harding. Ent. week. Int., 6: 141); 1860 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 8: 
155). Dover.—one, August 1846, in A. Greenwood coll. (Raynor, Ent. Rec., 
25: 73); one, taken by S. Stevens, end August 1849 (Grant, Zoologist, 2583). 
Folkestone.— 9, taken between July 24 and August. 1, 1858 (H. Tompkins 
MS.); one, 1858, taken by S. Cooper (Cooper, Zoologist, 6213); at flowers 
of Teucrium, etc. (Knaggs (1870)); Warren (Ullyett (1880)); Warren, ¢ at 
light, July 13. 1928, ¢ at dusk, flying over Ononis, July 27, 1929) °° -at 
dusk, July 24, 1931, three at light, July 1, 1933, ¢ at light, July 22, 1935, 
six, of which three 2 2 at Teucrium, July 22, 1936, two ¢¢ at light, July 
17 1937, one in fresh condition on a sallow leaf, August 15, 1945, one at 
light by R. Fairclough, July 30, 1946 (A. M. Morley); July 11, 1934, fairly 
common, July 13, 1935 (J. H. B. Lowe); three ¢ ¢ at flowers of Teucrium 
scorodonia, July 11, 1939, by the cliff path leading from Capel into the 
Warren (C.-H.). 


(130) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X/1963 


VaRIATION.—‘“My 11 specimens vary little in markings which are 
evidently those of the type, but their ground colour is not constant, two 
males and two females are rather pale and one ¢ and one Q are rather 
dark; one ¢ and one © have a slightly ochreous tinge’ (A. M. Morley, 
in litt.). 

First Recorp, 1846: Dover, A. Greenwood coll. (Raynor, loc. cit.). 


[(Rhyacia simulans Hufn. (pyrophila Schiff.): Dotted Rustic. 
Records almost certainly based upon misidentification. 


10. Sevenoaks, one, July 20, 1919 (Gillett, Entomologist, 53: 23). Note: 
Gillett also entered the species five times in his Diary as having been 
taken by him at Chevening (div. 5), in 1912-14, but it appears he con- 
fused it with Graphiphora augur F., and his coll. contains no simulans. 

The inclusion of this species in Stephen-Jones (Rep. St. Edmund's 
School Canterbury nat. Hist. Soc., 1945-49: 23), is erroneous (A. G. 
Mackonochie).)] 


Spaelotis ravida Schiff. (obscura Brahm): Stout Dart. 
Probable resident. Marsh sides, waste places, ete. 


It will be noted that the moth has chiefly occurred on or near the 
coast of north and north-west Kent, and is of very uncertain appearance. 
The records suggest that it may be casual in East Kent. 

1. Grove Park, August 3, 1948 (Hyatt, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 
74). Orpington, one at m.v., August 31, 1957 (R. G. Chatelain). 

2. Near Sheerness, 1871, rather commonly beaten from thatch 
(Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 185). Sheppey, 1872, rather common, by 
beating thatch, also occasioanlly at sugar (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 9: 
163). “Isle of Sheppey”, one so labelled in J. J. Walker coll., at Hope 
Dept., Oxford (C.-H.). Sheerness, 1875, exhibited by J. Platt Barrett at 
S. London Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., November 4, 1875 (Ent. mon. Mag., 12: 
166). Chalk, one, 1906 (H. C. Huggins). Greenhithe, fairly common in 
moth trap, 1897 (A. B. Farn MS.) (V.C.H. (1908)). North Kent*, two, 1909 . 
(E. Goodwin coll.). Dartford, one at honeydew, July 22, 1950 (B. K. West). 

3.. Canterbury*, one, J. Parry, in B.M. coll. (Bretherton, Ent. Gaze 
8: 14). 

4. Deal sandhills, one taken at sugar, July 13, 1946, by G. H. Youden 
(Morley, Entomologist, 80: 175; E. & Y. (1949)). 

6. Northfleet*, one at sugar, August 1848 (Hodgekinson, Zoologist, 
2328). Pinden, one in a black-out blind, August 23, 1942, one at sugar, 
August 5, 1945, one at sugar, July 30, 1946, three at sugar, July 4, 23, 
September 8, 1949 (E. J. Hare). 

6a. North Kent* [Chattenden?], a fine series, July 1875 (Tugwell, 
Entomologist, 8: 292). Chattenden Roughs (Chaney (1884-87)). 

8. Folkestone district* (Ullyett (1880)). 

15. Dungeness, two, 1934 (G. W. Wynn, teste A. M. Morley). 

16. Hythe, four, July 1894, in S. Lond. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. coll. 
(Bretherton, loc. cit.). 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. bigramma Esp., one, “Kent vii.1908”. 

First Recorp, 1848: Northfleet (Hodgekinson, Zoologist, 2528). 


Graphiphora augur F.: Double Dart. 
Native. Woods (apparently preferring those on chalk soils), marshes, 
carr; on sallow, blackthorn, hawthorn. 


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251 


A New Subspecies and further Records of the 
Genus Zygaena Fabricus (Lepidoptera : 


Zygaenidae) from south-west France and Spain 
By W. G. TREMEWAN 


Lt.-Col. and Mrs. W. B. L. Manley visited Spain from 9th July-14 
August and, although they were too late for many Zygaena species, their 
captures are not without interest and include an undescribed subspecies 
of occitanica de Villers. The description of this new subspecies and 
records of other species and subspecies are given below. 


Z. sarpedon rianoica Tremewan 
Z. sarpedon rianoica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 1. 

A short series of 5 ¢¢ and 1 92 was captured at the type locality, 
Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 18-22.vii.1963. The female is aberrant and has spots 
2 and 4 confluent with spot 5 while all the spots are somewhat enlarged. 


Z. sarpedon ssp. 

A male of sarpedon Hubner was captured 20.vii.1963 at Villasur, Burgos, 
2800 ft., and a female at Ona, Burgos, 2000 ft., 4.viii.1963. These specimens 
are rather more translucent than specimens of ssp. rianoica but, in other 
respects, are quite similar and are probably referable to this subspecies. 


Z. fausta fernan Agenjo 
Z. fausta fernan Agenjo, 1948, Eos, Madr., 24: 394. 

This subspecies of fausta was described from Mte. Santiuste, Pampliega, 
Burgos, 884 m. A fresh male captured 5.viii.1963 at Ona, Burgos, 2000 ft., 
and two worn females taken 27.vii.1963 at Portillo del Fresno, Burgos, 
3300 ft., are referable to this subspecies. 


Z. fausta margheritae Tremewan 

Z. fausta margheritae Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 3. 
Two very worn females were taken at the type locality, Riano, Leon, 

3500 ft., 20.vii.1963. 


Z. hilaris leonica Tremewan 
Z. hilaris leonica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 3. 


Four males and two females were captured at the type locality, Riano, 
Leon, 3500 ft., 18-22.vii.1963. 


Z. occitanica burgosensis ssp. nov. 
g 25-28mm. Forewing spots rather small, creamy white rings narrow, 
spot 6 separate from spot 5. Red coloration a bright scarlet. 


a 


© 26-31mm. Forewing spots rather large, creamy white rings rather 
broad and confiuent, spot 6 attached to spot 5 by creamy white scaling 
along the veins. Red coloration light scarlet. 

Holotype ¢, “Ona, Burgos, 2000 ft.: 5.viii.1963 W. & M. Manley”; 
allotype 2 with similar data but dated ‘‘4.viii.1963”’. 

Paratypes: 18 ¢, 10 9, Ona, Burgos, 2000 ft., 4-5.viii.1963, leg. W. & 
M. Manley. 

Holotype, allotype and paratypes in W. & M. Manley collection. 


252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ X1/1963 


From the nominate subspecies from Aveyron, France, ssp. burgosensis 
may be separated by the smaller forewing spots of the males and the 
rather larger spots of the females. The new subspecies is next to ssp. 
disiuncta Spuler from Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrénées-Orientales but is easily 
distinguished by the smaller forewing spots of the males. In the females 
of burgosenis the forewing spots are larger and are confluent by the 
creamy white rings but, in disiuncta, the forewing spots of the females are 
not confluent except 3 and 4. In the females of the latter subspecies, spot 
6 is always separate from spot 5 but in the females of burgosensis spot 6 
is attached to spot 5 by the creamy white scaling along the veins. The 
red coloration is a pure scarlet compared with scarlet tinged with crimson 
in disiuncta. The sexual difference in ssp. burgosensis is striking. An 
aberrant female has the creamy white rings extended to cover most of the 
ground colour in the spot area, and is similar to the ab. albicans Staudinger 
which occurs in occitanica vandalitia Burgeff from Granada. 


Z. occitanica ssp. 


Five cocoons of occitanica de Villers were collected at Sotopalacios, 
Burgos, 2800 ft. A male emerged on 6th August, a further male on 9th 
August and a female on 27th August 1963. These three spcimens differ 
greatly from those from Ona. The rings surrounding spots 1-5 are 
enlarged in the male and, together with spot 6, are, in both sexes, a distinct 
cream colour compared with creamy white in the Ona specimens. In 
both sexes spot 6 is connected to spot 5 by cream scaling along the veins, a 
character which is present only in the females of burgosensis. Sotopalacios 
is only thirty miles from Ona, however; the localities are on two separate 
mountain ranges and apparently the populations are geographically 
isolated. Further material is required to determine whether the 
Sotopalacios specimens represent a distinct subspecies. 


Z. achilleae pardoi Agenjo 
Z. achilleae pardoi Agenjo, 1953, Graellsia, 11: 2. 


A series of 20 ¢¢ and 6 9 9 of achilleae Esper was captured 18-22.vii. 
1963 at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft. 1 ¢ and 1 @ were taken 19.vii.1963 at 
Puerto de Pandatrave, Leon, 4700 ft. and 23 and 19 were captured 20.vii.1963 
at Puerto de San Glorio, Santander, 5000 ft. These specimens are provision- 
ally placed under ssp. pardoi Agenjo as this subspecies was described from 
Pesués near Torrelavega, Santander, at the much lower elevation of 14 m. 


Z. achilleae ssp. 


A rather worn female of achilleae Esper was captured 27.vi.1963 at 
Portillo del Fresno, Burgos, 3300 ft. This specimen may represent an 
undescribed subspecies. 


Z. ephialtes rubens Verity 
Z. ephialtes rubens Verity, 1946, Redia, 31: 77. 
Z. ephialtes parisica Reiss, 1953, Bull. Soc. ent. Mulhouse, p. 57. 


A male and a female of the peucedanoid form were captured at Vieux 
Mareuil, Dordogne, France, 350 ft., 10.vii.1963. The male is five-spotted 
while the female has six spots on the forewings. 

Apparently, Z. ephialtes is not common in south-west France as very 
few specimens are known in collections. The British Museum collection 
contains two five-spotted males and a six-spotted female from Dompierre- 


FURTHER RECORDS OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICUS 253 


sur-Mer, Charente-Inférieure. It is probable that these populations from 
south-west France are referrable to ssp. rubens Verity which was 
described from Lardy and Issy, Seine-et-Oise. 


Z. hippocrepidis rupicola Rocci 
Z. hippocrepidis rupicola Rocci 1936, Bo!l. Soc. ent. ital., 68: 41. 
Z. hippocrepidis asturiensis Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 91, pl. 2, figs. 
A fresh female was taken at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 23.vii.1963. The sub- 
species was described from Fuente Dé, Picos de Europa. 


Z. hippocrepidis ssp. 

2 ¢¢ and 3 29 of hippocrepidis Hubner were captured at Ofna, 
Burgos, 2000 ft., 4-5.viii.1963. The forewing spots are rather small and, in 
one male and two females, spot 5 is attached to spot 6. The specimens are 
not unlike those of ssp. rupicola Rocci but the forewings are longer and 
narrower while the spots are smaller. These specimens may represent 
an undescribed subspecies. 


Z. nhippocrepidis occidentalis Oberthur 
Z. hippocrepidis occidentalis Oberthiur, 1907, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 76: 41. 


From a cocoon found at Angouléme, Charente, France, 250 ft., an aber- 
rant female emerged on 28th August 1963. The specimen has enlarged, con- 
fluent spots while the ground colour in the spot area is finely dusted with 
vermilion scaling. A typical female emerged 3.ix.1963 from a cocoon 
collected at Vieux Mareuil, Dordogne, 350 ft. 


Z. filipenduiae kricheldorffiana Reiss 
Z. filipendulae kricheldorffiana Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 75, pl. 2, figs. 
Z. filipendulae microseeboldi Verity, 1946, Redia, 31: 67 (syn. nov.). 


A series of 3 ¢6¢ and 7 29 was taken at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 18-23 
vii.1963. A six-spotted female, ab. sexmaculata Tremewan, was captured 
at Puerto de San Glorio, Santander, 4000 ft., 26.vii.1963. Reiss described 
the ssp. kricheldorffiana from La Liebana, Asturias. It was later described 
by Verity as ssp. microseeboldi from specimens taken at Pajares, Asturias, 
1300 m. The name microseeboldi Verity is now placed as a synonym of 
kricheldorffiana Reiss. 


Z. filipendulae agutangula Marten f. sagitta Marten 
Z. filipendulae hybr. sagitta Marten, 1956, Ent. Z., 66: 58. 


A series of 5 Od and 13 9 Q of filipendulae Linné was taken at Ona, 
Burgos, 2000 ft., 4-5.viii.1963. A further male and female were captured 
3.viii.1963 at Penahorada, Burgos, 2800 ft. The series exhibits considerable 
variation. Of the twenty specimens taken at random, 3 dd and 9 99 
are five-spotted. It may be assumed, therefore, that five- and six-spotted 
forms occur in equal proportions. A six-spotted male has the spots 
confluent in pairs and a six-spotted female has spots 5 and 6 confluent. 
In the five-spotted specimens, 2 ¢ ¢ have spots 3 and 4 confluent. 


Marten described the five- and six-spotted population from Penches, 
Burgos, 700 m. as hybr. sagitta Marten. In my opinion it is incorrect to 
describe specimens of a mixed population as hybrids. The population from 
Penches is here considered as a local form of ssp. agutangula Marten. The 
specimens from Ofia are referable to this form. 


254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/XI1/1963 


Z. filipendulae seeboldi Oberthtr 
Z. filipendulae seeboldi Oberthtir, 1910, Etudes de Lépidoptérologie com- 
parée, 4: 543. 

This predominantly five-spotted subspecies was described from the 
coastal region of Bilbao, northern Spain. A single female, captured 
11.vii.1963 at Tolosa, Guipuzcoa, 250 ft., is probably referable to ssp. 
seeboldi. The specimen has a trace of spot 6 which is situated quite close 
to spot 5. 


Z. filipendulae pulcherrima Verity 
Z. filipendulae pulcherrima Verity, 1921, Ent. Rec., 33: 90. 


A male of filipendulae Linné was taken 9.vii.1963 at Blois, Indre-et- 
Loire, 400 ft. Two females were taken 14.viii.1963 at Loches, Indre-et- 
Loire, 250 ft. One of the females has a crippled left hindwing, the left 
forewing being almost devoid of scales. The right wings are normal in 
shape and the forewing has spot 7 extended along the costa while spots 2-§ 
are confluent. The specimens are referable to ssp. pulcherrima Verity 
which was described from Dompierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Inférieure, 
France. 


Z. trifolii guadarramica Reiss 
Z. trifolii guadarramica Reiss, 1936, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 89, pl. 2, figs. 


A male taken 12.vii.1963 at Puerto de Somosierra, Madrid, 4500 ft., is 
referable to ssp. guadarramica Reiss which was described from specimens 
originating from El] Escorial, Madrid. 


Z. trifolii laincalvo Agenjo 
Z. trifolii laincalvo Agenjo, 1948, Eos, Madr., 24: 397. 


This subspecies was described from Estépar, Burgos, 810 m. A single 
male taken at Penahorada, Burgos, 2800 ft., 29.vii.1963 is referable to ssp. 
laincalvo Agenjo. 


Z. trifolii pajini Tremewan 
Z. trifolii pajini Tremewan, 1963, Ent. Rec., 75: 8, pl. 1, figs. 18, 19. 


14 3d and 39 2 were captured at Puerto de Pandatrave, Leon, 4700 ft., 
19.vii.1963, 5 ¢g at Puerto de San Glorio, Santandar, 5000 ft., 20.vii.1963 
and 3 dd at Riano, Leon, 3500 ft., 20-24.vii.1963. A new locality was dis- 
covered for the subspecies when 2 ¢ 4 were taken on the Sierra de 
Cabuerniga, Santander, 2000 ft., 7-8.viii.1963. In spite of the differences 
in elevation the specimens from these various localities are rather con- 
stant in character. However, 1 ¢ from Puerto de Pandatrave has spot 4 
reduced in size, especially in the left forewing. 


Z. trifolii muspratti Tremewan 
Z. trifolii muspratti Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 199. 


A female captured at Tolosa, Guipuzcoa, 250 ft., 11.vii.1963, is pro- 
visionally placed under ssp. muspratti Tremewan which was described from 
St. Jean-de-Luz, Basses-Pyrénées, France. The specimen has spots 3 and 
4 separate, a character which is occasionally found in ssp. muspratti. 


SOME MEMORIES OF 1963 255 


Some Memories of 1963 
By H. SYvMEs 


I suppose this apvalling season has had its comvensations for some 
entomologists, but I am not one of them. It got off to a bad start. In 
March, when the long svell of frost at last came to an end, it was suc- 
ceeded by a period of rain that lasted until the end of the month. April 
too, was a cold wet month, and it was not until the 25th that I made my 
first capture, Xylocampa areola Esp. On the 28th I was taken by Mr and 
Mrs R. W. Watson to Hod Hill to look for larvae of Euphydryas aurinia 
Rott. We found them in good numbers. I also found one nearly full fed 
larva of Parasemia plantaginis L., the first, but not the last I have found 
in this locality. Unfortunately, it turned out to have been “stung”. On 
top of the hill was a schoolboy, looking for aurinia on the wing, with 
more enthusiasm than knowledge. I told him he was about a month too 
early and showed him a few larvae I had, and where to look for them on 
the foodplant. He soon found about a dozen. I took about twice this 
number, and these larvae were unusually free from parasites. In previous 
years I have often had about fifty per cent. “stung”. The butterflies that 
emerged included some very dark ones. Mr. Parkinson Curtis thought this 
was probably due to the exceptionally cold winter. On the last day ot 
the month I saw my first butterfly of the year, a small white. 


May was another disappointing month: the weather was very pov1 
until the last week. I did not see Celastrina argiolus L. or Anthocharis 
cardamines L., or more than one Pararge aegeria L. There were three 
brilliant days at the Whitsun weekend, and on the Monday I went to Hod 
Hill with Mr. M. J. Leech. The morning was sunny and we found plenty 
of E. aurina. I took one P. plantaginus, but we did not see any Lysandra 
bellargus Rott. After lunch, it began to rain. and Mr. Leech drove along 
the Dorset lanes where I hoved we should find nests of Eriogaster 
lanestris L. Visibility was very poor, but we did see two nests of larvae: 
unfortunately- they were both Malacosoma neustria L. Mr. Watson told 
me afterwards that nests of Lanestris were very late this year, which was 
only to be expected. On 6th June, a perfect day, I took Mr. Leech to meet 
Brig. Warry in his locality near Glanville’s Wootton. The place was alive 
with butterflies, aurinia, euphrosyne, seleme, lucina, pamphilus, venata, 
and it was quite like old times. Although no aberations were seen, an 
enjoyable time was had by all. 

Following a thunder storm on 13th June, the weather resumed its bad 
habits. On the 28th, I accompanied Mr. and Mrs. Watson to the Faversham 
marshes in quest of larvae of Malacosoma castrensis L. The Bentley took 
the round trip of just over three hundred miles in its stride, and we were 
back at Boldre before 11 p.m. Although it rained nearly all day, we found 
our way to a good locality, thanks to expert briefing by Mr. P. Cue. By 
an unusual stroke of good luck, the rain stopped at the critical moment 
and it was fine during the hour or two we spent on the marsh. The rain 
returning directly we had left. I had never seen castrensis larvae in 
their natural haunts before and the masses of golden-haired larvae 
clustered together on their webs were, I thought, a very beautiful sight. 
But it pays to search for the older larvae, which were feeding or resting 
seperately after the nests had broken up: by taking these, one has far 
fewer failures in the breeding cages and avoids unnecessary wastage of 


256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X1/1963 


larvae. They were feeding on almost anything that was growing on the 
marsh, and are not at all particular about what they eat in captivity, but 
whatever their diet, it should be sprayed daily, and the larvae like plenty 
of sunshine. From 27 of the more mature larvae I obtained 23 pupae, 
from which 14 perfect specimens and 3 cripples emerged; the remaining 
pupae were found to contain moths that had died when due to come out. 


July for the most part was a rainy month, interspersed with a few 
fine days. On the 2nd, 16th and 23rd I met Brig. Warry at Morden Heath. 
We did not see Coscinia cribraria L. on any of these dates. I beat 36 larvae 
of Panolis flammea Schiff., of which only six pupated. I have had trouble 
with these larvae before. Last year I collected 18, but bred only three 
moths. The younger larvae die off, and the others have often been 
“stung” by a large ichneumon fly. The larva affected completes its 
growth and goes down all right, but when the pupae are unearthed, they 
are found to include a number of smooth, shiny pupae as large as that of 
flammea. On 29th July, I took advantage of one of the best days of the 
year to visit Hod Hill for the first time since 3rd June. Aglais urticae L. 
was abundant, the only time this year when I have seen it in any numbers. 
There were also plenty of Melanargia galathea L., but Lysandra coridon 
Poda was only just beginning to emerge: I saw three males. 

There were a few fine days at the beginning of August but after the 
15th, it rained almost every day, and 5.60 inches were recorded in 
Bournemouth. On 14th August, the last of Mr. Carr’s dark daggers (A. 
tridens) emerged. ‘The first, as I have already noted, came out on 2nd 
February. Can you beat it? The fine spell that started on 12th September 
did not bring out as many butterflies as might have been expected. When 
I paid a last visit to Hod Hill on the 17th there were unusually few 
butterflies to be seen. Of the blues, there were a fair number of niale 
bellargus, but I saw only one female. I also saw one small, tattered 
coridon ¢, one agestis, and one or two icarus. The Vanessids were 
represented by a single urticae. There were also a few Gonepteryx rhamni ~ 
L. and Maniola jurtina L., of which I took one male in fine condition so 
as not to return home with all my boxes empty. Perhaps the most 
interesting thing I saw was a young larva of P. plantaginis, feeding on an 
old flower-head of Scabiosa succisa, close to my feet as I was sitting on the 
ramparts eating my lunch. 

One of the most striking features of the late summer was the extreme 
scarcity of Vanessids. I wonder where the red admirals and painted 
ladies were disporting themselves this year. The absence of cardui was 
perhaps to be expected, and in any case it is much more irregular in its 
appeerance than atalanta. In recent years the latter has been the com- 
monest Vanessa in September in my garden, and, among other places, in 
Bere Wood, where, despite the exceptional abundance of golden rod and 
devil’s bit scabious in bloom, I did not see a single one on 20th September, 
and I have not seen one in my garden. In fact, the only one I have seen 
this year was on Exmoor, 1200 feet above sea-level. Jo has been com- 
moner than any other Vanessid, even than urticae. C.-album appeared 
in my garden on 28th July, and 11th and 13th August, and again on 28th 
September. I have not seen one anywhere else. It is good to know that 
this interesting butterfly still occurs in Bournemouth, but it is much 
searcer than it was twenty or thirty years ago. 


Looking back over the past season. I find one thing for which I can be 


WHY ONLY LATIN NAMES? 257 


thankful. I did not take out a permit to coilect in the New Forest. In 
1962 I paid my £1, and the only insects I took there that I could not have 
obtained, as or more easily, somewhere else were my larvae of Bomolocha 
fontis Thunb. I have never been interested in the financial side of 
entomology, but the moths bred from these larvae work out avr 
five shillings apiece. This year I should undoubtedly have reached the 
“point of no return”, 


It is much to be regretted that an error was made in ordering the 
material for the October number in that the two articles by Mr. Burton 
and Mr. Waddington were intermixed (antea 241 and 242) and we reprint 
these articles correctly, with apologies to the authors. Our own views 
(antea 242-3) remain unaltered.—Ed. 


Why Only Latin Names? 
Bye to BUBTON, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Bristol) 


Speaking as an amateur entomologist, who is also an ornithologist and 
familiar with the literature of the latter science, I feel strongly that 
contributions to entomological journals like The Entomologist’s Record 
and The Entomologist should use vernacular names, where these exist, in 
their contributions. Thus I have been very interested in the recent articles 
by Messrs Irvin, Waddington and P. W. Parkinson Curtis. 

It is the custom in ornithological journals such as The Ibis (journal of 
the British Ornithologist’s Union—perhaps the leading’ journal of 
ornithology in the world), Bird Study, British Birds, and Ardea (Nether- 
lands) to publish both vernacular and scientific names (e.g., Golden Plover 
(Charadrius apicarius). It is also the custom of some other biological 
publications (e.g., The Journal of Animal Ecology) to do likewise. 

As it seems to me, the great advantage of this system is that workers 
in other fields can consult an ornithological journal with a reasonable 
degree of understanding and much less inconvenience. For example, an 
entomologist, interested in butterfly or moth migration, can consult papers 
on recent advances in bird migration, which might have a bearing on 
his subject, without the inconvenience of having to look up every scientific 
name in The Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Many 
ornithologists are fairly familiar with the popular names of most British 
butterflies and many of the moths, so why shouldn’t they expect the same 
from the entomological literature? After all, these subjects are not poles 
apart and the advances in knowledge of each are of interest to the 
students of both. 

Serious entomological journals like ‘‘The Record” and ‘“‘The Entomol- 
ogist” deserve to be more widely read by other bivlogists and not thrown 
down in disgust as I have seen done more than once. At present, most 
of these workers, professional and amateur alike, find the business oi 
translating the average entomological article far too time-absorbing and 
tedious. 

I believe this is the paramout reason for us adopting the procedure 
normal in the ornithological journals. To date, I have followed the usual 
custom in our entomological journals, but have now resolved in future 
to follow that of the ornithological journals. It will not, incidentally, be 
necessary to repeat the popular name after the first mention in a par- 
ticular paper. 


258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ X1/1963 


More About Latin 


By L. G. F. WabDDINGTON 


Mr. Curtis’s article on Latin in the July issue is so larded with diffuse 
and discursive irrelevancies that I began to wonder it he was worth 
powder and shot. 

Little attempt was made at specific refutation of the statements and 
opinions expressed in my article, but instead 50 per cent. of his was 
redolent of a class-room lecture on Latin, 

With ill-concealed contempt he refers to certain ‘popuiar’ works using 
English names as if they were kids books. 

No one, with any regard to the truth, can deny that the works of 
Edward Newman, South and Frohawk are accepted standard works; yet 
all these time-hallowed contributions to the literature on lepidoptera 
give precedence to English names—both text and illustrations. 

To say that the above works would be vastly improved by the authors 
adding the date and author of the name to each scientific name when 
first used is so much boloney; I am utterly indifferent as to who officiated 
at the christening, I am interested in the accredited name only, one that 
enables me to identify the insect. 

English names, so far as English collectors are concerned, have provided 
an infallible means of identification for over 100 years, and the Tower 
of Babel he refers to is the sole creation of those self-same educated 
gentlemen who spend their time and money mucking about with old 
established Latin names, concocting synthetic jargon, and spreading 
dismay and confusion among the old hands. 

What Mr. Curtis lacks in factual observation he makes up with in 
supposition. 

Neither Irvin’s article or my own bore the slightest hint of sneering 
at science, though I have no scruples in tilting at some of the present 
day scientific poseurs. 

’ His final jibe at Irvin and myself in the last paragraph anent amassing 
corpses of dead insects, comes ill from a man who is himself guilty, 
judging by an article he wrote to the ‘‘Record”’ in 1962, p. 130, where 
he refers to a series of Coenobia rufa forming part of his collection. He 
can sort that one out. 

In conclusion, Ornithology is just as much a science as Entomology, 
and has many more adherents, yet English names are used exclusively. 
Can anyone imagine Peter Scott churning out Latin names on T.V.? 

Perhaps readers of the “Record”, enjoying ring-side seats, can throw 
light on this glaring anomaly. 

9 Greenleafe Avenue, Doncaster. 


To Our Readers 


At the beginning of this year there was a considerable rise in charges 
throughout the printing trade, and while we have given readers the 
benefit of an unraised subscription rate for 1963, it is not possible to con- 
tinue for another year without raising the subscription rate. The matter 
has now been considered at the annual meeting of the governing body and 
it has been decided that the subscription rate for 1964 will be thirty-five 
shillings per annum. 

We hope that our readers will appreciate the necessity for this increase, 


OBITUARY 259 


and that it will not cause undue hardship, so that they will continue to 
subscribe to the “Record”. 

A revised Banker’s Order is enclosed, which should be completed and 
returned to the treasurer, not to your bank, and we would call the atten- 
tion of readers who do not already subscribe in this way, to the great 
saving in time and expense for the treasurer’s department; no reminders, 
and no worry for the subscriber. 


Obituary 


ARTHUR ADRIAN LISNEY, 1907-1953 


Arthur Lisney passed away on 9th August 1963, at his home in Dor- 
chester. He was only 56. The grievous news came as a very great shock 
to all who knew him, for although he had apparently been in failing 
hea th for some time, they could hardly realize that someone of such fine 
and robust appearance should be taken from their midst at such a com- 
paratively early age. 

Ireland had been his early home, and to the end he always felt a close 
association with his native land. He was born there in 1907, the son of 
Harry Lisney of Shankhill, Co. Dublin, and was educated at St. Columba’s 
College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he qualified and graduated 
in medicine, and was a leading member of the rugby football team. He 
moved to England soon after his university days, and following a brief 
period in Suffolk, was appointed Deputy Medical Officer for Leicester in 
1938, the year he became M.D. The collecting of lepidoptera had been a 
flair with him from very early days, and during his nine years in the 
Midlands, he added a great deal to the knowledge of the butterflies and 
moths of that region. It was just before the war that with his compatriot, 
Dr. Bryan Beirne, he paid several visits to Ireland, mainly to Co. Kerry, 
whence they brought back some fine collections of insects, several new to 
those areas. 

In 1947 Lisney was appointed Medical Officer of Health for Dorset and 
as soon as he moved to Dorchester, he threw himself wholeheartedly into 
the collection and preservation of the insect fauna of that county. Every 
year since 1955 he edited, with meticulous care, the section on Lepidoptera 
in the Transactions of the Dorset Archaeological and Natural History 
Society, of which society he served on the council, and when the 
Naturalists’ Trust for Dorset was formed, he became its president. 

Above all, he had always taken a great interest in the older literature 
on the British butterflies and moths, on which he became a leading 
authority, embodying his researches in “A Bibliography of British Lepi- 
doptera, 1608-1799” published in 1960, a most scholarly treatise. Just 
before his untimely death he was engaged on a biography of Gilbert 
White. He was also a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society, and an 
active member of the South London Entomological and Natural History 
Society. 

He was also a keen botanist and gardener, and his home at Dorchester 
was the envy of many with similar interests. 

Of quiet and most kindly disposition, his is indeed an irreparable loss, 
not only as a fleld naturalist and an able medical administrator, but also 
as an erudite student of British Lepidoptera. The sympathy of all his 
friends goes out to his family.—C. G. M. de W. 


260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ X1/1963 


Notes and Observations 


CRAMBUS MARGARITELLUS Htspn. In Dzvon.—Mr. Huggins’ note on the 
occurrence of this species near Honiton interested me as, though both 
Meyrick and Bierne mention Devon, I have heard of few records. I was 
pleased, therefore, when I took a specimen at mercury vapour light at 
Ashburton on 4th August this year. Though this insect is duller than those 
from the north, it compares favourably in size (22 mm. expanse) with 
specimens that I have taken from South Uist in the Hebrides. 

The distribution of the species in Devon seems to be sketchy. The 
Victoria County History says, ‘taken on the cliffs at Exmouth towards 
Budleigh Salterton, in June (FE. Parfitt). There are two specimens in the 
Exeter Museum, from the eastern fringe of Dartmoor, labelled Lustleigh, 
22.vii.1928, A. R. Hayward. Apart from Mr. Huggins’ note these are the 
only records that I have seen.—ALAaN KENNARD, Fredaclare, Littlejohns, 
Cross Hill, Dunsford Hill, Exeter. 16.x.1963. 


UnusuaL APPEARANCE OF LITHOPHANE SOCIA IN DoRSET.—On 5th June this 
year, a perfectly fresh specimen of this insect came to light in my garden 
in Upwey. From its condition it could not have hibernated and visited 
the sallow blossom this spring. Incidentally, I saw no socia at sallow 
blossom this year. which is also unusual.—Bric. H. E. Warry, Upwey, 
Dorset. 16.x.1963. 


HIBERNATION OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. LARva.—With reference 
to my note in Vol. 74 ( ) one of the brimstone larvae successfully 
hibernated and recommenced feeding in the spring. Eventually it pro- 
duced a fine female moth on 11th July 1963. This may help to explain 
the long period over which the first brood emerged.—Bric. H. E. Warry, 
Upwey, Dorset. 16.x.1963. 


CUCULLIA ABSINTHII L. IN ANGLESEY.—During a brief stay in Trearddur 
Bay, early in September 1963, for collecting in company with Mr. W. 
Reid of Sheffield, I noticed a large growth of Artemisia absinthium near 
some houses by the sea. When I searched and tapped these plants on 8th 
September, I obtained a large number of larvae of this shark moth, 
mostly only half grown. The next day we found more of these larvae on 
a patch of the food-plant by the cliff edge, where I had searched in vain 
for them during a previous visit to this locality in 1952. Mr. S. Gordon 
Smith in his most comprehensive work on the lepidoptera of the North 
Welsh Counties only records it from the vicinity of Barmouth. 

It would appear that this is yet another instance of the remarkable 
extension of range of this species since the war, both northwards and 
eastwards from its former restricted haunts in south-west England. It is 
now quite a common insect in the London area, in parts of the industrial! 
North, and in East Anglia. I have recently heard of its occurrence on 
another part of the North Wales coast.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks. 
Woking. 3.x.1963. 


PYRAMEIS CARDUI L. aT WoxkiInG.—Owing to the apparently great 
scarcity of migrant species this season, I thought it worth recording the 
appearance of a painted lady on the Michaelmas daisies here on the 
sunny morning of 29th September in company with many Aglais urticae 
L. and one or two Polygonia c-album L.—C. G. M. bE Worms, Three 
Oaks, Woking, 3.x.1963. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 261 


REARING METHODS.—Two points arise from Mr. L. F. G. Wadding- 
ton’s lamentable story in the September Record. What follows may not 
be known to all readers. 

The importance of ventilation for the health of larvae naturally 
increases as they grow. Probably most species can be kept as small 
larvae in almost air-tight containers opened only once a day or less often, 
but it is essential to provide for the absorption of moisture. This is easily 
done by lining the boxes with filter-paper or blotting-paper. Cockayne 
used even to recommend newspaper, but this is less efficient and it is 
easy to overlook small larvae on the printed page. The larger and more 
numerous the larvac, the more paper is needed or the more frequently 
it must be changed. If the larvae are healthy, the paper can be dried and 
re-used until it is too badly stained. The cheapest small containers are 
the ready-sterilized “disposable” plastic Petri dishes (Oxoid). 

Similarly, eggs and young larvae on food-plant can safely be several 
days in the post if they are sent in a small, flat air-tight tin, lined above 
and below with filter-paper; a few wisps of cellulose-wool are used to 
prevent leaves from packing together in transit. 

The second point relates to non-availability of food-plant. Many larvae 
possibly including even those of the Jersey Tiger, will withstand (if kept 
dry) the temperature normally maintained at the bottom of a household 
refrigerator (5-6° C., but usually adjustabie). They continue to feed, but 
at a much reduced rate. If, therefore, their food is temporarily difficult 
to obtain, or a short illness or absence from home is unavoidable, the 
situation can be eased by putting the larvae in the refrigerator. The 
container should be slightly ventilated if possible, and in any event, fully 
lined with absorbent paper. Normally all the containers should be en- 
closed in a loose-fitting polythene bag; this serves to reduce the loss of 
moisture from the cut food-plant to the refrigerating unit, which might 
be excessive (refrigerators tend to dry material placed in them). For 
species very sensitive to a combination of cold and damp, however, it 
may well be better to omit the polythene bag.—S. R. Bowpen, 53 Crouch 
Hall Lane, Redbourn, Herts. 


SyRPHID LaRva ATTACKING GEOMETRID LaRva.—While seeking Nepticula 
mines on the birch bushes on Ashdown Forest, near Forest Row, Sussex, 
I was surprised to see a large Syrphid larva holding a full-fed larva of 
Deilinia pusaria Linn. The Syrphid, a black species with spiny projec- 
tions, had its rear end firmly wound round a birch twig, while its narrow 
end encircled the larva, holding it parallel to the twig. 

Strangely enough, the pusaria larva seemed to offer no resistance, pre- 
sumably relying on its twig-like appearance to protect it from touch as 
well as from sight, and as it seemed to be unharmed when released, I left 
the matter there, for it hardly seemed right to add insult to injury by 
retaining the deprived Syrphid for determination of its species.—S, N. A. 
Jacoss, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 12.x.1963. 


CHARTLEY MOSS NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE. STAFFORDSHIRE. 


The quaking bog is in a deep, steep-sided basin fifty feet deep, carved 
out during the Ice Age more than ten thousand years ago. The vegetation 
here, grows on a floating mattress or raft of peat which is no more than 
ten feet thick in places. When a person walks on those parts where the 
peat is very thin, much of the bog trembles and ripples; and some places 


262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X1/1963 


are extremely dangerous because the raft is not strong enough to support 
the weight of a human being. 

On the open water there are Sphagnum moss and other bog plants. 
There is also a mosaic of almost pure Sphagnum areas (often known as 
Sphagnum “lawns’’), as well as hummocks with Heather, Ling, Cotton 
Grass, Cranberry, Sundew and Marsh Andromeda growing on them. On 
the drier and thicker parts of the raft, a Scots Pine forest produces thick 
crops of seedlings annually which colonise the open areas. 

Chartley Moss is already much used for research into the structure 
and development of peat. Studies on the growth of plants under the un- 
usual conditions of the bog, as well as on water movement and on in- 
sects, are also being undertaken. . 

Access will be by permit only. Applications to visit the Reserve for 
scientific research, or to collect animals, p!ants or peat samples, should be 
addressed to the Regional Officer (Midlands), The Nature Conservancy, 
Attingham Park, Shrewsbury, Shropshire. 


Review 


De Danske Ugler. 2nd Edition. 387 pp. and 33 plates in colour by Dr. 
Skat Hoffmever. Universiteetsforlaget i Aarhus. Dec. 1962. £6 6s. Od. 


All who have been familiar with Dr. Hoffmeyer’s earlier volumes on 
the Danish macrolepidoptera must welcome this much enlarged edition 
of the original work which appeared in 1949. Not only have 40 pages 
been added to the text in Danish, but one additional coloured plate com- 
vrising all the species of the Noctuid moths which have been recorded as 
new to the Danish fauna during the thirteen years interval between the 
two editions. Among these are several of especial interest since they are 
of eastern origin such as Hadena illyria and Hydraecia nordstromi, while 
several insects with a restricted range in the British Isies have now 
appeared in Denmark, e.g. Leucania l-album, Sedina buettneri. Arenos- 
tola extrema, Eustrotia olivana, and Xanthia ocellaris. As in the new 
edition of “De Danske Spinnere’, exact details of dates and localities of 
capture have been inserted for each insect on the plates which have lost 
nothing through being reprinted, and in several instances there is a dis- 
tinct improvement in tone and register. The text, too, has been much 
expanded, not only by the insertion of the new species, but also by that of 
many more photos in black and white of aberrations, some of which have 
only been described from Denmark. It is indeed most striking to see a 
b!ack form of Phlogophora meticulosa depicted. That controversial insect, 
Cucullia scrophulariae is now shown side by side with C. lychnitidis and 
its general status discussed with figures of the respective genitalia. In 
most of the closely related species, the author has gone to great pains to 
distinguish between the genitalia by text drawings. The general nomen- 
clature has not been altered from the original edition, but one notable 
change is the recognition of Aporophyla luneburgensis as a separate 
species from A. lutulenta and only including the former insect as occur- 
ring in Denmark. The whole of the Noctuidae have been separated into 
fairly clear-cut families, though some orthodox taxonomists may not be 
too happy to see the Blacknecks (Toxocampa) placed among the Snouts 
(Hypeninae). The author is to be congratulated on this very up-to-date 
and comprehensive work, and we now look forward to a similar new 
treatise on the last of the trio, “De Danske Maalere’’, covering the Geo- 
metrid moths.—C. G. M. de W. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (131) 


1. Recorded from every part of the division. Numerous at light and 
sugar up to about 1905, less frequent during the present century. 


Lewisham, two larvae knocked off sallow, March 30, 1861; larvae on 
sloe, hawthorn, sallow, April 12-15, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). The only recent 
records are:—Orpington, 1926 (F. D. Greenwood). Dartford Heath, four, 
July 13-17, 1953, one, 1954 (B. K. West). West Wickham, two at sugar, 
July 17, 1929 (S. Wakely); one, July 24, 1953, one, July 22, 1954, one, 
July 10, 1955 (EK. E. J. Trundell); one at light, July 25, 1956, two at mv., 
1963 (C.-H.). Sidcup, three, 1923-25, one, July 3, 1930, one, July 15, 1935 
(A. R. Kidner, Diary). Lee, one at light, 1954 (C. G. Bruce). 


2. Greenwich (J. W. Tutt, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Near Davington, 
common, 1913-14, 1923 (H. C. Huggins). Dartford Marshes, one at honey- 
dew on thistle, July 11, 1963 (B. K. West). 

3. Canterbury, formerly common at sugar (F. A. Parry). Blean, 
numbers bred 1905 (J. P. Barrett coll.). 


4. Deal, one, July 7, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203). Marshes between 
Deal and Sandwich, not very common (E. & Y. (1949). Ham Fen, one, 
June 17, 1950, one, July 2, 1955 (C.-H.). 

5. Chevening, June 30-July 17, 1912; June 18-July 17, 1913; imagines 
bred 1913 from wild larva and pupa (Gillett, Diary). Halstead, July 15, 
1925 (Frampton, Entomologist, 59: 173). Westerham, frequent at light, 
one, July 1, 1948 (R. C. Edwards). Biggin Hill, one, very worn, July 20, 
1952, one, July 3, 1954 (C.-H.). 

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, one at street lamp, July 2, 1914 
(F. T. Grant). Pinden, odd ones at sugar (E. J. Hare). Otford, two, 1955, 
six, 1956, all at light (W. B. L. Manley). Meopham, June 29, July 9, 1958, 
June 20, 1959, July 22, 1960, pupae, June 24, 1958 (J. Ellerton). 
[(Rochester district.—Chaney (1884-87) states that he had not found it in 
this area.)] 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 131). 

7. Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 

8. Folkestone (Knaggs (1870)). Wye (Scott (1936)); one, August 2, 
1955, one, July 24, 1956, both at light (W. L. Rudland). Dover, one at m.v., 
June 26, 1953 (G. H. Youden). 

10. Sevenoaks, July 6, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). 

11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipborne, numerous at sugar, 1939, 
and again in 1948 or 1949 (H. E. Hammond). 

12. Ham Street, one, June 8, 1953, A. L. Goodson (R.C.K.). Willes- 
borough, one, July 11, 1954; one, July 21, 1955; one, July 31, 1956 (W. L. 
Rudland). 

13. Blackhurst, Tunbridge Wells, one at sugar, 1890 (G. V. Bull). 
Tunbridge Wells, 1904, 1906, and in other years, common at light and at 
sugar, thirteen one night (E. D. Morgan); one, c. 1955 (L. R. Tesch). 

16. Folkestone, ¢ at m.v., July 12, 1952 (A. M. Morley). 

First ReEcorD, 1829: Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.). 


Diarsia brunnea Schiff.: Purple Clay. 

Native. Woods, lanes near woods; on birch, dock. Recorded from all 
divisions except 4, 9, 15. 

“Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)); but the records indicate that it 
has become less plentiful since, and although still of regular occurrence, 
particularly at light, numbers are small, and there is no instance on 


(132) FNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X1/1963 


record of its having been noted in abundance on any one occasion for 
more than fifty years. 

Larvae were beaten from birch at Chislehurst by S. F. P. Blyth, from 
which he reared the imagines in May-June 1939; and D. R. M. Long 
records that from a larva found feeding on dock at Bromley, he reared 
the imago. 

First REcorRD, 1829: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 132). 


D. mendica F. (festiva Schiff.): Ingrailed Clay. 

Native. Woods, copses; on birch. Recorded from all divisions, except 
2; apparently scarce or casual in 4, 9, 15. “Generally common” (V.C.H. 
(1908)). 

Huckett (Ent. week. Int., 10: 117) records the finding of larvae at West 
Wickham feeding on birch, from which he reared the moth. 

4. Sandwich, one, June 28, 1954 (W. D. Bowden); one at light, c. 1950 
(C.-H.). Ickham (D. G. Marsh). 

9. Margate (H. C. Huggins). 

15. Dungeness, one, June 23, one July 2, one, July 6, 1962, all in m.v. 
trap. Cr, Ge Seott). 

VARIATION.—Very variable and difficult to classify in accordance with 
the nomenclature. So far as I can judge, the following named abs. are 
represented in my series of some seventy Kentish specimens from various 
localities, including many from Sturry, West Wickham, Ham Street and 
Benenden: conflua H.-S.; rufo-virgata Tutt; ignicola H.-S.; ochrea-virgata 
Tutt; primulae Esp.; congener Hb.; subrufa Haw.; caerulea Tutt; festiva 
Hb.; transversa B.-Salz; also several referable to nymotypical mendica F. 
(C.-H.). 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 121-122) records from Kent the first four abs. named 
above, in addition to the nymotype; and in 1891, he made the following 
statement (in Ent. Rec., 2: 266 et seq.): that “it is impossible to get from 
the mainland of Scotland so far as we at present know, a single form that 
cannot be obtained occasionally in our Kent woods”. 

Knipe (1961) records ab. conflua H.-S.; and in R.C.K. are ab. rufovirgata 
Tutt; ab. ignicola H.-S.; ab. conjuncta B.-Salz, one. 

First RECORD, 1829: Darenth Wood, frequently taken (Stephens, 
Haust., 2; 135). 


D. dahlii Hubn.: Barred Chestnut. 
Probable resident. Woods, heaths; foodplant unknown. Very un- 
certain in appearance, but usually found in numbers when it does occur. 


1. West Wickham, two, August 25, 1846, by sweeping heather (Stainton, 
Zoologist, 1791); 1859 (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 7: 75). [West Wickham?], 
twenty-four, taken August 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 7: 204). Shooters 
Hill (W. West, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 

2. Near Sheerness, one at sugar, 1871 (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 185). 

3. Bysing Wood, common last week in July and first three weeks of 
August 1913 and 1914, on flowers of wood-sage after dark (H. C. Huggins). 
Canterbury*, at sugar, scarce, September 1865 (H. Vaughan, in Ent. Ann., 
1866; (153). ; 

7. Westwell, common in 1922 on the Pilgrim’s Way towards Charing 
(F. W. Andrews, teste E. Scott); two, taken by E. Scott, August 16, 
1934 (A. M. Morley); quite common at sugar, ec. 1946, and a 
few since (E. Scott, personal communication, 1955). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (133) 


8. Near Folkestone*, six (in 1875) (Haggar, Entomologist, 8: 300). 
[(Dover, two, 1945 (Gardiner, Ent. Gaz., 10: 8), is based on erroneous 
determination (C.-H.))] 

11. [Wateringbury] on burdock flowers, July (1880) (Thornewill, 
Entomologist, 14: 70). Wateringbury, turned up commonly one year Ic. 
1900] (W. A. Cope); sixteen from here in E. Goodwin coll., but without 
date (C.-H.). Wateringbury; Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). 

12. Ham Street, ¢, at flowers of wood-sage, August 5, 1935 (A. J. L. 
Bowes); one, September 20, 1935 (F. H. Lees). Long Rope Wood, one at 
sugar, August 12, 1933 (A. M. Morley). 

13. Pembury (Stainton, Man., 1: 236). Tunbridge Wells district*, 
searce (Knipe (i1916)). 

14. Sandhurst, 9°, bred August 30, 1930, ex larva (G. V. Bull). 
[(Hawkhurst (de Worms, Entomologist, 67: 102) is an error for Beckley, 
Sussex (de Worms, in litt.).)] 

First Recorp, 1846: West Wickham (Stainton, Zoologist, 1791). 


D. rubi View. (bella Borkh.): Small Square-spot. 
Resident. Marshes,, damp woods, wet meadows; foodplant unknown. 
Found in all divisions. 


There are two generations, the first appearing on the wing from about 
the end of May to late June, the second in August and sometimes con- 
tinuing to the beginning of October. First brood specimens are much 
fewer as a rule than those of the second generation, indeed the moth is 
seldom, if ever, found plentifully in the spring; but on the other hand, 
is occasionally noted in abundance in the autumn. 


Reid (Entomologist, 29: 335) recorded that at Yalding (div. 11), it was 
common at light on August 8, 1896; and J. A. Parry (personal communi- 
cation) observed it in abundance at Sandwich in the autumn of 1947. I 
have myself seen the moth many times in various parts of the county, 
both at light and at sugar, but always scantily, except on one occasion 
when some forty specimens were counted at m.v.l., at Dungeness, by the 
Long Pond, September 18, 1954 (C.-H.). W. L. Rudland’s counts for the 
period that he regularly operated m.v. traps are sufficiently interesting 
to reproduce here in full, and were made in two areas apparently very 
suitable for the species:—Willesborough, May 26-July 3 (21), August 20- 
October 5 (32) 1954, June 7-28 (29), August 2-September 21 (163) 1955, 
May 25-June 24 (81), August 17-September 25 (98) 1956; Wye, May 28- 
June 19 (8), August 18-September 15 (23) 1953; May 26-July 1 (12), August 
19-October 16 (49) 1954; May 27-June 26 (33), August 8-September 22 (220) 
1955; May 25-July 1 (90), August 8-October 2 (58) 1956; the maximum 
number noted on any single night at Wye, was 40 on August 23, 1955, 
and at Willesborough, 29, also on August 25, 1955. 

First REcorD, 1829: Darenth Wood, occasionally in considerable plenty 
(Stephens, Haust., 2: 135). 


[D. florida Schmidt: Fen Square-spot. 

Probably resident. Marshy places; foodplant unknown. 

In 1950, Cockayne (Entomologist, 83: 173-174) added florida as a species 
new to the British list; but owing to its close similarity to D. rubi, is one 
of the most critical. The three examples listed here for Kent are 
considered to be almost certainly referable to florida, but further cap- 


(134) . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X1/1963 


tures and evidence confirming its occurrence in the county is much 
needed. 

4. Ham Fen, 6, in fresh condition, June 17, 1950 (C.-H.). 

16. Folkestone, ¢, at m.v.l., June 20, 1956+, taken by A. M. Morley 
(Scott, Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1956:6); 92, at m.v.l., June 29, 
1958+ (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959 :43).] 


Ochropleura plecta L.: Flame Shoulder. 

Native. Cultivated and waste places; foodplant unrecorded. Frequent 
and in all divisions. Regularly double brooded, with greater numbers in 
the second generation. “Common in some places” (V.C.H.(1908)). 


The first generation usually appears on the wing from about the middle 
of May, but in 1961, Long (Ent. Rec., 73: 133) noted it at Bromley on 
April 12, a remarkably early date. 

Gillett (Diary) mentions that one emerged, May 10, 1918, from a larva 
taken at Chevening; and Kidner (Diary) records having taken two larvae 
of this species at Sidcup, one on August 28, 1920, the other on September 
24, 1939. 

First REcORD, 1859: Chatham district (Tyrer, Ent. week. Int., 7: 4). 


Amathes agathina Dup.: Heath Rustic. 
Native. Heaths; on Calluna vulgaris. Apparently very scarce now, 
and in some localities extinct. 


1. West Wickham, one worn, September 14, 1845 (Douglas, Zoologist. 
1223); one, by sweeping heather, August 25, 1846 (Stainton, Zoologist, 
1791); 1859 (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 7: 75); a larva in West Wickham 
Wood, May 18, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). Bostall Common, one, August 28, 1862, 
by A. H. Jones; Abbey Wood, one, August 28, 1863 (Fenn, Diary). Keston 
(Nottle; , Proc. .S.. Lond. ent. nat... Hist:. Soc.,. 1902: 85); four) 1S0Gr we 
Barnes, in Wool. Surv.(1909)). S. E. London area: “Formerly excessively 
abundant in the larval state on heaths in spring, is now scarce” (Fenn, 
Ent. Rec., 6: 231). Petts Wood, about 12 larvae, May 17, 1865, an imago 
by A. H. Jones, August 9, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Chislehurst, one at light, 
September 1909 (Sperring, Ent. Rec., 22: 14; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 96). St. Paul’s Cray Common, one, 1914 (S. F. P. 
Blyth). 

[6a. Darenth (Zoologist, 3152), is apparently erroneous. ] 

10. Seal Chart (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 79). Westerham.—about 
12 on Hosey Common, August 18-25, 1935 and 19386 (R. C. Edwards); a 
larva (Coote and Jacobs, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 37); 
eight imagines, August 27, 1937 (E. J. Hare). 


11. Mereworth Woods, a larva, May 14, 1939 (A. R. Kidner). 


12. Burnt Oak Wood, Ham Street.—1936: six full-fed larvae found 
by A. M. Morley and C. G. M. de Worms, May 24; a few fresh imagines 
on heather bloom, August 19 (de Worms, Entomologist, 70: 55, 88); ten 
larvae found by E. Scott, A. G. Peyton, and A. M. Morley on May 29, and 
one other by someone else on June 3 (A. M. Morley). 1937: At least eight 
larvae found, April 16-May 6 (A. J. L. Bowes, Diary and A. M. Morley). 
1939: thirteen nearly full-fed larvae found by me on old heather bushes 
at night feeding near the ends of the twigs on May 23, and one more on 
June 17, from which imagines emerged during the last fortnight of 
August (C.-H.); several fresh imagines flying 9.15-9.45 p.m., on August 20 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (135) 


and 26 (Bowes, Ent. Rec., 52: 77). 

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan). 

VaRIATION.—AIl the Ham Street specimens that I have seen conform 
to ab. rosea Tutt, and in some of A. M. Morley’s, the pale costa is very 
pronounced (C.-H.). 

First Record, 1846: Dougias, loc. cit. 


A. glareosa Esp.: Autumnal Rustic. 

Resident. Heaths, chalky places; foodplant unknown. 

This species shows an interesting pattern of distribution for the past 
decade, and a remarkable spread in the eastern half of the county, for 
which there were previously only a few old records. The increase has 
mainly taken place in the Ashford district, also to some extent in the 
coastal terrain between Hythe and Dover. There are signs, however, that 
this expansion has not yet reached its limit. and it is probable that owing 
to lack of observers, the moth is present in many more localities in these 
areas than the records show, though it is noteworthy that as yet, there is 
no recorded occurrence for either Willesborough or Ham Street. Finally, 
there is the unexpected appearance this year of glareosa close to the 
border of the metropolis, and it would be interesting should this turn 
out to be the forerunner of a more general expansion extending to West 
Kent. 

1. Birch Wood (Curtis, Br. Ent., 237); ‘my specimens were captured in 
the neighbourhood of Birch-wood” (Stephens, Haust., 2: 159). West 
Wickham, 1859 (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 7: 75); at sugar, September 12, 
1866, by W. Rogers (Knaggs, Ent. Ann., 1867: 152); West Wickham Wood 
(West, Ent. Rec., 18: 201); eight taken at sugar, August 1, 2, September 4, 
1926 (S. Wakely). Pauls Cray Common, one, September 18, 1875, taken 
by B. A. Bower (Fenn, Diary). Dartford*, September 6, 1878 (Farn MS.). 
Dartford Heath (Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909), may refer to the preceding 
occurrence). Abbey Wood, now extinct (V.C.H. (1908)). Bostall Heath 
(Fenn. in Wool. Surv. (1909)) (may refer to the preceding). Farnborough 
(Hope Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Keston, one in E. Nottle coll., 
labelled: “Keston B. 20.8.04” (C.-H.). Eltham one, (A. H. Jones, in Buckell 
and Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 71). Shooters Hill 
(Jones, in Wool, Surv. (1909) doubtless refers to the preceding occurrence). 
Petts Wood, one at sugar, September 20, 1911 (S. F. P. Blyth). Lee, ¢d in 
m.v. trap, September 11, 1963 (C, G. Bruce). 

3. Canterbury*, September 1865, at sugar, scarce (H. Vaughan, per 
Knaggs, Ent. Ann., 1866: 153). 

6. Greenhithe, in moth trap, and in garden (Farn MS.). 

6a. Darenth (Carrington, Entomologist, 12: 211). 

7. Westwell, several at m.v.1., 1962 (S. Wakely and E. Scott); numerous 
at m.v.l., September 1963 (E. Scott). 

8. Folkestone Warren, three (in 1875) (Haggar, Entomologist, 8: 300); 
one at rest on grass, October 26, 1953 (G. H. Youden); eleven, September 
25, twenty-seven, September 30, about twelve, October 8; all at m.v.l. in 
1956 on footpath in the Warren below Capel (W. L. Rudland). Brook, 1963 
(C. A. W. Duffield, fide P. Cue). 

9. Northdown, Margate, one, August 20, 1915 (H. G. Gomm). 

11. Hoads Wood, one, by E. Scott, August 29, 1953 (de Worms, Ent. 
Rec., 66: 48); five taken by P. Cue, at light, September 15, 1953 (Scott, Ent. 
Gaz., 5: 123); September 12 (1), 18 (9) 1954; September 20, 1955 (14); 


(136) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/X1/1963 


September 20, 1956 (3); all at mv.l. (W. L. Rudland); nine at m.v.L., 
September 9, 1955, and ten more a few days later (P. B. Wacher and C.-H.); 
1955 (de Worms, Entomologist, 89: 94); 1956 (Marsh, Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. 
Hist. Soc., 1956: 37; de Worms, Entomologist, 99: 181); eight, at m.v.lL, 
September 15, 1963 (B. K. West). 

12. Ashford Town, September 20 (1), 24 (1) 1957; 9, pink ab., 1959; 
two, both pink, September 17, 1963; all at m.v.l. in garden (P. Cue). West 
Ashford, one, September 19, 1960, three, September 9, 11, 20, 1961, one, 
September 25, one, October 3, 1962, all at m.v.l. (M. A. Enfield). 

[13. Tunbridge Wells district*, one (A. L. H. Townsend), is doubtful 
(Knipe (1916)).] 

14. Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 1: 233). 

16. Folkestone*, one taken by J. W. Walton, c. 1898 (A. M. Morley coll.). 
Folkestone Town, one at m.v.l., October 5, 1953 (A. M. Morley). Sandgate, 
two, 1962 (N. Reay-Jones). 

[(The inclusion of this species in Stephen-Jones (Rep. St. Edmund’s 
School Canterbury nat. Hist. Soc., 1945-49: 28), is erroneous (A. G. 
Mackonochie)).] 

VARIATION.—I have one good ab. rosea Tutt, taken Hoads Wood, Sep- 
tember 9, 1956, and have seen several other rosea from there (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1828: Birch Wood (Curtis, Br. Ent., 237). 


A. castanea Esp. (neglecta Hiibn.): Grey Rustic. 

Resident, perhaps extinct, Heaths; foodplant unknown. 

Note: One taken in 1952, is the only known occurrence for over forty 
years. 

1. Birch Wood (see First Record); at sugar, September 2 and 3, 1843 
(Douglas, Zoologist, 484); two, September 1843 (Stevens, Zoologist, 334; but 
may refer to the preceding occurrence). West Wickham, one, September 9, 
1845 (Douglas, Zoologist, 1223); one, by sweeping heather, August 25, 1846 
(Stainton, Zoologist, 1791); 1859 (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 7: 75); “taken | 
during the past few years” (Mannering, Entomologist, 43: 204, communi- 
cated 9.vi.1910); 1911 (K. P. Keywood, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 76). 
Chislehurst: Abbey Wood (V.C.H. (1908)). Bexley (L.W. Newman, in Wool. 
Surv. (1909)). Lee 9, at m.v.l., September 5, 1952 (C. G. Bruce). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 157, as Caradrina laevis Haw.). 

10. Seal Chart (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 79). 

11. Wateringbury, one in Goodwin coll., labelled, “Bred Mid. Kent, 1904, 
T. Blest” (C.-H.). Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)); eight specimens in Good- 
win coll., labelled, ‘“‘Wateringbury” (C.-H.), 

13. Pembury (Stainton, Man., 1: 238). Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in 
Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). Ramslye, taken by E. D. 
Morgan at sugar and heather bloom, pre. 1914, but scarce (Knipe (1916)). 
Near the High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells (A. L. H. Townsend, fide E. D. 
Morgan). 

VARIATION.—Allchin (Ent. week. Int., 7: 204) records that in August 
1859, he took thirty-eight examples of this species in Kent, “more than 
one-third of them the red variety”. 

C. G. Bruce’s Lee specimen may be described as greyish-ochreous, with 
the stigmata and submarginal line outlined in reddish-grey (C.-H.). 

First RECORD, 1829: One, “in September 1816, at Birch-wood” (Stephens, 
Haust., 2: 154). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (137) 


Amathes baja Schiff.: Dotted Clay. 
Native. Woods, carr; on birch. Recorded from all divisions, except 
2, 9; apparently scarce in 15. “(Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


Chaney (1884-87) with reference to the Rochester district, gave it as 
“sbundant in all our woods and lanes”; and Fenn (Diary) wrote of it as 
very common and “the commonest species’, at Shooters Hill Wood, on 
June 30, 1862. Otherwise, although of fairly regular occurrence, it does 
not appear to have been found very plentifully, the comparative scarcity 
being perhaps most noticeable in recent years. At Bromley, a total of only 
eight were noted at m.v.l. in 1962, and but one in 1960, with none at all in 
1959 and 1961 (D. R. M. Long); at Sevenoaks Weald, only one at m.v.l., in 
1960 (FE, A. Sadler) about eight at m.v.l., at Meopham, in 1960 (R. Ellerton): 
and curiously enough, none at all at Goudhurst, 1948-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). I 
have found it mostly at Orlestone Woods, 1948-51, both at sugar and light, 
also at Westbere (div. 4), 1946, but with never more than about six speci- 
mens at each place on a good night (C.-H.). W. L. Rudland’s annual totals 
at m.v. traps are: Wye, 1954 (7), 1955 (3), 1956 (19); Willesborough, 1953 
(10), 1954 (18), 1955 (19), 1956 (23). 

The only records of the larva are those of Fenn. (in Wool. Surv. (1909), 
who states that he found the species commonly in the larval stage at Lee 
and elsewhere on div. 1; and of Huckett (Ent. week Int., 10:117) who states 
that on June 18, 1861. he bred the moth from larvae found at West 
Wickham feeding on birch. 

15. Canal near Appiedore, August 6, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Dungeness, 
one, in m.v. trap, August 6, 1962 (R. E. Scott). 

VaRIATION.—In R.C.K. are ab. monachi Meves, one, Chatham district, 
1908; and nymotypical baja Schiff., three, Chatham district, 1908. 

Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 106) records ab. grisea Tutt, from Chattenden and 
Deal; also from Chattenden and Deal, ab. caerulescens Tutt, which latter 
he considered very rare. 


First ReEcorpD, 1859: Chatham (Tyrer, Ent. week. Int., 7: 4). 


A. c-nigrum L.: Setaceous Hebrew Character. 

Probable resident, perhaps reinforced by immigation!. Cultivated and 
waste places, woods, etc.; foodplant unknown. In all divisions, and 
doubtless to be found in every part of the county. 


The records show that the moth underwent a period of comparative 
scarcity between about 1890 and 1910. Thus, Fenn (Ent Ree,:6: 231; 
Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 71) noticed it as scarce in north- 
west Kent, though formerly abundant there; and V.C.H. (1908), instead of 
the customary “generally common”, gives localities. 


There seem to be two generations; the imago appearing on the wing 
from late May to early July, and again from mid-August to October. It 
is often abundant in the autumn, but as a rule is much less plentiful from 
May to July. In 1956, W. L. Rudland noted it at light at Wye as late as 
November 15. 

It is a noteworthy fact that although this is one of our commonest 
moths, there is not a single instance on record of any of the early stages 
in nature. 

VARIATION.—In my series, variation is mainly in regard to the ground 
colour of the forewing, which ranges from vinaceous-buff through drab- 
grey to fuscous and fuscous-black (Ridgeway, Color Standards), with 


(138) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ X1/1963 


occasionally a rosy tinge; I also have three ab. rufa Tutt, one that ap- 
proximates to ab. suffusa Tutt, and an example in which the pale 
triangular area in centre of forewing is reduced to a spot (C.-H.). 

A. M. Morley has a good ab. suffusa Tutt; also a very large ab., wing 
expanse 44 mm., with the pale central triangle on forewing abnormally 
wide and prolonged to merge with the reniform. The same recorder 
(Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 37, plt. 3, fig. 11) exhibited/ one 
having the pale triangle reduced in size and very similar in this respect 
to the example mentioned above. 

One taken by Manley at Ham Street, September 2, 1956, and exhibited 
(Proc. S.\Lond., ent. nat. diist..Sec.,. 1956: 36, plt. 3,.fig.\ Dis the wear 
rare albino. 

First Recorp, 1829: “I have taken it at Darenth .. .” (Stephens, 
Aawst:,/ 2-136). 


1Classed as a migrant by Williams ef al (1942). 


A. ditrapezium Schiff.: Triple-spotted Clay. 
Resident. Woods; foodplant unknown. 


In 1946, ditrapezium reappeared in West Kent after an apparent absence 
of forty years!; it has since extended its range considerably, and in 1953 
occurred in the eastern half of the county for the first time on record. The 
moth has subsequently been taken there fairly regularly, but never many 
at a time. 

1. Birch Wood (Stainton, Man., 1: 2385). West Wickham, at a meeting 
on October 18, 1898, it was remarked that ditrapezium is “still found at... 
West Wickham”; J. W. Tutt, who was present, however, said he had not 
known it to occur in Kent (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 10); 
one, in mv. trap in my garden, June 30, 1948 (C.-H.): two, 1959 (R. 
Birchenough). Bromley, at m.v.l., 1961, two, 1962, five, July 7-August 2, 
1963 (D, R. M. Long). 

5. Westerham, July 6, 1946, July 23, 1948 (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Dartford*, rare (V.C.H. (1908)). Rochester district*, 1905 (Ovenden, 
Ent. Rec. 18: 18). Clay Lane Wood, two, 1906 (H. C. Huggins). 

7. Westwell,. two, July 30, 1956 (W. B. L. Manley); a number at m.v.l. 
since, but only one in 1963 (E. Scott). 

8. Whitfield, one, at m.v.l., in a back ‘garden, July 7, °995a, 0) ae 
Edwards, Diary). Betteshanger, July 6, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). 

11. Hoads Wood, ¢. 1959 (P. Cue). 

12. Willesborough, two, July 18, 22; one, August 4, 1954; one, July 21; 
one, August 4, 1955; three, July 14, 17, 21; twoandjoniie,ofi2SHRDHRKRR 
August 3; two, August 9, 10, 1956; Wye, one, August 19, 1954; one, August 
9, 1955; two, Juiy 20, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Brook, several, 1954 (C. A. W. 
Duffield fide E. Scott). Orlestone Woods, July 28, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); 
c. 1959 (P. Cue). Ashford Town, two, July 9; one, July 17, 1957; one, July 
29, 1958; one, end July 19638; all at m.v.l. in garden (P. Cue). Hothfield 
Common, July 17, 1960 (Scott, Bull. K. Fld. Cl., 6: 28); several at m.v.l. in 
1960 and 1961; one, July 1963 (P. Cue). 

First RECORD, 1857: Stainton, Man., 1: 235. 


1The records indicate that the moth has recently spread into Kent from Surrey: 
and it is of interest to note in this respect that from about 1947 to 1952, it 
was found in numbers annually by E. H. Wild in Selsdon Woods, Surrey, 
situated only 1 mile from the Kent boundary. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (139) 


A. triangulum Hufn.: Double Square-spot. 
Native. Woods, marshes, etc.; on dock, birch. Frequent and found in 
all divisions. ‘Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The moth is apparently single brooded, but has occurred as early as 
May 30, at Willesborough in 1956, and as late as August 28, at Wye in 
1954 (W. L. Rudland). 

Huckett (Ent. week. Int., 10: 117) records the finding of larvae at West 
Wickham feeding on birch, from which he reared the moth. Gillett 
(Diary) wrote that he took a larva on dock at Chevening, April 12, 1914, 
from which he reared the moth. The larva has also been found on dock 
at Bromley by D. R. M. Long and reared. 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. sigma Hiibn., three, bred Bexley, 1903. 

A specimen in G. V. Bull coll., taken Sandhurst, July 7, 1953, had the 
ground colour quite grey (C.-H.). 

First ReEcorpD, 1829: Darenth Wood, Birch Wood, and near Dover 
(Stephens, Haust., 2: 133). 


A. stigmatica Hiibn. (rhomboidea Treits.): Square-spotted Clay. 
Native. Woods, particularly those on chalk; foodplant unknown. 


1. West Wickham Wood, two at sugar by Huckett, Newman’s assistant, 
August 24, 1861 (Fenn, Diary); August 21, 1868 (Wormald, Ent. Ann., 1869: 
135); ‘during the past few years” (Mannering, Entomologist, 43: 204, com- 
municated in 1910); one, 1950; one, 1951 (E. Trundell). Abbey Wood, 
August 16, 1860 (Fenn., Lep. Data). Bexley.—five, August 11; six, August 
14; worn, August 21, 1875; worn, September 18, 1886; all in Joydens Wood 
(Fenn, Diary); 1900 (Carr, Entomologist, 34: 108); (L. T. Ford). Farn- 
borough, six, 1895 (Hope Alderson, Ent. Rec., 7: 183). Chislehurst, ‘one 
many years ago” (S, F. P. Blyth). Orpington, 1949 (L. W. Siggs). 


2. Higham, scarce (H. C. Huggins). 
3. Broad Oak, 9 at sugar, August 7, 1945 (C.-H.). 


5. Chevening, August 12, 22, September 2, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). 
Westerham, frequent (R. C. Edwards, in litt., 1949); numerous at light and 
of regular occurrence; three, 1963 (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Culverstone, August 15-31, 1922 (F. T. 
Grant). Eynsford (S. F. P. Blyth). Fawkham; Pinden, fairly common 
(E. J. Hare). Otford, two, 1955; four, 1956 (W. B. L. Manley). 

6a. Darenth Wood (Douglas, Zoologist, 3218); August 8, 1861 (Fenn, 
Diary); (S. F. P. Blyth); 1949, at ragwort blossom. fairly common (B. K. 
West). 

7. Wigmore Wood, uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell (Scott 
(1936)); common at light and sugar, August 6-27, 1938 (E. Scott); twelve, 
August 9, over a dozen, August 14, 1938; two at light and buddleia, 
August 17, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); July 7, 1946 (Bull, Diary); five at m.v.1., 
August 8, 9, 1955 (C.-H.); of regular occurrence annually to 1963 (E. Scott). 

8. Deal*, 1912 (Tonge, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1912-13: 124). 
Alkham; St. Radigund’s; Waldershare; Betteshanger: at flowers of Willow 
Herb and Marjoram (E, & Y. (1949)). Wye, one, August 20, 1936 (de 
Worms, Entomologist, 70: 88); August 2, 10, 1945, at sugar (Bull, Diary); 
(C. A. W. Duffield); three, August 7-11, 1953; one, August 27, 1954; two, 
August 15, 1955; one, August 25, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Bridge, one, c.1946 
(R. Gorer). Dover, 1943 (B. O. C. Gardiner). 

11. |Wateringbury] (Thornewill, Entomologist, 14: 70). Aylesford, 


(140) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ X1/1963 


c.1953 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, several, worn, August 29, 1953 (de 
Worms, Ent. Rec., 66: 48); one, August 11, 1955 (C.-H.). 

12. Willesborough, one, August 23, 1955; one August 20, 1956 (W. L. 
Rudland). 

13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge 
Wells MS.). Ramslye (E. D. Morgan). Tunbridge Wells, occasional, 1956- 
58 (L. R. Tesch, per C. A. Stace). 

First ReEcorp, 1851: Darenth Wood (Douglas, Zoologist, 3218). 


A. sexstrigata Haw. (umbrosa Hubn.): Six-striped Rustic. 

Native. Marshes, damp woods, wet meadows, etc.; foodplant unknown. 
Fairly plentiful in 2, 4. 

1. Near Birch Wood; Sydenham Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 108). Lee; 
Eltham; Shooters Hill (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst, one, 1911, one, 
1920 (S. F. P. Blyth). Bexley (L. T. Ford); at ragwort (B. K. West); one, 
1952 (A. Heselden). Petts Wood, 1946 (A. M. Swain); 1949 (E. Evans). West 
Wickham, common in 1949, but not seen since (R. Birchenough, in de 
Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 77). 

3. Thornden Wood, at sugar, August 11, 1929 (A. J. L. Bowes). Whit- 
stable (P. F. Harris). Herne Bay, singletons at light (D. G. Marsh). Broad 
Oak, of frequent occurrence in small numbers at light and sugar, 1944-48 
(C.-H.). 

5. Westerham, fairly numerous and of regular occurrence (R. C. 
Edwards). 

6. Pinden, one, 1950 (E. J. Hare). Meopham, August 26, 1958, August 
10, 15, 1960, August 10, 1961 (J. Ellerton). 

7. Westwell (Scott (1936)); August 17, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield). Wye (E. 
Scott). Dover, odd specimens taken (Gardiner, Ent. Gaz., 10: 7). Barham 
(A. G. Mackonochie). 

10. Sevenoaks, August 13, 1920 (Gillett, Diary). 

11. Shipborne, several in P. A. & D. J. A. Buxton coll. (C.-H.). Eden- . 
bridge, at sugar, 1930 (F. D. Greenwood). Near Hoads Wood, swarming, 
August 24, 1934 (Scott (1936)). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Bethersden, 
August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby & J. Briggs). Sevenoaks Weald, three, 
August 21-23, 1959, three, August 15-20, 1960, at m.v.l. (EK. A. Sadler). 

12. Ashford (Scott (1936)). Ham Street, one, August 20, 1939 (A. J. L. 
Bowes); common at flowers of Devil’s-bit Scabious after dark, August 
15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). Canterbury (J. A. Parry). Wye, 
one, 1953, five, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, thirteen, August 19- 
September 2, 1954; one, 1955; eighteen, August 7-September 2, 1956 (W. L. 
Rudland); at light and sugar, 1959-62 (M. Singleton). 

13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Goudhurst, one, at 
m.v.l., 1953 (W. V. D. Bolt). : 

14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). 

15. Dungeness (G. V. Bull); a few, August 18-19, 1958 (E. C, Pelham- 
Clinton). 

16. Folkestone (Morley, Ent. Rec., 64: 171). 

First Recorp, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. 


A. xanthographa Schiff.: Square-spot Rustic. 

Native. Rough fields, meadows, waste places, etc.; on Festuca rubra. 
In all divisions, and probably in every part of the county. “Generally 
abundant” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


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263 


An Experiment in small scale Conservation 


By Dr. E. LEES 
Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Technology, Bradford. 


Most entomologists are familiar with the various attempts that have 
been made during the present century to ensure that such aesthetically 
attractive and scientifically valuable species of butterfly as the Large 
Copper and Swallowtail shall survive in Britain. These large scale con- 
servation measures involve the co-operation of considerable numbers of 
individuals and can only be carried out under the auspices of representa- 
tive scientific bodies. Not only does conservation of this kind prevent the 
species from becoming extinct, but in actually carrying out the 
conservation work, we learn a good deal about the behaviour and ecology 
of the butterfly concerned. In recent years a great many butterfly species 
which were once widespread and abundant have become local and 
restricted. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this 
scarcity but little experimental evidence is available in support of these. 
Much wider conservation measures are obviously needed to ensure that 
our native fauna is not depleted of one of its most colourful and attractive 
insect groups. The primary aim of some of this conservation work must 
be to learn more about the biology of the species in question. It is here 
that the individual entomologist can help. 


With ideas such as these in mind and owning a quarter-acre garden, 
of which only half was cultivated, I determined to attempt a small-scale 
conservation project. I chose the Marsh Fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia, 
as a suitable subject for this work. This butterfly is found naturally in 
isolated colonies, the larvae are gregarious and the food plant, devil’s-bit 
scabious, can be grown in large patches which are not displeasing to the 
eye. In the spring of 1960 I planted an area of approximately 100 sq. 
yds. with young scabious plants. These were interplanted with various 
hawkweeds which it was anticipated would provide nectar for the adult 
butterflies. By the end of the summer it was obvious that the botanical 
side of the experiment was going to give me very little trouble; the 
whole of the experimental plot was then a mass of flowers and had 
attracted considerable numbers of bumble bees, hover flies and the 
occasional small tortoiseshell butterfly. It was time to collect my stock 
of Marsh Fritillary larvae. 


In all probability, E. aurinea is now extinct in Yorkshire (Jackson, 
1957), although at one time it was not uncommon in this country (Porritt, 
1904). I had, therefore, to obtain larvae from another part of the country, 
and my original stock came from Devon. It consisted of forty larvae in 
their hibernaculum and these were kept in a refrigerator at 3° C. during 
the winter 1960-61. They were taken out of the refrigerator in late 
February and placed on scabious plants growing in soil within a plant 
pot, the top of which was covered over with fine nylon net. The larvae 
emerged from hibernation on 10th March and fed sporadically on the 
young scabious shoots. Between 10th March and 4th April, seventeen 
larvae died as a result of being parasitised by a Tachnid fly. The Tachnid 
grubs emerged from the caterpillars and pupated alongside the remains of 
the latter. Cocoons of the parasite were collected and destroyed, for it 
was not my intention to introduce any parasites into the experimental 
colony of butterflies. It is obvious, of course, that such parasites do play 


264 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XI1/1963 


an important part in controlling the numbers of E. aurinea under natural 
conditions. 

By the end of May I had twenty healthy pupae of E. aurinea and these 
were placed in a garden frame, 6ft. by 3ft. by 2ft., from which the 
lights had been removed and the top covered over with nylon net. The 
first butterfly emerged on June 16, the others following during the sub- 
sequent fortnight. On 20th June, which was a warm, sunny day, I 
observed three pairings. The pairings commenced between 10 and 11 a.m. 
and the butterflies did not separate until 4 p.m. Scabious plants had been 
planted in the soil of the frame and on these the fertilized females laid 
their eggs in batches of several hundreds. The eggs were always laid on 
the underside of the leaf. 

I removed the scabious plants from the frame at the end of June and 
earefully planted them out among the rest of the plants in the experi- 
mental plot, taking care not to disturb the butterfly eggs. At this time 
there were ten batches, representing a total of about one thousand five 
hundred eggs. These I kept under constant observation and was pleased 
to note that their numbers were not reduced by any form of predation. 
Most of the egg batches changed colour from yellow to brown after about 
ten days and the first larvae emerged on 22nd July. Three of the egg 
batches became covered with fungal growth and failed to hatch. 

August 1961 was cool and wet and the caterpillars grew very slowly. 
Their webs were frequently saturated with rain and there was little 
opportunity for the young larvae to sun themselves. Five webs disap- 
peared altogether as a result of some unknown predator. However, 
sunshine in early September revealed active and apparently healthy 
larvae on four separate plants and by 12th September each batch of larvae 
had spun the tough winter web in which hibernation of this species takes 
place. The larvae continued to leave the hibernaculum for a few hours 
on sunny days until the end of September. 

During the winter 1961-62, the hibernacula were often covered with 
snow. None were destroyed by any form of predation, and on 21st March 
a few larvae were noticed moving about on top of one of the webs. Later 
the same day, sparrows were seen pecking at plants on which the larvae 
were crawling, but fortunately they did not tear the webs apart. The 
larvae dispersed among the scabious plants during April and only single 
individuals were seen from time to time. It was feared that the colony 
might be suffering considerable losses from predation by birds; however. 
partially eaten leaves on the scabious plants and the sight of occasional 
larvae sunning themselves on the surface of a leaf or moving rapidly 
over the soil was a reassuring sight. 

The first Marsh Fritillary butterfly, a male, was seen on 20th June. 
During the next few days a considerable emergence took place and as 
many as twenty butterflies could be seen at one time on the experimental 
plot and in its immediate vicinity. The females flew very little and although 
the males were more active, their flights were limited to a few yards. 
Pairings were noticed on 22nd June and by the end of the month batches 
of eggs could be found on the lower surface of scabious leaves. A care- 
ful watch was kept on the colony in order to determine to what extent 
the adult insects were being eliminated by predators. Birds were seen 
attacking butterflies in flight on ten occasions, but only on two of these 
was the attack successful and the butterfly killed. Examination of the 
experimental plot each morning revealed the presence of dead butterflies 


AN EXPERIMENT IN SMALL SCALE CONSERVATION 265 


with the thorax and abdomen partially or completely eaten away. The 
identity of this nocturnal predator was never established, although spiders 
and harvestmen were suspected. Butterflies continued to be seen on or near 
the experimental plot until 20th July. No attempt was made to return 
“strays” to the vicinity of the scabious plants, although the occasional 
butterfly was noticed ouside the garden. The existence of large numbers 
of the larval foodplant in one place seemed to exert a powerful influence 
in keeping the colony on the experimental plot. 


In September 1962, I carefully examined the scabious plants in the 
experimental plot and found eight hibernacula. Two of these contained 
very few larvae and these few were very small. From mid-December 
until early March the whole garden was covered with snow, which for at 
least a month was a foot deep over the scabious plants. The hibernating 
larvae were protected in this way from sub-zero winds and intense frost. 
On 8th March 1963, I saw the first E. aurinea larva moving about on top 
of one of the webs, and during March the larvae were obvious all over 
the plot. Some were taken into the laboratory in order to keep a close 
watch for any parasites. None of these laboratory-reared larvae yielded 
any parasites and they remained perfectly healthy until just before pupa- 
tion when there were heavy casualities. Examination of the dead 
material revealed the typical polyhedra of virus disease. The larvae on 
the experimental plot remained healthy and appeared to be much more 
numerous than in 1962. A few pupae were seen in late May and early 
June but even when the area to be searched is limited, this stage is not 
easy to find. Butterflies were first seen on 16th June, and during the next 
three weeks, considerable numbers could be observed about the plot 
during the daytime. It was interesting to notice that even after one gene- 
ration in a new habitat, the colour and pattern had undergone a striking 
change. The colony from which the original larvae were taken consisted 
of butterflies with the typical pale colouration of the Southern English 
population of this species. The butterflies in the experimental plot during 
1963 were darker and more reddish in colour than those of the previous 
year, and in some cases approached the ‘praeclara” form. It will be 
interesting to see if this trend continues. 


At the time of writing (November 1963) the experimental colony is 
represented by several winter webs. Whether such a small colony will 
persist over several years remains to be seen. But even if it does not, I 
have already learnt a great deal about this particular species and antici- 
pate that each successive year the colony survives I shall be able to 
accumulate more knowledge of its ecology and behaviour. There is ample 
opportunity for further experimentation. I can put the natural parasites 
of this species back into the population one by one. I could use insecti- 
cides in other parts of the garden, a practice I have discontinued during 
the run of the experiment. Finally, may I say that there is little danger 
of my experiment interfering with local entomological records. The 
butterfly does not appear to stray far from the experimental plot, there 
is no devil’s bit scabious within a mile of my garden and the experiment 
is being publicised in this present communication and by other means. 


REFERENCES 
Jackson, S. M. Further comments on distribution of Lepidoptera, chiefly in 
Yorkshire. Entom. Rec., G9, 149-151. 
Porritt, G. T. List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera, 1904. 


266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XII /1963 


Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe 


I have read with great interest Mr. Bretherton’s, Mr. Huggins’ and Mr. 
Haggett’s experiences of Lampropteryx otregiata. As I expect readers 
will be wondering what happened to my pupae, which were wintering 
when I wrote my previous notes (antea 162-165), I have written these 
additional notes on breeding, as well as details of further observations of 
imagines in the wood, and also results of a further study of Lepidoptera in 
the wood. 

The eight pupae reared from ova laid by a captured female and the 
pupa reared from an ovum found on Galium palustre were kept in a 
plastic container. They were left in fibre under moss in a damp condition 
right through the winter. At intervals I sprinkled drops of water onto 
the moss to ensure continued damp conditions. They were kept indoors 
in as cool a temperature as possible. However, this proved warmer than 
that experienced in a wild state, for the imagines emerged earlier than 
imagines in the wood. On April 7th this year a fine female emerged, and 
on April 9th my first bred male emerged at 7 p.m. From the 9th until 
the 14th, the other seven remaining pupae produced imagines. Altogether 
four °° and five ¢¢ emerged. I then hoped to obtain ova and breed 
another generation, a feat which had never before been accomplished. 
On April 13th a ¢ and 92 were put with Galium palustre into an airy tin 
with a thin covering of water on the bottom. No ova were seen on the 
14th, but on the 15th half a dozen were found on the bedstraw. On the 
16th and 17th more ova were laid till I had a grand total of forty-nine 
ova. Again I split up the ova amongst collector friends. Mr. Lees, who 
successfully reared his larvae on Galium palustre the previous year and 
also obtained moths in April had less success this time. Three ova did 
not hatch. He supplied the larvae from his other ova with Galium sazxatile 
(goosegrass). Three of them attempted to nibble G. saxatile, but the others 
would not eat it. All died young except for one larva which Mr. Lees 
managed to keep alive on its diet of goosegrass. This one managed to 
complete its life cycle. Young larvae, which emerged from ova given to 
other collectors, also refused to eat G. saxatile and died. I was more 
successful with feeding my young larvae on Galium palustre (marsh 
bedstraw). The ova were laid from April 15th to 17th, and turned to a 
straw colour on the 23rd and 24th. They hatched on April 30th and May 
1st; the second instar commenced on May 9th and 10th; the third instar 
commenced on the 15th and 16th; the fourth instar commenced on 20th 
and 21st. They went down into moss to pupate from May 28th to June 
4th, taking a total of 28 days. Four of the larvae were of a different 
colouring than the rest, which had the usual brown markings. The four 
had more greenish markings. I had trouble with disappearing larvae. 
Four larvae disappeared when in the second and third instars. How is 
still a mystery to me as all the eaten food plant remains were carefully 
examined on removal. As they were of a smaller size than the other 
larvae at the time, I feared cannibalism, though I have never experienced 
this with loopers before. If this was so, it was probably due to lack of 
sufficient foodplant. They had to be rationed because of the scarcity of 
palustre in the wood at the time. The dark form of the Fallow Deer, 
which I have often seen in the wood, had been eating the tender shoots 
of palustre to add flavour to the moss! Also the growth of palustre had 
been retarded by the bad weather. Two of the larvae in their last instar 
were given to Miss M. A. Turner, secretary of our Entomological Section 


LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA METCALFE 267 


of the Devonshire Association, who is on the staff of the Department of 
Botany, Exeter University. She took a number of pictures of the larvae, 
two of which can be seen. It proved too much for one larva which did 
not complete its life cycle; the other pupated and an imago later emerged, 
of which she also took pictures. From my pupae, three imagines of the 
second generation emerged on June 14th, 15th, and 16th, when wild 
imagines of the first generation were on the wing in the wood. I also 
had five moths emerge between July 29th and August 5th. Two pupae are 
still left and appear to be over-wintering in that stage. 


On January 26th I paid my first visit to the wood to find the ground 
covered with two feet of snow. On February 23rd there was still much 
snow in the wood. My first visits were spent in making a sketch map 
of the wood. On March 30th I commenced my weekly visits to the 
wood. These ended on July 13th. By regular visiting I hoped to find the 
time length of the first brood. On April 27th I disturbed the first specimen 
of Lampropteryx suffumata (the water carpet), and the last one was 
seen on June 7th. Lampropteryx otregiata was first seen on May 18th, 
when two specimens were disturbed. On May 25th sixteen were disturbed 
throughout the wood; on June I1st otregiata was fairly common (twenty- 
eight), and was easily to be disturbed; on June 7th was common through- 
out the lower half of the wood, and four were also seen out of the wood, 
in a sallow swamp on Forestry Commission land; on June 15th was com- 
mon; on June 22nd was much less common, one ¢ and 9 were actually 
seen in cop sitting on an alder bole; on June 29th five, all worn, were 
seen; and on July 6th none were seen. All visits to the wood were made 
in the daytime. I searched for ova and larvae during the latter half of 
June, but was far too late for ova, and I could not find any larvae except 
one dead larva that looked as if its body content had been sucked by some 
enemy. It had been in its third instar and the black tubercles could just 
be seen. Many partially eaten leaves were found but I could not find 
the larvae, which must have been well disguised down amongst the lower 
stems along the ground. In August I paid several more visits to the 
wood. The second emergence of the moth commenced on August 8th. 
Being on holiday I was unable to continue my observations on the 
moth. On September 3rd I was able to count seventeen. I caught a 9° 
which laid ova on September 4th, from which larvae emerged on September 
15th, and went down into wet fibre on October 8th and 9th. On September 
14th I disturbed five. I was unable to visit the wood until September 28th, 
when I failed to find any. 

Below is a short list of Macro-lepidoptera that I have come across in 
either larval, pupal or perfect stage in the wood. It is a short list, and is 
only meant to portray the kind of wood in which I have found otregiata 
so well established. The wood is mostly composed of alder, birch, and 
sallow with a few oaks and ashes. There are a few grassy patches where 
hawthorns are to be found. These grassy patches are referred to as 
clearings. 


Pararge aegeria, throughout wood. 

Melanargia galathea L., in clearings. 

Maniola tithonus L., fairly common in clearings. 
Maniola jurtina L., fairly common in clearings. 
Coenonympha pamphilus L., in clearings. 
Aphantropus hyperanthus L., in clearings. 
Argynnis paphia L., common. 


268 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XII/1963 


Clossiana euphrosyne L., in clearings. 

Argynnis selene Schiff., in clearings. 

Vanessa atalanta L. 

Nymphalis io L., common in clearings and to be seen in wood. 
Polygonia c-album L., frequent in clearings. 
Limenitis camilla L., 2 in clearings. 
Polyommatus icarus Rott., a few in clearings. 
Lycaena phlaeas L., scarce in clearings. 

Pieris brassicae L., a few. 

Pieris rapae L., rarely seen. 

Pieris napi L., common, breeds by main stream. 
Anthocaris cardamines L., scarce. 

Pyrgus malvae L., in clearings. 

Thymelicus sylvestris Poda., in clearings. 
Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, in clearings. 
Orgyia antiqua L., flying in wood. 

Dasychira pudibunda L., larva on hazel. 
Lymantria monacha L., on bole. 

Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn., larva on bramble. 
Drepana falcataria L., imagines. 

Drepana lacertinaria L., imagines. 

Celama confusalis H.-S., imago on bole. 

Cycnia mendica Clerck, in clearings and in wood. 
Arctia villica L., 1 larva crawling on frozen snow, February. 
Euschesis comes Hubn., imagines. 


Polia nebulosa Hufn., 1 larva on lime, the sole lime in the wood. 
Orthosia cruda Schiff., imago on bole. 

Orthosia stabilis Schiff., larvae and pupae. 

Orthosia munda Schiff., larva on ash bole. 

Bombycia viminalis Fab., larvae on sallow. 

Xylocampa areola Esp., imago on bole. 

Citria lutea Strom., imago resting on bramble leaf. 
Amphipyra pyramidea L., larva on oak. 

Phlogophora meticulosa L., larvae on water mint. 
Bena fagana Fab., larvae on birch. 

Nycteola revayana Scop., imagines. 

Ectypa glyphica L., in clearings. 

Plusia gamma L., in clearings. 

Rivula sericealis Scop., in wood and clearings. 
Bomolocha crassalis Fab., imagines scarce. 

Hypena proboscidalis L., larvae and imagines common. 
Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph., imagines in dampest parts. 
Zanclognatha nemoralis Fab., imagines frequent. 
Laspeyria flexula Schiff., imago. 

Alsophila aescularia Schiff., imagines on boles. 
Geometra papilionaria L., larvae and imagines. 
Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn., imagines. 

Jodis lactearia L., one. 

Scopula lactata Haw., imagines. 

Sterrha dimidiata Hufn., imagines. 

Sterrha aversata L., imagines. 

Sterrha biselata Hufn., fairly common. 

Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., fairly common. 


LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA METCALFE 269 


Xanthorhoé designata Hufn., one only. 

Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, fairly common. 

Anticlea derivata Schiff., imago. 

Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff., imagines scarce. 

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe, first brood common; second less so. 

Electrophaés corylata Thunb., one. 

Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff., uncommon. 

Plemyria rubiginata Hufn., scarce. 

Dysstroma truncata Hufn., uncommon. 

Dysstroma citrata L., imagines jarred from sallow and birch. 

Thera obeliscata Hubn., a vagrant. 

Hydriomena furcata Thunb., abundant, on wing same time as second 
emergence of otregiata. 

Hydriomena coerulata Fab., common, on wing same time as first 
emergence of otregiata. 

Rheumaptera undulata L., imagines jarred out of sallow. 

Epirrhoé alternata Miull., double brooded, on wing same time as 
otregiata. 

Eupithecia tenuiata Hiibn., imagines fairly common. July-August. 

Eupithecia exiguata Hiibn., imagines in higher part. 

Eupithecia vulgata Haw., imagines frequent. 

Eupithecia indigata Htibn., a vagrant; one imago. 

Eupithecia abbreviata Steph., fairly common by oaks. 

Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd., a vagrant; one imago. 

Gymnoscelis pumilata Hubn., imagines. 

Mysticoptera sexalata Retz., imagines frequent. 

Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh., imagines on birch boles. 

Euchoeca nebulata Scop., imagines common and larvae on alder. 

Lomaspilis marginata L., imagines from sallow. 

Bapta bimaculata Fab., imagines and larvae on hawthorn. 

Deilinia pusaria L., common. 

Deilinia exanthemata Scop., imagines and larvae fairly common. 

Anagoga pulveraria L., only one imago. 

Campaea margaritata L., imagines frequent and larvae on alder. 

Ennomos quercinaria Hufn., one imago. 

Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, imagines, and larvae on alder. 

Plagodis dolabraria L., one imago. 

Opisthograptis luteolata L., imagines around clearings. 

Epione repandaria Hufn., imagines. 

Pseudopanthera macularia L., fairly common in clearings. 

Semiothisa alternata Schiff. imagines 15th and 22nd June. 

Lycia hirtaria Clerck, larvae on alder, sallow, and ash; and pupae. 

Biston betularia L., larvae on alder and oak. 

Alcis repandata L., imagines fairly common. 

Alcis jubata Thunb., two imagines (one jarred from sallow bough 
and one jarred from dead oak branch). 

Ectropis biundulata de Vill., imagines second brood, and larvae 
August-September on alder. 

Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff., larvae in July on bramble and alder. 

Ectropis consonaria Hibn., imagines on birch boles. 

Aethalusa punctulata Schiff., imagines fairly common. 

Ematurga atomaria L., fairly common in clearings. 

Lithinia chlorosata Scop., imagines and larvae. 

Zygaena trifolii decreta Verity, colony in one clearing. 

Zygaena filipendulae anglicola f. stephensi Dupont, June, One in 
clearing. 


270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/ XII/1963 


The New Forest on the Air 


By H. SyMES 


Many of our readers must have listened with interest to the radio 
programme, “The New Forest—Paradise for Butterflies’? broadcast on 
Sunday, 10th November. It took the form of a discussion between four 
experts, Baron Charles de Worms, Captain R. A. Jackson, R.N., and 
Messrs. H. C. Huggins and W. A. Cadman, with Maxwell Knight in the 
chair. The impression left upon me by this discussion was that it pre- 
sented rather too rosy a picture of the status of butterflies in the Forest 
to-day. The panel agreed that there had been a decline in the number of 
butterflies, especially of characteristic species such as Argynnis paphia L. 
(The silver washed fritillary) and Limenitis camilla L. (the white admiral), 
and it was reassuring to hear that there were some favoured and little- 
known localities where large numbers are still to be seen. But the point 
is, that up to about twenty years ago, wherever you went in the New 
Forest, you would be certain to find these two species in abundance, 
whereas to-day you might walk miles through the Forest on a fine day in 
July without seeing a single specimen of either. The consensus of opinion 
expressed by such experienced entomologists as the late Mr. Castle 
Russell (Ent. Rec., 64: 138), the late Col. Fraser (Ent. Rec., 73: 129) and 
Mr. C. M. R. Pitman (Ent. Rec., 72: 56, and 75: 189) leaves little doubt that 
the decline in the numbers of camilla, paphia, and the four other Forest 
fritillaries has been little short of catastrophic. Several explanations for 
this unhappy state of affairs were advanced by the panel, and I was very 
glad to hear them reject uncompromisingly, the idea that the alleged 
greed of collectors was one of the causes, except in the case of one moth, 
Zygaena meliloti Esp. (the New Forest burnet). To this I should be in- 
clined to add the virtual extinction of the Apatura iris L. (the purple 
emperor) at any rate in the southern part of the Forest. I do not re- 
member hearing the panel make any reference to this species. The white 
admiral and the fritillaries seem to have fared much worse than the 
Satyridae (browns) of which Maniola tithonus L. (the gatekeeper) was 
particularly abundant in 1962. 

Four butterflies are excluded from the costly permit to collect insects 
in the New Forest that was recently introduced: they are Nymphalis 
polychloros L. (large tortoiseshell), the purple emperor, Melitaea cinzia L. 
(Glanville fritillary) and Thecla betulae L. (brown hairstreak). Of these, 
the first two became very scarce about sixty years ago, and nowadays 
the entomologist who comes down to the Forest for a week’s collecting 
has about as much chance of seeing either of them as of taking Nymphalis 
antiopa L. (Camberwell beauty). Polychloros, of course, has disappeared 
from nearly all its habitats in England, and the panel considered that this 
was due to the attacks of parasites, to which the gregarious larvae are 
particularly liable. But if the cycle in which first host and then the 
parasite gains the upper hand is working properly, it is time that poly- 
chloros was on the upgrade and beginning to re-establish itself. This 
case is quite different from those of camilla, iris, and the fritillaries, 
which, by all accounts are holding their own in many other woodland 
areas. Cinzia is not a species native to the New Forest, and, as Captain 
Jackson pointed out, no sensible person would go there to collect it. In 
recent years several attempts have been made to introduce it, and it 


FIRST VISIT TO IRELAND 271 


would probably be well established by now if two railway embankments 
which were its headquarters had not been ravaged by fire. I find it hard 
to believe that betulae is really on the danger list. Its numbers may have 
decreased in certain well-known localities, but I believe it may well 
occur in a number of others, not yet discovered, for many entomologists 
have never seen the imago on the wing, and there are plenty of black- 
thorn thickets impenetrable to the larva-beater. I discovered one such 
locality in a fairly inaccessible place myself, through chancing to see a 
male betulae feasting on heather flowers. The only other imago that I 
have seen was a female resting on a blackthorn bush about a mile from an 
area where I had been told that the species occurred. 

The best tonic for the dwindling butterflies of the New Forest would 
be a succession of normally fine summers, which are long overdue. We 
can do nothing about this, but we could apply the brake to disturbing the 
ecology of the old New Forest. It has been made to pay, but at what a 
cost in the lives of insects, birds and wild flowers for which it used to be 
a paradise indeed. 


First Visit to Ireland 


A Tour with some notes on the Lepidoptera 
By A. S. WHEELER 


The weather from the outset was not promising and a gradual 
deterioration was discernible on the journey westwards. I left home on 
Monday, 1st July 1963, making a night stop at Llandovery. Tuesday in 
Wales was rather warmer than in England, while heavy showers and 
occasional sunshine were the order of the day. 

I arrived at Fishguard late in the afternoon for embarkation on the 
“Innisfallen” and had time for a stroll around part of the harbour. A 
freshly emerged Panaxia dominula L. was soon collected but I saw no 
more in the next hour. The crossing was calm and I rose early in antici- 
pation of being on deck for the approach to Cork harbour. Unfortunately 
the coastline was indistinct owing to mist and Ballycotton lighthouse was 
only just discernible. The passage from the harbour entrance to the dock 
takes about 90 minutes, and would be spectacular in fine weather, but 
the sky on this morning was grey, and the poor light cast a dreary 
shadow over the whole scene. 

We docked on time at 9 a.m.; my car was unloaded and passed by the 
Customs within 40 minutes. So began a fortnight’s travel in a country 
where the traffic flows freely, if not very fast. The morning was dry and 
became warm, with a hazy sun—little did I realise at the time that the 
warmth was only a prelude to afternoon thunderstorms, which I subse- 
quently understood had occurred over an extensive area for the past ten 
days and were to continue until the end of the week. 

The first night was to be spent at Ballynalacken Castle, near Lisdoon- 
varna, Co. Clare, where the proprietors, Mr and Mrs. O’Callaghan, are 
most hospitable towards naturalists. In fact, when I arrived, the place 
was strewn with botanical specimens and botanists drying out from the 
torrential rain which had literally washed out afternoon activities. 

At this point I should explain that I did not take a light trap. Had I 
done so, catches could have been good, for the nights were often mild 
and moist. 


Die, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XI1I/1963 


Thursday morning dawned more promising, dry and warm with a 
little sunshine, though mainly overcast. I spent a short while in that 
part of the Burren on the coast side of the castle, during which I saw a 
few Pararge aegeria L., Aphantopus hyperantus L. and Odezia atrata L., 
and I found Apatele psi L. on a roadside stone wall. 


The first deluge came about mid-day, followed by brief, very warm 
sunny spells alternating with heavy rain and thunder. The first of these 
sunny intervals occurred when I was near Fanore Strand where Zygaena 
purpuralis Brun. was in great profusion. Cupido minimus Fuessl. was 
also seen and two rather worn specimens caught. A few miles north, at 
Black Head I found the sun shining again and one Leptidea sinapis L. f. 
juvernica Williams was caught on the rocky headland, in surroundings 
vastly different from those of the English race. This was the last record 
of the day, though I saw an occasional Pierid or Satyrid from the car on 
my way to Athlone for a night’s stop within view of Hudson’s Bay, 
Lough Ree—an area worthy of more attention than I was able to give it. 


Friday commenced much as the previous day, and I continued 
travelling northwards after leaving Athlone east of Lough Ree. So much 
of the central part of Ireland consists of peat bogs that it is tempting to 
keep stopping, but many areas are too wet or access is difficult. However, 
between Longford and Ruskey I saw at least two Coenonympha tullia 
Mull., also several C. pamphilus L. and Maniola jurtina L. One Lasio- 
campa quercus L. (presumably callunae Palmer) and one Zygaena 
lonicerae von Scheven were seen, and a larva of Cycnia mendica Clerck 
was found on sallow. 

Storms set in for the next twenty miles or so while passing through 
Carrick-on-Shannon and Drumshanbo, and along the road west of Lough 
Allen, where P. aegeria was seen in hot, humid sunshine. 


Friday and Saturday nights were spent in Bundoran, Co. Donegal, at 
the Imperial Hotel, backing on to the sea in a quiet spot away from the 
funfair at the other end of the town. P. aegeria was seen in the main 
street of Bundoran. Cerura vinula L. larva was found on Poplar, and 
Aglais urticae L. larva was seen nearby. I went to Bunduff Strand on 
Saturday afternoon, during which the thundery weather was suddenly 
blown away. M. jurtina and Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. (Argynnis 
aglaia L.) were seen. 

I left Bundoran before iunch on Sunday, 7th July in fair weather, and 
travelled south through the Vale of Glenade, thence to Sligo, Tobercurry 
and the Ox Mountains to Ballina, Co. Mayo. The day was dry through- 
out, though cooler than of late, with a westerly wind. 

Monday was devoted to a leisurely trip to the Mullet Peninsula. The 
day was predominantly dull, with hill and sea mist or drizzle inter- 
spersed with a few very brief sunny intervals. Belmullet, situated on the 
narrow neck of land connecting the peninsula with the mainland, is one 
of the most remote towns in Ireland. The whole coast from Erris Head 
to Blacksod Point is bleak and open to the Atlantic winds. At Binghams- 
town, about midway between these extremities, I parked by the post 
office and proceeded towards the sandhills by way of the path alongside. 
Nyssia zonaria Schiff. larvae were abundant on wild thyme, and it 
was difficult to avoid treading on them at every step. Several M. jurtina 
and Polyommatus icarus Rott. were seen, and some caught, the former 
being well marked with large eye-spots and extra dots on the underside 


FIRST VISIT TO IRELAND 273 


of the forewings, while the latter had large bright lunules on the under- 
sides. L. callunae was seen flying near Bangor Ellis on the return journey 
to Ballina. 


Tuesday started cool and damp, but occasionally I ran into bright, 
warm weather, especially around Lough Cullin, Castlebar and Westport. 
Beyond Westport it became very moist with frequent belts of sea drizzle 
all the way to the Old Head Hotel, Louisburgh—an excellent hotel, ideally 
situated for coastal scenery and attractive varied countryside. Alas, 
time was short, and the morning overcast again; however, M. jurtina, A. 
hyperantus and P. icarus were seen. C. tullia was taken just south of the 
village before running into more cloudy weather which persisted through 
Connemara to near Galway. Wednesday night was spent at Lisdoon- 
varna owing to full bookings at Ballynalacken Castle. 


Thursday morning began sunny, but it was overcast much of the morn- 
ing at the top of Corkscrew Hill in the Burren. It was warm and close, 
however, so records were slightly better. C. pamphilus and P. icarus 
were flying, and I think I saw another L. sinapis. O. atrata and Z. 
purpuralis were plentiful. Two Lomaspilis marginata L. were seen and 
Eupithecia satyrata Hiibn. and Pyrausta purpuralis L. were taken. 


Following an enjoyable lunch at Ballynalackan Castle, I spent a few 
hours between there and the coast in brilliant sunshine. M. jurtina, C. 
pamphilus, A. hyperantus, M. charlotta, C. minimus, P. icarus, O. atrata, 
Euphyia bilineata L. and Zygaena filipendulae L. were seen. Two full 
fed larvae of Eriogaster lanestris L. were found wandering on the road, 
but no webs were found. 


The following two nights were spent in Lahinch, a nearby seaside 
village in Liscannor Bay. Friday morning was sunny at first, but rain 
fell soon after breakfast and continued to do so south and east of 
Lahinch. After lunch I had worked round to Kilfenora and stopped on 
the road into Lisdoonvarna where the weather had been fine all day. A 
very ancient Euphydryas aurinia Rott. was caught. I also took a few 
small C. tullia and saw several M. jurtina, C. pamphilus and P. icarus. 
Procus fasciuncula Haw. was caught. 


Later in the afternoon I went to Fanore Strand and found the 
sunshine very warm and brilliant. M. charlotta and Z. purpuralis were 
plentiful while other species present included M. jurtina, P. icarus and 
Z. filipendulae. Two Opisthograptis luteolata L. were disturbed from the 
hedgerow in the evening near Ballynalackan Castle while beating, without 
success, for E. lanestris larvae. No larva of any species was seen. 

Saturday, 13th July was sunny all day, but as luck would have it, I 
had a long journey to Dingle before me and I did not collect anything 
at any of the halts en route. 

Benners Hotel, Dingle, was comfortable and satisfactory in every way, 
added to which I had the good fortune to meet Mr. and Mrs. Huggins who 
were staying there. Saturday night was wet and stormy with a westerly 
gale, and Sunday had little promise at first. However it kept dry all 
morning, and Mr. Huggins, whose expert knowledge of the area was a 
great advantage to me, kindly led me to a Slea Head habitat of a dark 
form of E. bilineata. Flower and seed heads of sea campion were col- 
lected for larvae of Hadena caesia Schiff. and H. lepida Esp. (carpophaga 
Borkh.). 

The gale force wind persisted most of the day making the catching 


274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XII /1963 


of butterflies so difficult that I did not bother to take the net to Bally- 
nagall in the afternoon. Eumenis semele L. and M. jurtina were seen 
several times 


Monday morning was wet, windy and cool for my departure from 
Dingle. There were showers, heavy at times, especially around Glencar 
in the vicinity of Macgillycuddy’s Reeks. This is a most interesting area, 
and I hope to return there some day. The drive to Killarney continued 
in torrential rain, but from there the sun shone most of the way to Ken- 
mare and Glengarriff, through attractive highland scenery for 35 miles. 


The last two nights in Ireland were spent at Ballylicky, near Bantry, 
Co. Cork. Tuesday was predominantly dull in the morning and wet at 
times. The afternoon became sunny and warm, and was largely devoted 
to a rather fruitless visit to Coomhola River valley, where it was difficult 
to get off the road at most places. Species observed were M. jurtina, 
C. pamphilus, A. hyperantus, and possibly M. charlotta. Beating was 
singularly useless and exhausting in the unexpected heat. Pieris napi L. 
was seen at Glengarriff and Nymphalis io L. larvae were collected at the 
same place. 


Wednesday morning—destination Cork Harbour. The night had been 
stormy and mild. A near gale force wind at the hotel lessened after 
turning inland from Bantry though it rained almost all the way on the 
65-mile journey. We sailed at six o’clock in the evening in mild, dry 
weather, with only a light breeze and, thankfully, the crossing was again 
smooth. 


To sum up on the tour, I will admit the mileage covered was such as 
to prevent much serious searching for lepidoptera, and the frequently in- 
clement weather did not make matters any easier when I did have time 
to spare, but this trip gave good opportunities for seeing a great deal of 
the countryside, and to note spots worth revisiting in a more leisurely 
manner some other year. 


“Woodcote”, 26 Ashurst Road, Tadworth, Surrey. 


Information Wanted 
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. 


One of the finest features of the “Record” is the free expression of its 
readers’ opinions and feelings on matters of interest to all of us, an excel- 
lent example being the recent series on Nomenclature. When sometimes 
our emotions get the better of us, and a note of acrimony may creep in, this 
is a very healthy symptom and adds savour to the dish! Moreover, our 
Editor can always be trusted to sum up reasonably and with unsurpassed 
clarity and authority to render the dish eminently digestible and nourish- 
ing! 

Perhaps the Editor will allow me to ventilate one matter closely 
connected with Nomenclature that has worried me for many years now. 
Broadly speaking, as a pure amateur with a very limited library and living 
far away from the headquarters of my learned societies, it is the problem 
of getting adequate information. The “Record” is, of course, invaluable 
in this respect and is wonderfully successful in keeping us all in touch 
with the latest happenings and thought in the world of Entomology; but in 


INFORMATION WANTED Zile) 


authoritative disclosure of the latest doings in the world of Nomenclature, 
Classification and Affinities between the various Orders, Groups, and 
Species one seems to have to wade through an ever increasing plethora of 
paperwork by all the various specialists! I willingly admit to the 
pleasure and profit to be derived from such studies of the excellent produce 
from so many workers in these fields. But one really has almost reached 
the point where a computer rather than my poor brain is needed to 
assimilate it all! I do not think I am alone in this respect. For example, 
I remember only too well the unpleasing shock of reading, only a few 
years ago in one of the ‘“Record’s” contributions the ghastly travesty 
Mesoacidalia charlotta for our well-loved Argynnis aglaia L. The same 
contributor has very recently succeeded in one article in placing Vanessa 
atalanta L. in two other genera, Nymphalis and Pyrameis; this seems to me 
to be good evidence of confusion. 


We all know that the Law of Priority is largely responsible for most 
of these sudden and unpredictable changes, and that there seems litt-e 
hope of mitigating the harsh impact of some of its strict applications. What 
I do appeal for is more frequent and effective publication of the authority 
for these changes. The need for such publication is well recognised, as 
evidenced by that excellent feature of all three volumes of Richard South’s 
classical volumes on the British Butterflies and Moths. Here, he frequently 
begins his section on a given species by explaining, often sadly, why we 
must change a name. I am glad to note that the revisers of the present 
edition are continuing the practise, but only to a very limited extent. No 
explanation at all is given of many of the new names contained in the 
new volumes. Again, in 1934 the Royal Entomological Society of London 
published a much appreciated list of the up-to-date names and Systematic 
order of the families of the British Butterflies. As South’s volume of these 
has not been revised, perhaps we may hope for another authoritative list 
of the Butterfliees? But in any case new editions of standard text books 
and lists are of far too rare occurrence to meet the need for information. 


Lastly, may I make an appeal for true responsibility and authority to 
those who do undertake this ungrateful task? In particular, we should 
all remember how important it is to remember the rising generation, and 
take care not to cause them to stumble. I raised this point particularly in 
a letter to the Editor of the Entomologist’s Gazette, Vol. II, No. 4, p. 181, 
in which I was also pleased to see a letter from Mr. G. Haggett similarly 
criticising Mr. Heslop’s check-list for bearing little relevance to the 
accepted modern conceptions of Evolution and Affinities. Systematic 
arrangement is a far more important and responsible task than Nomen- 
clature; and the two new South volumes have also failed in this respect. 


Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 16.xi.63. 


SILVER STRIPED Hawk MOTH IN LEICESTERSHIRE.—On 24th October 1963 a 
specimen of Hippotion celerio L. was found on a wall in the St. Matthew’s 
Estate, near the centre of Leicester. It was brought to the museum where 
it has been deposited in the collection of Leicestershire lepidoptera. A 
preliminary identification was kindly confirmed by Mr. M. J. Leech. 

There appears to be only one previous record of this species in Leicester- 
shire, a specimen taken in Leicester on Septembeer 27th, 1885, by F. R. 
Rowley.—I. M. Evans, M.A., Museum, New Walk, Leicester.—13.xi.1963. 


276 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XII/1963 


Adventure: or the Luck of the Game 
By F. W. BYERS 


The title of this article might induce our readers to believe that they 
are about to read of something on the lines of the activities of David 
Attenborough or Peter Scott, and many other well-known personalities, 
but the conclusion will be that, borrowing the words of that well-known 
Entomologist, and my esteemed friend, P. B. M. Allan, it is just idle gossip. 


Gossip can, of course, have several meanings, one of which might be 
as relating to something not quite true, but all that follows is actual fact 
and written from personal experience. 


Now the somewhat disappointing season has practically ended, it is 
exciting and pleasurable to recall many interesting captures in past years, 
and to bring to memory occasions when “the luck of the piece” entered 
into the day’s work. 


My worthy colleague, Mr. Clifford Craufurd, and myself, are what is 
termed “back-room boys” of “The Record’, and seldom if ever come into 
the limelight as contributors of articles, so I hope that what I record will 
induce many of our famous subscribers to provide our Editor, Mr. S. N. 
A. Jacobs with similar accounts of what they consider to be their “luck 
of the piece’, so here goes. 


My wife, myself and a colleague spent a pleasant day in May 1949 at 
Barnwell Wold, chiefly in search of the Chequered Skipper, and as we 
were busy, a Holly Blue flew by, which was promptly netted, as a matter 
of interest. It will be observed from illustration 1 that the underside shews 
unusual striations. What luck! According to Mr. R. L. E. Ford, his opinion 
was that according to his records there were only three known specimens 
of this variety in the world, but in the April 1952 issue of Entomologist’s 
Gazette there are five examples shewn. 


Collecting one day in August 1950 at Ivinghoe with my wife and son, | 
the latter brought me the insect depicted in fig. 2, and said he thought 
it looked interesting. Mr. G. E. Hyde passed by at the time, and his eyes 
showed great surprise. The insect approaches var. caeca, shown in fig. 2 
of Bright & Leeds monograph plate 18, but the ground colour is cream, 
and the markings orange brown. The topside is quite the normal female. 
Luck again. 


Fig. 3 illustrated shows topside of C. pamphilus L. caught at Ivinghoe 
in 1950. The two top wings are practically white with a narrow band of 
brown towards the body. Hindwings are normal colouration, but un- 
fortunately the right one is slightly deformed. 


On the same excursion another of the same species was netted, as shown 
in fig. 4, and this insect is wholly of a very pale straw colour. 

The scene shifts to Aviemore, in 1950, where I was one of a party 
arranged by the Raven Entomological Society, our numbers including such 
personalitiees as G. de Fraser, W. Reid of Sheffield, Dr. Neville Birkett, 
Baron C. de Worms, etc. 

Walking across the Railway at Granish Moor, Dr. Birkett and myself 
spotted a large number of Eggar larvae, and we said “we will take half 
a dozen each” to see how they turn out. 

I had the luck. One of mine pupated and turned out to be var. 
callunae ab. olivacea, as shown in fig. 5. The green tinge spreads over the 


PLATE V 


VOL. 75 


INTER-SEX AND OTHER ABERRATIONS OF THE SILVER-STUDDED BLUE 277 


whole of the wings. As far as I know, Dr. Birkett did not have this good 
fortune. 

We have a local wood about five miles from St. Albans, and in 1949 we 
spent quite a considerable part of the day looking on Honeysuckle for 
larvae of H. syringaria. All we found was one, and this turned out as 
depicted in fig. 6, viz., a gynandromorph, as the top left side is female, 
and the right side male, even to the antennae. Fig. 7 shows the normal 
type. Why should this one larva wait for me to pick it up? 


Fig. 8 is L. sinapis var. ganerew, caught by my wife in Salcey Forest, 
and although the photograph fails to show the straw coloured patches at 
the top end of each forewing, the specimen is exactly as depicted by 
Frohawk in his Natural History of British Butterflies, fig. 16 on plate 8, 
vol. 1. My friends, Messrs Payne and Gent, who regularly visit the Forest, 
toid me they never have had the good fortune to get a similar insect. 


Fig. 9 shows A. grossulariata which has the markings all black, and 
usual yellow markings are entirely absent. I have often been fond of 
looking into telephone boxes, as I found that when lighted they attract 
insects. The insect in question was nicely settied in a local call box, and 
amply repaid the many times I have come away empty handed. I can now 
imagine that our readers will assiduously examine all their local boxes 
after reading this. 

Now, you numerous readers, dig out your recollections of similar 
occurrences. I may write another article telling how I bred A. iris and 
obtained an insect which emerged in the same year as the larva was 
found; obtained a second brood of quercifolia in the same year, and an 
interesting experience I had with Colonel Rossel of Fowey, who dearly 
wanted to get just one Large Blue. 


Inter-sex and other Aberrations of the Silver- 
studded Blue (Plebejus argus L. (aegon Schiff.)) in 
North-west Surrey, 1963 


By R. F. BRETHERTON 


I was fortunate in finding the following notable aberrations of 
Plebejus argus on Chobham and Horsell Commons this year. 


1. Halved gynandromorph: upper left side female of f. brunnea Cour- 
voisier, upper right side typical blue male except for a slight suffusion 
of blackish scales along the veins on both fore and hindwings, giving 
a rather greasy appearance; on the underside, however, colour and 
markings are those of a typical female on both sides. The wings are 
markedly asymmetrical in shape and size, the male half being rounder 
and smaller—only 12mm. from thorax to wing-tip against 133 mm. 
for the female half. This asymmetry gave the insect a most curious 
appearance when it was resting with wings closed above its back, 
though it did not seem markedly to interfere with its flight. Taken 
30th June, on Chobham Common. 

2. Halved gynandromorph similar to 1, except that on the right (male) 
side there is a thick streak of blackish scales along the costa and a 
heavier suffusion of them on the hindwins. Taken 15th July. 


278 : ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XII/1963 


Less complete gynandromorph: left side typical female, with orange 

marginal spots on the hindwing, right side blue, but with heavy 

blackish suffusion and the orange spots visible on the hindwing, 
which is slightly deformed. Size and shape of the two halves unequal, 
as in 1 and 2, though the whole insect is rather smaller. Taken 15th 

July. 

4. Female with upperside of all wings deep black with slight suffusion 
of blue scales near the body. Very large (163 mm. thorax to wingtip). 
Taken 27th July. 

5 and 6. Similar to 4, but smaller (13 and 14 mm.). Taken 15th and 27th 
July. 

7. Female with the marginal orange lunules heavily developed on fore 
as well as hind wings. Dwarf (12 mm.) and slightly deformed. Taken 
15th July. 

8. Female with orange lunules well developed on all wings, and with 

strong suffusion of blue scales covering most of the basal areas: a 

strikingly beautiful insect. Taken 15th July. 


co 


9. Female similar to 4, but with less intensely black ground colour and 
more bluish suffusion. Taken on Horsell Common, 16th July. 


All these specimens except the last were taken from a single large, 
but fairly sharply defined, colony on Chobham Common. The first—and 
finest—aberration was taken accidentally on 30th June, as I was showing 
the colony to some botanist friends. The remaining seven were the 
fruits of five visits of about an hour each to the colony, two of which 
yielded nothing of interest. Though no count was kept, I estimate that 
the total number of female P. argus examined was of the order of 
2,000/3,000. Several visits to other colonies on Chobham Common yielded 
no aberrations, though No. 9 was taken from a much smaller colony on 
Horsell Common. 


Of the aberrations described above, the first three are clearly inter- 
sexes; and I think it likely that all the remainder, except No. 7, are due 
to some sexual abnormality. All have, in common with the obvious inter- 
sexes, an abnormal darkening of the ground colour and a characteristic 
“sreasy” appearance. Except for No. 3 and No. 8, the blue suffusions are 
all associated with the absence of the usual orange lunules, though speci- 
mens with this characteristic alone are very rare on Chobham Common: 
I have taken one or two in earlier years, but saw none in 1963. 


P. Argus was more abundant on Chobham Common in 1963, I think, 
than in any of the years I have seen there from 1946 onwards.. But it is 
noteworthy that frequent and extensive fires have progressively con- 
centrated the species into colonies in places where the old heather has 
escaped the burnings, and that these colonies have then become isolated 
from each other. This may have helped the establishment of hereditary 
aberrational strains in particular places such as that which proved so 
fruitful to me this year. But inter-sex aberrations have been found on 
the Common before. A specimen from it with left side almost entirely 
male and the right side typical female is figured in Frohawk’s “British 
Butterflies” (plate xx, fig. 14); and I took a female asymmetrically marked 
with large patches of blue in a different part of the Common in 1955. 


Folly Hill, Birtley Green, 
Bramley, Surrey. 9.xi.63. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 279 


Notes and Observations 


LaTE BUTTERFLIES.—During the fine spell in mid-October, I saw more 
butterflies in my garden than during a similar spell in September. On 
13th October there were two c-album and one urticae; on the 14th, again 
two c-album and one urticae, and also one atalanta, the first I had seen 
here this year. On the 17th, there was one c-album, and on the 19th one 
atalanta. Finally, on 3rd November, I saw an io on physostegia, a very 
useful autumn flowering plant given to me from his garden at Brocken- 
hurst by the late H. H. Clarke, an entomologist who spent his years of 
retirement in the New Forest.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bourne- 
mouth. 14.xi.1963. 


DEATH’S-HEAD AND CONVOLVULUS HAWK MOTHS IN THE SOUTH-WEST.— 
On 20th October 1963, a neighbour of mine at Pill, north-west Somerset, 
brought me a fine female Acherontia atropos L., which he found in his 
garden on 18th October 1963. 

Subsequently, I learned from Mr. P. F. Bird of the Bristol City Museum 
that another atropos was brought to him which had been discovered by a 
workman on a building site at Clifton Heights, Bristol, on 14th October. 

On 20th October 1963, a listener sent to the B.B.C. a moth which he 
had caught in his garden at Kenfig, Glamorganshire, some days previously. 
It was passed to me and proved to be a male Herse convolvuli L., in very 
battered condition.—J. F. Burton, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., B.B.C. Natural History 
Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. 


MIGRATORY LEPIDOPTERA IN HAMPSHIRE.—In a season that has been poor 
for migrants, it may be of interest to note that a rather worn female 
Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (small mottled willow), and the Pyralid Nomophila 
noctuella Schiff. came to my mercury vapour light in Ringwood Forest, 
Hants, on the night of July 18th. 

At my home lamp, another Pyralid, Pyralis martialis Guen. arrived on 
October 23rd, to be followed on 25th by a female Rhodometra sacraria L. 
(vestal). Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. was seen during the autumn in Hampshire 
from Gosport to Basingstoke, usually as singletons, although at the former 
locality, five came to mercury vapour on September 21st and four two 
nights later. 

Considering my observations are based on my inspection of sometimes 
as many as five mercury vapour lamps in one night, though more often 
of three or four, ranging from Gosport, Ringwood, Alice Holt, Petersfield 
and Basingstoke on 147 nights throughout the season, it is surprising how 
few immigrants were seen.—E. A. SADLER, 2 Polehampton Cotts., Overton, 
near Basingstoke. 3.xi.1963. 


HIPPOTION CELERIO L. IN DEVONSHIRE.—Having written off 1963 as a 
barren year for migrant species in Devon, a surprise awaited me on 
Monday, 11th November. One of my young pupils, all of whom have been 
trained to bring me any uncommon moths, brought to me a living specimen 
of Hippotion celerio L. (silver striped hawk moth). She found it sitting 
on the wall of a terraced house in Cullompton during the late afternoon 
of November 8th. According to records, this is only the second celerio to 
be caught in Devon during the present century; the previous record for 
the century being in 1954, when a Mr. Fisher caught one at Maidencombe. 


280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/XII/1963 


I shall be very grateful if any readers who have records of lepidoptera 
seen or caught in Devon when visiting this county would send them to me, 
recorder of macro-lepidoptera for the Devonshire Association, or to Mr. 
Allan Kennard, recorder of micro-lepidoptera.—ANTHONY H. Dogson, 60 
Polsloe Road, Exeter, Devon.—13.xi.1963. 


BLACKMOOR COPSE NATURE RESERVE 


This area of some eighty acres of oak woodland and coppice situated 
five miles east of Salisbury has recently been leased by the Society for the 
promotion of Nature Reserves to the Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conser- 
vation. Various surveys of the flora and fauna are being carried out, but 
collecting, at any rate for the time being, by individuals for private col- 
lections is not allowed, although visitors are always most welcome. 

Mr. McIntyre of 4 Forest Houses, Farley, has been appointed Warden 
by the Trust, and the Secretary of the management committee is Miss 
Hutchinson of 12 Harcourt Terrace, Salisbury. 

Intending visitors should first contact the secretary and then make 
their number known to the Warden before visiting the reserve. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (141) 


The moth may often be seen towards the end of August, flying in great 
numbers at dusk, and afterwards at sugar, where it is usually the com- 
monest moth. Tonge (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1919-20) records 
that he once counted over seventy xanthographa on one patch at Deal. 

An imago was reared by D. R. M. Long from a larva found by me av 
Trottescliife, feeding on Festuca rubra L. (det. C. A. Stace), April 20, 1962 
(C.-H.). 

VARIATION.—The majority of Kentish specimens appear to approximate 
to the nymotype; but of the named aberrations, I find that rufa Tutt and 
cohesa H.-S., form a good proportion of examples, rufescens and obscura 
on the other hand are not quite so numerous, and obsoleta-nigra Tutt and 
obsoleta-rufa only seem to occur occasionally (C.-H.). In R.C.K., is ab. 
cohesa H.-S., the only named Kentish ab. in the coll.; and Morley (Proc 
S. Lond. ert nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-382: 91) exhibited a specimen from 
Folkestone which was described as ‘an unusually pale form, an example 
of albinism’. 


First Recorp, 1829: Dover (Stephens, Haust., 2: 154). 


Axylia putris L.: Flame. 
Native. Woods, gardens, etc.; foodplant unknown. Recorded from all 
divisions; few records for 15. “Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 


The moth frequently occurs at light and sugar, and seems to be fairly 
generally distributed throughout the county, but is seldom observed very 
plentifully. The only records of the larva are those of A, R. Kidner 
(Diary), who wrote that in 1928, he took one at Sidcup on September 15, 
and several others at St. Mary’s Cray on September 20. 

15. Dungeness, at m.v.l., July, 1957 (E. Philp); three, in m.v. trap, July 
6-26, 1962 (R. E. Scott). 


First REcorRD, 1857: Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 1: 198). 


Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. (herbida Hibn.): Green Arches. 
Native. Woods, apparently prefering those on chalk; foodplant un- 
recorded. 


1. West Wickham, one, 1858 (Barrett, Ent. week Int., 4: 109); (W. 
Barnes, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Dartford Heath, one, June 13, 1862 (A. H. 
Jones, teste Fenn, Diary). Dartford (V.C.H. (1908), may refer to the 
preceding occurrence). Bexley Old Park Wood, one, June 14, 1862; 
Shooters Hill Wood, one, June 3, 1863 (Fenn, Diary). Crown Woods; 
Shooters Hill (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 230). Eltham (V.C.H. (1908), may refer 
to the preceding record). Farnborough; Keston (W. Barnes, in Wool. 
Surv. (1909)). Farningham, 1952 (B. K. West). 

Do. Twitton, near Shoreham, two at sugar, 1946 (H. E. Hammond). 
Westerham, one, in m.v. trap, June 22, 1959 (R. C. Edwards). 

6. Clay Lane Wood, one, 1906 (H. C. Huggins). Eynsford, 9, 1946 (H. 
E. Hammond). Near Kingsdown, 9, 1951 (T. J. Honeybourne). 

6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record). “I have taken this ... in 
Darenth-wood” (Stephens, Haust., 3: 30); 1844 (Douglas, Zoologist, 687); 
nine, and several others by Bouchard, June 16, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); 1870 
(Standish, Entomologist, 5: 147). 

7. Westwell, at valerian, June 27, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); one, at m.v.1, 
1952 (G. H. Youden); a few noted annually since before the war (E. Scott, 
personal communication, xii.1954). 


(142) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ X11/1963 


8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)); June 6 ,1892 (Fenn, Diary). Wye Downs 
(Scott (1936)). Brook, annually (C. A. W. Duffieid, fide E. Scott, personal 
communication, xii.1954); one, bred, 1959, from pupa found in dead log 
(M. Singleton). Elham Park Wood, June 8, 1953 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 66: 
110); one, at m.v.L, July 4, 1959 (G. H. Youden). Wye, three, June 10-July 
7, 1953; two, June 28-July 21, 1954; four, June 27-July 20, 1955; thirteen 
June 28-July 20, 1956; all in m.v. trap (W. L. Rudland). Dover, one, 
July 11, 1955, one, July 8, 1956, both in m.v. trap in garden (G. H. 
Youden). 

10. Sevenoaks*, 1857 (Farren, Ent. week. Int., 2: 171). Bessels Green, 
several at sugar, June 27, 1934 (B. H. Armstrong, teste W. A. Cope). 
Crockham Wood, a larva, from which the imago was bred, 1938 (R. C. 
Edwards). 

11. Wateringbury, taken by E. Goodwin (W. A. Cope); (V.C.H. (1908)). 
Hoads Wood, about twenty at sugar, June 18, 1956 (P. Cue); about twelve, 
June 12, about twelve, June 23, 1963, all at m.v.l. (B. K. West). Sevenoaks 
Weald, one, July 1, 1960, at m.v.l. (E. A. Sadler). 

12. Willesborough, one, July 8, 1955 (W. L. Rudland); one at light, 
1960 (M. Singleton). Orlestone Woods, one, July 28, 1956 (R. F. 
Bretherton). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, three, 1891 (Beeching, Ent. Rec., 2: 229); 1892 
(idem., Ent. Rec., 3: 158). Ramslye, one, 1908 (E. D. Morgan). Hawken- 
bury, one, at sugar, 1908 (Given (1946); E. D. Morgan in litt.). 


14. Knock Wood, c. 1855 (Beale, Diary). Tenterden, common (Stainton, 
Man., 1: 271, is based on Beale’s record antea). Great Wigsell, one, at 
sugar, June 29, 1929 (G. V. Bull). 

16. Near Hythe (Morley (1931)). Folkestone, ¢, July 15, 1953, gd, 
July 1, 1955, both at m.v.l. (A. M. Morley). 

VARIATION.—In R.C.K., is ab. albimacula Hormuzaki, Shooters Hill, one, 
May 1929, J. Juby. 

First Recorp, 1829: ‘Mr. J. Standish has beaten it out of Oaks in 
Darenth Wood the beginning of June” (Curtis, Br. Ent., 248). 


Eurois occulta L.: Great Brocade. 
Immigrant. Waste places, etc. 


The earliest reference to occulta in Kent is that of Curtis (Br. Ent., 
248), who says: “The female that I possess was found near Dover Castle 
in August”. Stephens (Haust., 3: 29), merely has “near Dover”. The 
following is a chronological record of its subsequent occurrence :— 

1846-1870.—1846: Lewisham (div. 1), ¢, at sugar, August 28 (Stainton, 
Zoologist, 1790). 1851: Darenth (div. 6a), at sugar, September, exhibited 
at Soc. British Entomologists, October 7, 1851 (Zoologist, 3296). (1853): 
Knock Wood, Tenterden (div. 14), one at sugar, September (Beale, 
Zoologist, 4130). 1862: Blackheath (div. 1), one, on a lamp, August 22 
(Fenn, Diary). 1864: Chatham Dockyard (div. 2), one, July 12 (Chaney 
(1884-87)). 1869: Lee (div. 1), end of August, ¢, taken at sugar, two 
others escaped (Scott, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 114); Folkestone, a few at sugar, 
end of August (Briggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 141). 1870: Maidstone, one (G. 
H. Hickling MS.). 

1913-1961.—1913: Romney (div. 15), one, August (Manley, Entomologist, 
46: 290). 1926: West Wickham (div. 1), one, at sugar, August 11 (Wakely, 
Entomologist, 59: 302). 1938: Dungeness, one, August 27 (H. B. D. Kettle- 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (143) 


well, fide A. M. Morley). 1948: Near Beckenham (div. 1). one, July 3 
(Wheater, Entomologist, 82: 108); Brook, one, August 13 (Duffield, Ento- 
mologist, 82: 108). 1954: Goudhurst (div. 13), ¢, at light (W. V. D. Bolt). 
1955: Brook, August 4 (French, Entomologist, 89: 176). 1958: Ham Street 
(Huggins, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 18). 1959: Ham Street 
Village, one, at m.v.l., July 31 (B. F. Skinner). 1961: Willesborough, one, 
rather worn, in m.v. trap, August 15 (M. Singleton). 


First REcorpD, 1829: Near Dover Castle (Curtis, Br. Ent., 248). 


Gypsitea leucographa Schiff.: White-marked. 
Resident, apparently extinct. Woods; foodplant unknown. 


1. West Wickham (V.C.H. (1908)). 

[3. Near Canterbury (Entomologist, 80: 175)] 

6a. Darenth Wood, March 21-23, 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 11). 

7. Chatham district.—taken at sallow, in 1860, when accompanied by 
Mr. Chaney (Lewcock, Ent. week. Int., 8: 75); “This very local moth has 
only occurred to me singly on several occasions at sallow bloom in Wig- 
more Wood. March 18-April 15” (Chaney (1884-87)). One, in R.C.K., 
labelled “Westwell, 22.3.1893” (C.-H.). 

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Dover district——several taken, 1880, 
by Mr. Davis; April 1881, at sallow (Eedle, Entomologist, 14: 116); Poulton 
Wood, two, at sallow, March 24, 1897; two, April 12, 1905; Coombe Wood, 
one, March 17, one, March 22, three, April 2, 1898, all at sallow; one, at 
sallow, March 17, 1902 (H. D. Stockwell, Diary; Stockwell coll.); “used to 
be found at Coombe Wood, Poulton and St. Radigund’s” (FE. & Y. (1949)); 
three, April 21, one, April 26, one, April 27, 1908; two, fresh, April 13, one, 
April 14, one, April 17, one, April 18, four, April 20, 1909; most, if not all, 
at sallow (Cardew, Diary; idem., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910- 
Pees FOL). 

13. Groombridge, one, April 1885 (Blaber, Entomologist, 18: 168). 
Tunbridge Wells, one, “Tun. Wells, Kent. I. 23.iv.12. Wm. G. Pether’, one, 
Tun. Wells, Kent. I. 27.iv.12. Wm. G. Pether” (C.-H. coll.). Tunbridge 
Wells district, not common (Knipe (1916)). 


First RecorpD, 1856: Darenth Wood (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 11). 


Cerastis rubricosa Schiff.: Red Chestnut. 


Native. Woods, etc.; foodplant unknown. Of frequent occurrence, but 
seldom plentiful. Fairly generally distributed, and recorded from all 
divisions, except 4, 9; once only for 15. “Generally distributed, but getting 
scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) writes that at Ham Street, on March 26, 1935, 
seventeen rubricosa were taken; such a large number in one night, how- 
ever is exceptional. 

It appears that very occasionally there is a partial second generation. 
Thus, Stowell (Entomologist, 65: 70) writing in 1931, states that “some 
years ago Mr. Percy Richards recorded an autumnal capture of this 
species at Hythe”. 

It is noteworthy that none of the early stages seem to have been 
observed in nature, at least there is no record of them. 

15. Dungeness, three, May 4, 1962, in m.v. trap (R. E. Scott). 


VaRIATION.—Most Kentish examples seem to conform to rubricosa Fab. 
I have several of what appear to be ab. mista Hubn., and singletons of 


(144) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/XI1I/1963 


abs. pallida Tutt, and mucida Esp. (C.-H.). 

In R.C.K. are the following:—ab. rufa Haw., Benenden, April 14, 1939, 
G. V. Bull; ab. mista Hiibn., Wye, Kent, 1924. Also, rubricosa Fab., Ham 
Street, 1939. 

First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood, about end March 1820 (E. Blunt, 
per Stephens, Haust., 2: 161). 


Naenia typica L.: Gothic. 

Native. Gardens (particularly old gardens in towns), marshy places, 
etc.; on hawthorn, blackthorn, Ribes sanguineum, the fruit of apple, 
Epilobium, ivy, dandelion, groundsel, dock, lupin, Pelargonium, nettle, 
Anemone japonica, Honeysuckle, Syringa, ‘““Woundwort’, Dog’s Mercury, 
Polyanthus, “Lemon Verbena”. The species chiefly occurs in metropolitan 
Kent, and is scarce or absent from many parts of the county. The state- 
ment in V.C.H. (1908) that it is “generally common’’, is unsupported by 
the records. 

1. The species is most prevalent nearest to the metropolis, and has 
been recorded many times from this division in the past, e.g. Lee, larvae 
on hawthorn, March 30, 1861; an immense brood of larvae on R. 
sanguineum, August 26, 1875 (Fenn, Diary). Lewisham, July 1881, “so 
plentiful that it became quite a nuisance, averaging at least 4 or 5 to each 
patch of sugar” (Marriot, Young Nat., 2 (89), 267). Chislehurst, one, at 
light, 1907 (S. F. P. Blyth). Bromley, 1908 (W. A. Cope). Sidcup, young 
larva on Epilobium, October 15, 1910; a larva on ivy, April 30, 1911; noted 
in small numbers, in 1914, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1932 (A. 
R. Kidner, Diary). Catford, seven, 1923-25 (W. E. Busbridge, Diary). 
Bexley, 1930 (L. T. Ford). Abbey Wood (Juby & Hards (1925)). 

Recent records are:—Charlton, one, June 4, 1947; Ruxley, two larvae, 
March 29, 1948; one larva on blackthorn, April 24, 1948 (J. F. Burton). 
Petts Wood, one, at light, 1948 (E. Evans); not common (A. M. Swain). 
Blackheath, three larvae feeding on apples; imagines on street lamps 
(Allen, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 31). Plumstead Common, 1952 (M. Smith, 
teste A. J. Showler). Abbey Wood, one at m.v.l., 1953 (A. J. Showler). 
St. Mary Cray, two or three annually, 1955-57 (R. G. Chatelain). West 
Wickham, 1951 .(E. J. Trundell); ¢, in m.v. trap, June 23, 1963 (C.-H.). 
Lee, in small numbers at m.v. annually, 1952-63 (C. G. Bruce). 

2. Greenwich Marshes, July 15, 1861, three, July 4, 1862, a few, July 
16-19, 1886 (Fenn, Diary). Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Higham, two at 
sugar the same night 1906 (H. C. Huggins). Cuxton*, regularly (Tutt, 
Ent. Rec., 19: 48). Gravesend, July 25, 1911 (F. T. Grant). Dartford 
Marshes, one imago at rosebay willowherb, one, at honeydew on thistle, 
July 11, 1963; two. at honeydew on hogweed, July 14, 1963 (B. K. West). 

3. Canterbury, some at Whitehall, July-August 1893 (S. Wacher MS.). 
East Blean, one, July 11, 1905 (J. P. Barrett coll.). 

4. Sandwich district, August 6, 1884 (Tutt, Entomologist, 18: 10); 
(idem., Ent. Rec., 19: 48). Deal Sandhills, one, July 15, 1889; three, July 
7-8, 1891 (Fenn, Diary); one, at sugar, July 24, 1904 (S. F. P. Blyth); one, 
at sugar, July 4, 1908 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). Ham Fen, one imago on 
flowering rush, July 2, 1955 (C.-H.). 

6a. Chattenden Roughs, June (Chaney (1884-87)); (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 19: 
48); a few larvae, 1908 (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 21: 31). 

8. Dover, one in m.v. trap in garden, June 27, 1953 (G. H. Youden). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (145) 


9. Margate, twelve taken flying at dusk, June 16, 1921; fourteen larvae 
on dandelion, groundsel, etc., imagines reared, 1921; one, July 1, 1932 
(H. G. Gomm, Diary). Ramsgate, one, July 9, 1920 (J. W. C. Hunt). 


10. Brasted, at sugar (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, about ten, 1939; 
Seale, several larvae, 1948 or 1949; Twitton, near Shoreham, about three 
larvae on dock, 1948 or 1949 (H. E. Hammond). 


11. Wateringbury, numerous specimens in E. Goodwin coll., but without 
date (C.-H.). Edenbridge, 1933 (F. D. Greenwood). Shipborne, very 
common at sugar, 1939, also in 1948 or 1949; Leigh, about twenty larvae on 
lupin, 1946 (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford, one, 1953 (G. A. N. Davis). 


12 Canterbury*, very common at sugar [e.. 1910] Gs. A. Parry). 
Ashford (Scott (1936)); never common, and not seen since the war (E. 
Scott, personal communication, xii.1954); one, July 15, 1957, July 1960 (P. 
Cue). Ham Street Woods, one, June 24, 1938 (Scott (1950)). Brook (Scott 
(1950)); sometimes common in C. A. W. Duffield’s garden, one there 1954 
(E. Scott). Chartham, one, July 16, 1953 (P. B. Wacher). Wye, one, July 
10, 1953, one July 18, 1954, one, July 15, 1955, four, July 13-August 4, 1956 
(W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, one, July 20, one, July 24, 1956 (CW. L. 
Rudland); two, 1958 (D. Youngs). 

13. Tunbridge Wells, common, 1891 (Beeching, Ent. Rec., 2: 229); 
larvae a pest on Anemone japonica and Garden Geraniums (Pelargonium), 
also on dock, Lemon Verbena, Syringa, Nettle, Woundwort, Dog’s mercury, 
Polyanthus, Honeysuckle; formerly abundant, less common lately (Morgan, 
Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.; Given (1946)), two or three, 1957-58 
(L. N. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). 

14. Sandhurst, one, July 5, one, July 10, 1930; one, August 6, 1931 (G. 
V. Bull). Hawkhurst, one, 1950, one at light, August 15, 1953 (B. G. 
Chatfield). 

16. Folkestone*, larvae on nettles, autumn and spring (Knaggs (1870)). 
Folkestone Town, ova, 1933, imagines reared; two at m.v.l., 1951 (A. M. 
Morley). West Hythe, July 20, 1956 (P. Cue). 

First REcorpD, 1829: “Common throughout the metropolitan district...” 
(Stephens, Haust., 2: 167). The first to actually mention Kent however, 
dates from 1861: Lee (Fenn, Diary). 


NOCTUINAE 
Euschesis comes Hubn. (orbona F.): Lesser Yellow Underwing. 


Native. Cultivated and waste places; on Wild Cabbage, Red Valerian, 
dock, primrose, nettle, honeysuckle, “Arum”, “Willow-Herb”, periwinkle. 
Found in all divisions; fairly plentiful. “Generally common” (V.C.H. 
(1908)). 

Several larvae on Wild Cabbage and Red Valerian at Dover, March 26, 
1948, imagines reared (C.-H.); larva at Gravesend, March 12, 1915, on 
periwinkle (F. T. Grant); larvae on other plants mentioned above, in 
Tunbridge Wells district (Morgan, Lep. Tunbridge Wells MS.). 

VARIATION.—Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 99) records specimens of ab. connuba 
Hubn., from Deal; and Cockayne (Ent. Rec., 64: 131) describes ab. 
albescens, holotype 9, Dover, bred June 20, 1898, by H. D. Stockwell. 

Richardson (Ent. Gaz., 9: 123) mentions an example of ab. sagittifera 
Cockayne, from Dungeness; and Benton (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. 
Soc., 1908: 11) exhibited one from Folkestone, with “hindwings suffused 
with black’’. 


(146) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/XI1I/1963 


A specimen taken by B. K. West on Dartford Heath, on August 10, 
1956, and seen by me, is referable to ab. rufa Tutt, a form that is rare in 
the south (C.-H.). 

First Recorp, 1860: Taken in Kent, August 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. 
Int., 7: 204). 


[E. orbona Hufn. (subsequa Hiibn.): Lunar Yellow Underwing. 
Doubtfully Kentish. 


I suspect the record for Beckenham refers to E. comes Hubn. How- 
ever, the “Canterbury” specimen—which I have seen— is unquestionably 
orbona Hufn., though I doubt very much if it is genuinely Kentish. 


1. Beckenham, one, taken August 17, 1920 (K. P. Keywood, in de 
Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 81). 


3. Canterbury, one in Meidola coll., labelled “Hospital Wood, Canter- 
bury, Aug. ’88” (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 92).] 


E. janthina Schiff.: Lesser Broad-border. 


Native. Woods, gardens, etc.; on dock, ivy, foxglove, honeysuckle, 
“arum”, sallow, birch, nettle. Recorded from all divisions; few records 
for 4,15. “Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

Though usually not very numerous, the moth has occasionally been 
noted in abundance. Thus, at Ham Street, in August 1960, it occurred “in 
dozens” (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs); about a score appeared at m.v.l. at 
Westwell, August 8, 1955 (C.-H.); and in 1962, D. R. M. Long counted a 
total of 748 janthina in the m.v. trap in his garden at Bromley, with 
maximum of 98 on September 1. 

The larva has been found on birch by Fenn (Diary) and the moth 
reared; also on this, and the other foodplants above, by Morgan (Lep. 
Tunbridge Wells MS.) in the Tunbridge Wells district. 

4. Ickham (D. G. Marsh). 

15. Dungeness, three, August 13-19, 1962, in m.v. trap (R. E. Scott). 

VarRiaTION.—Ab. pallida Lempke, in which the ground of hindwings is 
pale yellow, has occurred as follows: one, labelled “Bred Shoreham 
1.9.1901” (in R.C.K.); ¢, taken at m.v.l. by J. J. Light, Tunstall (div. 7), 
August 13, 1962 (C.-H.). 

First RecorpD, 1801: Darenth Wood (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Ins., 10: 
45). 


E. interjecta Hiibn.: Least Yellow-underwing. 


Native. Field borders, waysides, waste places; on Lamium album, 
bramble, Urtica dioica. “Not generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). 

1. Birch Wood (see First Record) (Curtis, Br. Ent., 348). Lewisham, 
common at sugar, July 20-August 21, 1846 (Stainton, Zoologist, 1790). 
West Wickham (V.C.H. (1908)). Near Dartford*; Farnborough; Bexley; 
Eltham; Lee; Kidbrook; Beckenham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst, 
one, August 25, 1914 (S. F. P. Blyth). Dartford Heath (L. T. Ford). Sidcup, 
one at light, August 7, 1939 (A. R. Kidner). Dartford, common at ragwort, 
1946 (B. K. West). Abbey Wood, 1947 (A. J. Showler). Blackheath (Hyatt, 
in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 82). Bexley, one, July 29, 1952 (A. 
Heselden). Lee, several at m.v.]., 1957-59 (C. G. Bruce). St. Mary Cray, 
1957 (R. G. Chatelain). 

2. Faversham; Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (147) 


3. Herne Bay, occasionally in the town (A. J. L. Bowes). Eddington, 
occasionally (D. G. Marsh). Canterbury Old Park, very common very 
locally, c. 1947 (J. A. Parry). Broad Oak, four at privet blossom, July 28, 
one at buddleia, July 31, 1939, two, at sugar, August 2, 1948, one, at light, 
July 31, 1955; on August 1, 1955, some twenty interjecta were seen careering 
wildly along a hedgerow, proving very difficult to net, and a poor substitute 
for the bred insect when captured; the flight commenced at about 8 p.m., 
and lasted until 9.15 p.m., when it was just dusk; weather calm, sky clear, 
temperature moderate (C.-H.)!. 


4. Deal Sandhills, two, August 7, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). Deal*, 1906 
(Browne, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1906-07: 86). Sandwich, July 
26, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Minster, one bred July 13, 1954, ex larva (W. L. 
Rudland). 

do. Chevening, August 6, 1913, two, July 30, 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Wes- 
terham (R. C. Edwards). 


6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Pinden, not common (E. J. Hare, in litt., 
1948); a few in 1952 (Hare, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1954: 82). Meopham, 
singletons at m.v.l., August 3, 7, 13, 1960 (J. Ellerton). 


6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record) (Curtis, loc. cit.); 1894 (James, 
Entomologist, 28: 86); July 26, 1911 (F. T. Grant). Chattenden Roughs 
(Chaney (1884-87)). 


7. Chatham district*, four, 1859 (Tyrer, Ent. week. Int., 7: 4). Darland 
Hill; Wigmore Wood; frequently flies by day at bramble blossom (Chaney 
(1884-87)). Faversham; Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, August 
14, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes). 


8. Folkestone Warren, common, flying wildly before dusk (Knaggs 
(1870)); a larva on bramble at dusk in 1929, from which the imago emerged 
July 14, (A. M. Morley); larva, April 5, 1933 (J. H. B. Lowe). Martinsfield, 
two, 1902 (Browne, Entomologist, 35: 269). St. Margaret’s-at-Cliffe, c. 1935, 
eight larvae by day, April 23 on L. album; and at Kingsdown, three larvae, 
April 28, from which five imagines emerged July 6-12 (A. M. Morley). 
Wye (Scott (1936)). Ewell Minnis; Lydden; Waldershare; Whitfield (E. & 
Y. (1949)). Dover (Gardiner, Ent. Gaz., 10: 7). Stowting (C. A. W. 
Duffield). Brook (Scott (1950)). 

9. Ramsgate, two, July 28, 1938 (J. W. C. Hunt). 

10. Brasted, flying by day (R. M. Prideaux). 

11. Tonbridge district, 1911 (Rattray, Entomologist, 45: 80). Shipborne 
(P. A. & D. J. A. Buxton coll.). Edenbridge, 1930, 1933 (F. D. Greenwood). 
Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Paddock Wood (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tun- 
bridge Wells MS.). 

12. Ham Street (Scott (1936)). Ashford (Scott (1936)); August 1953 (P. 
Cue). Willesborough, three, July 24-August 4, 1954, four, July 19-August 
15, 1955, twelve, July 31-August 15, 1956; Wye, one, August 5, 1953, one, 
August 4, 1954, one, August 19, 1955, three, July 31-August 9, 1956; all in 
m.v. trap (W. L. Rudland). 

13. Pembury (Stainton, Man., 1: 230). Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan). 
Goudhurst, common (W. V. D. Bolt, personal communication, 1961). 

14. Knock Wood, c. 1855 (Beale, Diary). Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 1: 
230, refers to the preceding record); 1960 (C. G. Orpin). Sandhurst (G. V. 
Bull). 

15. Dungeness, one, July 23, 1932 (A. M. Morley); July 22, 1935, August 
6 (3), 9, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); July 7-8, 1959 (C. R. Haxby); one, in m.v. 


(148) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 795 15/ X1I1/1963 


trap, August 15, 1962 (R. E. Scott). Greatstone, a larva, May 25, two 
imagines at m.v.l., July 1963; Snargate, many flying at dusk along hedge- 
side, August 5, 1955 (C.-H.). 


16. Folkestone Town, one, July 29, 1943; the following in m.v. trap: 
1951 (none), 1952 (1), 1953 (1), 1954 (2), 1955 (4), 1956 (2), 1957 (1), 1962 (1); 
aiso two in m.v.l. by R. W. Fawthrop, in 1954; Hythe, near the beginning 
of the Military Canal, May 21, 1932, thirteen larvae at night on V. dioica 
and grass (apparently only resting on the latter), from which imagines 
emerged July 12-18 (A. M. Morley). 


VARIATION.—Barrett (Br. Lep., 4: 13) records two specimens from Folke- 
stone, in which the longitudinal shades in hindwings “have become con- 
spicuous straight black bars’. 


A. M. Morley (in litt.) observes that it does not vary very much in his 
experience; five specimens bred from larvae from St. Margarets-at-Cliffe, 
and Kingsdown, are all ab. rufa Tutt; one taken, Folkestone, August 1, 
1952, has “the forewings mostly of a rather greyish brown’; and the rest 
of his specimens are typical. 


First RecorpD, 1829: Darenth and Birch Woods (Stephens, Haust., 2: 
106). 


1This habit of interjecta is well-known, and the most likely explanation for the 
late afternoon communal flight would seem to be one of sexual attraction. 
Moreover, it is noteworthy that of the total number of nine specimens 
that it was possible to capture on this occasion, all proved to be maies. 


Noctua pronuba L.: Large Yellow-underwing. 


Resident, perhaps reinforced by immigration. Gardens, woods, culti- 
vated and waste places; on spinach, cabbage, dock, “bedstraw”, ivy bloom, 
“annual phlox”, hop. Found in all divisions, and probably present in 
varying numbers everywhere in the county. “Generally abundant” 
(V.C.H. (1908)). 


The moth is apparently in one long continuous brood, from late May 
to October, reaching optimum from about the middle to the end of August. 
It is usually plentiful and often abundant, but has occasionally been known 
to be quite sparse. Thus, A. R. Kidner (Diary) noted it as numerous at 
Sidcup up to 1935, but rather scarce from 1936-38, and particularly so in 
1939. The species was also remarked upon by Owen (Ent. Rec., 63: 298), 
as being scarce in Kent in 1951. Since then, however, it has become 
abundant again, and in 1955, at Wye, the maximum number was reached 
on August 23, with 209 in the trap (W. L. Rudland); and at Bromley in 
1962, the total count for the year at m.v.l. was 1625 (D. R. M. Long). 


Theobald (Entomologist, 63: 7) records the larva on hop leaves in Kent; 
and at Tunbridge Wells, larvae have been found on spinach (Spinacia) 
(C. A. Stace); also in that district on the other foodplants given above 
(Morgan, Lep. Tun. Wells MS.). A. R. Kidner (Diary) found larvae 
abundantly at Sidcup in October 1917, “at roots of grass’; and I have 
frequently dug up pupae and larvae from the herbaceous border in my 
garden at West Wickham, and reared the moth (C.-H.). 

VARIATION.—Extremely variable it seems wherever it occurs, with many 
named abs., the relative frequency of which has yet to be worked out. 

Cockayne (Ent. Rec., 64: 33) described ab. attenuata, holotype 9, 
Bexley; and Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 91) 


LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (149) 


exhibited an ab. with “hindwings suffused with dark’, bred from Folke- 
stone larva. 

A 6, taken by C. G. Bruce, at Lee, 1952, has a clearly marked crescent 
in the discal area of hindwings: the latter are also suffused with dark 
adumbration, which becomes mcre intense distally. Forewings blackish- 
brown (C.-H.). 

The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—rufa Tutt, two, near 
Herne Bay, 1932; distincta-caerulescens Tutt, one, Lydd, 1937; pallida 
Kaiser. 


First Recorp, 1861: Lewisham, larva, April 2, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). 


Lampra fimbriata Schreber (fimbria L.): Broad-bordered Yellow- 
underwing. 


Native. Woods, copses; on birch, hazel, hawthorn, blackthorn. Re- 
corded from all divisions, except 2. Apparently most frequent in the 
Weald; perhaps scarce or casual in 4, 9, 15. 


Gillett (Diary) reared the moth from a larva found on hawthorn, 
Chevening, March 24, 1913; and Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 196) recorded 
the larvae in abundance at West Wickham on birch buds. On April 13, 
1951, after dark, we took on the edge of Spring Park, West Wickham, in 
under an hour, 35 larvae on buds of birch, hawthorn, blackthorn, hazel 
(E. Trundell, R. Birchenough, and C.-H.). 


4. Deal (Tutt, Br. Noct., 2: 92); one, 1900 (James, Entomologist, 33: 
357). 


9. Ramsgate* (Willson, Entomologist, 23: 140). Ramsgate, one, 1918 
(J. W. C. Hunt). Broadstairs, one, 1946 (J. W. C. Hunt); one, c. 1956 (N. 
Thorn). Cliftonville, one, 1955 (W. D. Bowden). 


15. Dungeness, one, August 11, 19384 (A. M. Morley); five, August 6, 
1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); three at m.v.l, August 3, 1951 (C.-H.); July 1957 (E. 
Philp); one, July 30, two, August 5, 9, 1962, all in m.v. trap (R. E. Scott). 


VaRIATION.—Most Kentish specimens I have seen approximate to the 
nymotype; ab. rufa Tutt is fairly frequent, and what I judge to be the 
following abs., have occurred to me occasionally: brunnea Tutt; brunnea- 
virescens Tutt; virescens Tutt; solani Fab.; juncta Lempke (C.-H.). 


Tutt (Br. Noct., 2: 92) recorded ab. rufa, about 12 specimens, Deal 
Sandhills, 1885; and Cockayne (Ent. Rec., 64: 33) described ab. albida, 
holotype ¢, Folkestone, 1905 (possibly the example from Folkestone 
Warren, exhibited by Bright, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 
144), which specimen is now in R.C.K. 


Parry (Entomologist, 5: 394) states that at sugar near Canterbury, it 
was “excessively abundant, as many as twenty with every variety of 
colour on one tree”. 

In R.C.K. are the following abs. from Kent: nigrescens Busse, six; 
obscura Lenz, one; domiduca Hufn., one; brunnea-virescens Tutt, two; 
rufa Tutt, three. 

A <6, taken by B. K. West, at Dartford, July 30, 1963, has the right 
hindwing all black except for the cilia which are orange; unfortunately a 
sizeable portion of the tornal area is missing. The specimen is otherwise 
normal (C.-H.). 

Frrst Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 105). 


(150) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 75 15/ XII/1963 


HELIOTHINAE 


[Periphanes delphinii L.: Pease-blossom. 

Doubtfully genuine. 

8. At C. A. Briggs coll. sale, November 24, 1896, “one is astounded at 
the giving of 12/- for a Chariclea delphinii, stated to have been ‘taken by 
F. Tickner, at Dover, in 1893’” (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 9: 42). The specimen is 
in Br. Mus., S. Kensington (C.-H.).] 


Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (marginata F.): Bordered Sallow. 

Suspected resident reinforced by immigration. Downs, chalky places, 
sandhills, shingle beach, etc.; on Ononis repens, O. spinosa. Perhaps 
permanently established coastally in 4, 8. 


There appear to be two generations in favourable years. The moth was 
noted as early as June 1, at Sandwich in 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); and as late 
as August 19, at Lee in 1862 (Fenn, Diary). 

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 108). Lee, one, August 19, 1862, 
in lucerne field (Fenn, Diary). Bromley, eight, 1901 (Lawrence, 
Entomologist, 34: 229, 355). Joydens Wood (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chisle- 
hurst, one, at sugar July 12, 1910 (S. F. P. Blyth). Lessness Woods (Newell, 
Trans. Plumstead and Dist. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 12). Bexley, one, n.d. 
(L. T. Ford). Dartford Heath, larva, August 30, 1932 (A. R. Kidner). 
Petts Wood, one, 1948, one, 1949 (E. Evans). Orpington, 1955 (L. W. Siggs). 

2. Iwade (H. C. Huggins). 

3. Herne Bay (McLachlan, Ent. week. Int., 4: 126); larvae on O. spinosa 
(Vaughan, Ent. Ann., 1866: 155); odd specimens at light (D. G. Marsh). 
Broad Oak, one, 1936 (C.-H.). Eddington, at light, July 11, 1949 (D. G. 
Marsh, Diary). 

4. The moth is of regular occurrence on the Deal-Sandwich sandhills, 
and is usually observed singly; on June 20, 1954, however, I took two at 
light and four others at sugar, on St. George’s Golf course, at about 
2.30 a.m. (C.-H.). Several were noted well inland at Ickham, at m.v.1L, 
1954-59 (D. G. Marsh). 

5. Chevening, June 15, 1917 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. 
Edwards). 

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Pinden, a few (E. J. Hare, personal com- 
munication, iv.1956). Otford, 1955 (W. B. L. Manley). Eynsford, July 8, 
1960 (R. G. Chatelain). 

6a. Darenth: Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.); July 1853 (Harding, Zoologist, 
3923); one [c. 1860], one, July 1865 (Fenn, Diary); 1865 (Blackmore, Ent. 
Ann., 1865: 111); one, 1947 (E. J. Hare). Near Chattenden (Ovenden, Ent. 
Rec:, 18: 17). 

7. Westwell (Scott (1950)). 

8. Recorded many times from the coastal areas of this division, par- 
ticularly Folkestone Warren, where it is observed regularly, and I have 
found the larva on O. repens (C.-H.). Folkestone*, larvae abundant on 
rest harrow, 1864 (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 191). Dover Cliffs, larvae 
common, July 16, 1934 (J. H. B. Lowe). Only occasionally noted inland.— 
Wye (Scott (1936)). Bridge, one, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Brook (C. A. W. 
Duffield). 

9. Birchington, c. 1930 (C.-H.). St. Peters, one, July 2, 1956 (W. D. 
Bowden). 


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